CHEMISTRY

( CLA S S – X)

Phase - 7

CONTENT

 Carbon & Its Compounds

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 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Contents
Introduction …1

Carbon always forms Covalent Bonds …1

Occurrence of Carbon …2

Allotropes of Carbon …2

Compounds of Carbon …6

Functional Groups …7

Homologous Series …9

Nomenclature ...10

Isomers …14

Coal and Petroleum …16

Coal …16
Petroleum …16

Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds …16

Combustion …16
Substitution Reaction …17
Oxidation …17
Addition Reaction …17

Some Important Carbon Compounds …18

Ethanol …18
Ethanoic acid …21

Soaps and Detergents …25

Soaps …25
Detergents …25

KEY TO EXERCISES …28

CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE …30

ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE …31

SOLVED PROBLEMS …33

CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS …40

ASSIGNMENT (SUBJECTIVE/OBJECTIVE) …41

KEY AND ANSWERS TO CPP …51

KEY AND ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT …53

 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Introduction
Carbon is an element. The symbol of carbon is C. It is a non-metal. The name carbon is derived from
the Latin word ‘carbo’ which means ‘coal’. This is because carbon is the main constituent of coal. The
amount of carbon present in the earth’s crust and atmosphere is very small. For example, the earth’s
crust contains only 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals (like carbonates, coal and petroleum, etc.),
and the atmosphere has only 0.03% of carbon dioxide gas. Despite this small amount of carbon
available in nature, carbon element has an immense importance in every sphere of life. The
importance of carbon can be gauged from the fact that we are ourselves made of carbon compounds.
In fact, all the living things, plants and animals, are made up of carbon compounds (called organic
compounds). Thus, carbon element is present in all living things.
Many things which we use in our daily life are made of carbon compounds. Our food materials like
grains, pulses, sugar, tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables, etc., are carbon compounds. The materials
like cotton, silk, wool, nylon and polyester which are used for making clothes are carbon compounds.
The fuels like wood, coal, kerosene, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), natural gas, CNG (Compressed
Natural Gas), petrol and diesel which we use for cooking food and running vehicles are carbon
compounds. And paper, rubber, plastics, leather, drugs and dyes, are also made of carbon
compounds. Carbon element plays a very important role in our daily life.

Test of Presence of Carbon in a Material

We can test the presence of carbon in a material since carbon and its compounds burn in air to give
carbon dioxide gas which turns lime water milky. This test can be performed as follows: Burn the
given material in air. Pass the gas formed through lime water. If the lime water turns milky, then the
given material contains carbon.

Carbon Always Forms Covalent Bonds

1. The atomic number of carbon is 6 which means that a neutral atom of carbon contains 6
electrons.

K L
2. The electronic configuration of carbon is . Carbon has 4 electrons in the outermost
2 4
shell (L shell) of its atom.

3. Carbon Is Tetravalent: A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outermost shell, so it requires 4
more electrons to achieve the stable, 8-electron inert gas electron arrangement, which it gets
by sharing. Since one carbon atom requires 4 electrons to achieve the eight-electron
inert gas structure, therefore, the valency of carbon is 4. That is, carbon is tetravalent
(tetra = four; valent = valency). The four valencies of carbon are usually represented by
C
putting four short lines on the symbol of carbon:

Sigma bond: A covalent bond resulting from the formation of a molecular orbital by the end-
to-end overlap of atomic orbitals, denoted by the symbol  .

Now have a look at this illustration to see how this end-to-end overlapping occurs:

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Pi bond: A covalent bond resulting from the formation of molecular orbital by side-to-side
overlap of atomic orbitals along a plane perpendicular to a line connecting the nuclei of the
atoms, denoted by the symbol  .

Here’s another illustration showing how the side-to side overlapping occurs:

Occurrence of Carbon
Carbon occurs in nature in ‘free state’ (as element) as well as in the ‘combined state’ (in the form of
compounds with other elements).
1. In free state: carbon occurs in nature mainly in two forms: diamond and graphite. Another
naturally occurring form of carbon called buckminsterfullerene has been discovered recently.

2. In the combined state: carbon occurs in nature in the form of compounds such as (i) Carbon
dioxide gas in air (ii) Carbonates (like limestone, marble and chalk). (iii) Fossil fuels like coal,
petroleum and natural gas (iv) Organic compounds like carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and
(v) Wood, cotton and Wool, etc.
Allotropes of Carbon
The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called allotropes of the element. The
carbon element exists in three solid forms called allotropes. The three allotropes of carbon are:
1. Diamond
2. Graphite, and
3. Buckminsterfullerene
Diamond and graphite are the two common allotropes of carbon which are known to us for centuries.
Buckminsterfullerene is the new allotrope of carbon which has been discovered recently. The
properties of diamond and graphite are well known but the properties of buckminsterfullerene are still
being investigated.

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Diamond and Graphite

Diamond is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary brilliance (chamak). Diamond is
quite heavy. Diamond is extremely hard. It is the hardest natural substance known. Diamond does not
conduct electricity. Diamond burns on strong heating to form carbon dioxide. If we burn diamond in
oxygen, then only carbon dioxide gas is formed, and nothing is left behind. This shows that diamond
is made up of carbon only. The carbon dioxide formed by burning diamond can turn lime water milky.
Since diamond is made up of carbon atoms only, its symbol is taken to be C.
Graphite is a grayish-black opaque substance. Graphite is lighter than diamond. Graphite is soft and
slippery to touch. Graphite conducts electricity. Graphite burns on strong heating to form carbon
dioxide. If we burn graphite in oxygen, then only carbon dioxide gas is formed, and nothing is left
behind. This shows that graphite is made up of carbon only. The carbon dioxide formed by burning
graphite can turn lime water milky. Since graphite is made up of carbon atoms only, its symbol is
taken to be C.

Structure of Diamond
A diamond crystal is a giant molecule (very big molecule) of carbon atoms [see figure] 1(a). Each
carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds.
The four surrounding carbon atoms are at the four vertices (four corners) of a regular tetrahedron
[see figure 1(b).]

Strong bonds exists 1

between all the carbon
atoms Each carbon atom in diamond is
joined to four other carbon atoms

3 4

(b) Arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond

(a) Structure of diamond (The black

balls represent carbon atoms)

The diamond crystal is, therefore, made up of carbon atoms which are powerfully bonded to one
another by a network of covalent bonds. Due to this, diamond structure is very rigid. The rigid
structure of diamond makes it a very hard substance. It is the great hardness of diamond which
makes it useful for making rock borers for drilling oil wells, etc., and for making glass cutters. Please
note that diamond crystal has a tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms. The compact and rigid
three-dimensional arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond gives it a high density. The melting point
of diamond is also very high, being more than 3500oC. This is because a lot of heat energy is
required to break the network of strong covalent bonds in the diamond crystal. Diamond is a non-
conductor of electricity. This can be explained as follows: We know that a carbon atom has 4 valence
electrons in it. Now, in a diamond crystal, each carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms by
covalent bonds, and hence all the 4 valence electrons of each carbon atom are used up in forming
the bonds. Since there are ‘no free electrons’ in a diamond crystal, it does not conduct electricity.

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Structure of Graphite
The structure of graphite is Each carbon atom in
very different from that of graphite is joined to only
three other carbon atoms
diamond. A graphite crystal
consists of layers of carbon
atoms [See figure]
Each carbon atom in a
graphite layer is joined to three Flat layer of
other carbon atoms by strong carbon atoms
covalent bonds to form flat
hexagonal rings.
Weak forces hold the layers
of carbon atoms together

Flat layer of
carbon atoms

Strong bonds exist between

carbon atoms in a layer
Flat layer of
carbon atoms

Structure of graphite. (The black balls represent carbon atoms)

The various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are quite far apart so that no covalent bonds can exist
between them. These various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak van der
Waals forces. Since the various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are joined by weak forces, they
can slide over one another. Due to the sheet like structure, graphite is a comparatively soft
substance. It is the softness of graphite which makes it useful as a dry lubricant for machine parts.
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity. This can be explained as follows: We know that a carbon
atom has 4 valence electrons in it. Now, in a graphite crystal, each carbon atom is joined to only three
other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. Thus, only the three valence electrons of each carbon atom in
graphite are used in bond formation. The fourth valence electron of each carbon atom is ‘free’ to
move. Due to the ‘presence of free electrons’ in a graphite crystal, it conducts electricity.

Uses of Diamond
1. Since diamond is extremely hard, therefore, it is the right material for cutting and grinding
other hard materials, and for drilling holes in the earth’s rocky layers. Thus, diamonds are
used in cutting instruments like glass cutters and in rock drilling equipment. Diamond ‘dyes’
are used for drawing thin wires like the tungsten filament of an electric bulb. All these uses of
diamond are because of its hardness.
2. Diamonds are used for making jewelry: The use of diamonds in making jewelry is
because of their extraordinary brilliance, which is due to their great ability to reflect and
refract light.

3. Sharp-edged diamonds are used by eye-surgeons as a tool to remove cataract from eyes
with a great precision.
Diamonds can also be made artificially. Diamonds can be made artificially by subjecting pure
carbon to very high pressure and temperature. These are called synthetic diamonds. The
synthetic diamonds are small but are otherwise indistinguishable from natural diamonds.

Uses of graphite
1. Due to its softness, powdered graphite is used as a lubricant for the fast-moving parts of
machinery. Since graphite is non-volatile, it can be used for lubricating those machine parts
which operate at very high temperatures (where ordinary oil lubricants cannot be used).

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Graphite can be used as a dry lubricant in the form of graphite powder or mixed with
petroleum jelly to form graphite grease.

2. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to which graphite is used for making carbon
electrodes or graphite electrodes in dry cells and electric arcs. The black coloured ‘anode’ of
a dry cell is made of graphite. The carbon brushes of electric motors are also made of
graphite.

3. Graphite is used for making the cores of our pencils and black paints. Graphite is black in
colour and quite soft. So, it marks black lines on paper. Due to this property graphite is used
for making the black cores of our pencils called pencil leads.

Buckminsterfullerene
Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing
clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined to form spherical
molecules. Since there are 60 carbon atoms in a
molecule of buckminsterfullerene, so its formula is C60 (C-
sixty). Buckminsterfullerene is a football-shaped spherical
molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in
interlocking hexagonal and pentagonal rings of carbon
atoms (see in figure). There are twenty hexagons and
twelve pentagons of carbon atoms in one molecule of
buckminsterfullerene.

This allotrope was named buckminsterfullerene after the

American architect Buckminster Fuller because its
structure resembled the framework of dome shaped halls Fig. A
designed by Fuller for large international exhibitions. The Structure of buckminsterfullerene
arrangement of carbon atoms in buckminsterfullerene
resembles a football made of twenty hexagonal and
twelve pentagonal panels, each corner of every panel
representing a carbon atom (see in figure).

Fig. B
Structure of buckminsterfullerene
like football shape.

Buckminsterfullerene is a dark solid at room temperature. It differs from the other two allotropes of
carbon, diamond and graphite, in the fact that diamond and graphite are giant molecules which
consist of an unending network of carbon atoms, but buckminsterfullerene is a very small molecule
made up of only 60 carbon atoms. Just like diamond and graphite, buckminsterfullerene also burns
on heating to form carbon dioxide. If we burn buckminsterfullerene in oxygen, then only carbon
dioxide is formed, and nothing is left behind. This shows that buckminsterfullerene is made up of
carbon only. An important physical property in which the three allotropes of carbon differ is their
hardness. Diamond is extremely hard whereas graphite is soft. On the other hand,
buckminsterfullerene is neither very hard nor soft. Other properties of buckminsterfullerene are still
being investigated. We will now solve some problems based on the allotropes of carbon.

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 Illustration 1:
Name the three allotropes of carbon.

Solution: (i) Diamond, (ii) Graphite, (iii) Buckminsterfullerene

 Illustration 2:
Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?

Solution: Carbon atoms can achieve the inert gas electron arrangement only by the sharing of
electrons; therefore, carbon always forms covalent bonds.

 Illustration 3:
What is buckminsterfullerene?

Solution: Buckminsterfullerene is third allotropes of carbon. It contains cluster of 60 carbon

atoms.

Exercise 1:
(i) Write two points of difference in the structures of diamond and graphite.
(ii) Why graphite is a good conductor of electricity, but diamond is non-conductor of
electricity?
(iii) State two uses each of diamond and graphite.

Compounds of Carbon
The compounds of carbon are known as organic compounds such as methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6),
ethene (C2H4), ethyne (C2H2) ethyl alcohol or ethanol (C2H5OH) and acetic acid or ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH). Though the oxides of carbon (like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide), carbonates,
bicarbonates and carbides etc are also carbon compounds but they are not considered as organic
compounds.

 Self combination: The property of self combination of carbon atoms to form long chains is
useful to us because it gives rise to an extremely large number of carbon compounds. This
property of carbon is also known as catenation. Due to this property a huge number of carbon
compounds are known, studied under the branch ‘Organic Chemistry’.

Reason for the Large Number of Carbon Compounds

The main reason for the existence of large number of carbon compounds or organic compounds is
that carbon atoms can link with one another by means of covalent bonds to form long chains (or
rings) of carbon atoms. So, it is the property of “catenation” of carbon element which is responsible
for a very large no. of carbon compounds or organic compounds (catenation means ‘self – linking’).

C
C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C
C C

(a) straight chain of carbon atoms (b) Branched chain of carbon atoms (c) closed chain of carbon atoms

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Hydrocarbons
(Hydrogen + carbon = Hydrocarbon)
Types of hydrocarbons (a) saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) (b) Unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes
and alkynes)
Hydrocarbons

Saturated Unsaturated

Alkane
CnH2n 2 Alkene Alkyne
CnH2n CnH2n 2
C C C C

C C

Saturated Hydrocarbons
 A hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected only by single bonds is called saturated
hydrocarbons.
 The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes is CnH2n+2 where n is the no. of carbon
atoms in one molecule of alkane.
 Alkanes are also called paraffins because they are chemically less reactive (para = less, affins =
reactivity)

Unsaturated hydrocarbons
 A hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are connected by a “double bond” or a “triple bond” is
called unsaturated hydrocarbons like in ethylene (H2C = CH2) and acetylene (HC  CH)
H H

C C

H H H C C H
Ethylene Acetylene
(Contains a double bond) (Contains a triple bond)
 The general formula of an alkene is CnH2n where n is the no. of carbon atoms in its one molecule.
 The general formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2 where n is the no. of carbon atoms in one molecule of an
alkyne.

Alkyl Groups
The group formed by the removal of one hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule is called an alkyl
group.
“CnH2n+1
H H H

H C H C C

H H H
Methyl group Ethyl group

Functional Groups
We know that unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons. High
reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbons is due to presence of double bond or a triple bond between
their carbon atoms. Since these double or triple bond increases the reactivity of hydrocarbon, so they
are known as functional groups.

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e.g CH2=CH2 H3CHC=CH2 H3CH2CHC=CH2

ethene propene 1butene or but1ene
(i) (ii) (iii)
HC  CH CH3 C  CH H3CH2C C  CH
ethyne propyne 1butyne or but1yne
(iv) (v) (vi)
In these compounds most of the reactions take place when carbon atoms are joined by double or
triple bond. In the following compound
H
C2H6   OH
 C2H5  OH
ethane ethyl alcohol

Ethyl alcohol can be formed when one hydrogen of ethane is replaced with hydroxyl group (OH).
The properties of both compounds are entirely different.
e.g. (i). Ethane is a gas while ethyl alcohol is liquid.
(ii). Ethane doesn’t act as antiseptic or hypnotic, but ethyl alcohol can act as antiseptic as well as
hypnotic.
(iii). Ethane is chemically inactive compared to ethyl alcohol.
The presence of alcoholic group OH, makes ethyl alcohol very reactive and decides its property.
Thus, an atom or a group of atoms which makes carbon compound (organic compound) reactive and
decides its chemical fate is its functional group. i.e. functional group present in a compound is the site
of maximum chemical reactivity.
Various Functional Groups
S.No Name of series General formula Functional group Example
1. Hydrocarbons
(a) Saturated CnH2n + 2 C C single bond CH4, C2H6, C3H8
(alkanes)
(b) Unsaturated \
(i) alkenes CnH2n / C  C/\ double bond C H , C H ,C H
2 4 3 6 4 8
(ii) alkynes CnH2n  2 C  C  triple bond C2H2, C3H4
2. Alkyl halide RX Halogen atom (Cl, Br, CH3Cl, CH3Br
I, F)
3. Alcohols ROH OH CH3OH, C2H5OH
4. Ketones O O CH3COCH3,
|| || CH3COCH2CH3
R  C R '  C
5. Aldehydes R  C H  C H HCHO, CH3CHO
|| ||
O O
6. Carboxylic acids R  C  OH COOH HCOOH, CH3COOH
||
O
7. Esters O O HCOOCH3,
|| || CH3COOCH3
R  C  OR'  C  OR'
8. Amides O O CH3CONH2,
|| || C2H5CONH2
R  C  NH2  C  NH2
9. Acid halides O O CH3COCl, C2H5COCl
|| ||
R  C  Cl  C  Cl
10. Primary amines RNH2 NH2 CH3NH2,CH3CH2NH2
O O
11. Nitro alkanes R N N CH3NO2, CH3CH2NO2
O O
* R = CnH2n+1

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 Illustration 4:
Which of the following has a triple bond?
C2H4, C3H4, C3H6
Solution: C3H4

Exercise 2:
(i) Which of the following has a double bond?
C4H10, C5H8, C5H10
(ii) Give an example of saturated hydrocarbon.
(iii) Give an example of unsaturated hydrocarbon with one triple bond.

Homologous Series
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical
properties in which the successive compounds differ by –CH2 group. The various members of a
homologous series are called Homologues.
Characteristics of a homologous series
1. All the members of homologous series can be represented by same general formula such as
alkane series by CnH2n+2.

2. Any two adjacent homologous differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular
formula e.g. CH4 and C2H6 differ by CH2.

3. The difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologous is 14 amu. Molecular mass
of CH4 is 16 and that of its next higher homologous ethane C2H6 is 30. So, the difference is 30 –
16 = 14.

4. All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.

5. The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties with
increase in molecular mass e.g. in alkane series as the no. of carbon atoms per molecule
increases, the melting points, boiling points and densities of its members increase gradually.

6. All the members of a homologous series can be prepared by similar methods e.g. all the alkanes
can be prepared by heating the sodium salts of appropriate carboxylic acids with soda – lime.

7. Homologous series of alkenes have general formula as CnH2n where n is no. of carbon atoms in
molecule of alkenes.

8. Homologous series of alkynes have general formula as CnH2n-2 where n is the no. of carbon atoms
in one molecule of alkyne.

9. Cyclo-alkanes have same general formula as alkenes, i.e., CnH2n.

 Illustration 5:
Give the formula of the 5th and 6th members of each homologous having following functional
group.
O

(i) CHO (ii) C NH2

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Solution: (i) H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CHO and CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 -CHO
O O

(ii) H3C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C NH 2 and H3C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C NH2

Exercise 3:
(i) The molecular formula of the consecutive members of a homologous series are C6H14
and C7H16. Write the molecular formulae of members having 9 and 11 carbon atoms of
this homologous series.
(ii) Identify the functional groups in following given compound.
O O
OH
O
O
H

OH

(iii) Give the general formula for (a) alcohols and (b) aldehydes.

Nomenclature
Trivial system: In the beginning, when the numbers of carbon compounds were limited, they were
named based on their sources, properties and structures. e.g.

(i) From sources: Urea (from urine), methanol (from wood) (Greek, methu = spirit, hule =
wood).
(ii) From properties: Glucose (from Greek, glukys = sweet), olefin (from French, olefiant = oil
forming).
(iii) From structures: n-pentane (from Greek, Penta = five), methyl chloride (from methyl group
+ chloride).
When all the carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon chain are joined together in a straight chain, it is called
n-alkane; if (CH3)2CHgroup is attached with a straight chain it is called isoalkane and when a
(CH3)3C group is joined with a straight chain, it is called as neo-alkane.
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 (n-are those having p- and s- carbons)
n Bu tan e n  Pen tan e

CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH CH2CH3 (Iso contain one t-carbon and rest p- and s-carbon)

CH3 CH3
isobutane isopentane
CH3 CH3

CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH2CH3 (contain one quaternary and rest p, or s and t- carbons)

CH3 CH3
neo-pentane Neo-hexane

p – stands for primary (1°)

s – stands for secondary (2°)
t – stands for tertiary (3°)

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A carbon atom is considered primary, secondary or tertiary based on number of carbon atoms directly
attached to it. Primary or 1° (1 degree) C-atom has only one C-atom attached to it.

IUPAC Nomenclature
According to IUPAC the following rules are adopted to name different organic compounds:
(a) Root words are assigned to the number of carbon atoms constituting the main chain as:
C1 indicates Meth C6 indicates Hex
C2 indicates Eth C7 indicates Hept
C3 indicates Prop C8 indicates Oct
C4 indicates But C9 indicates Non
C5 indicates Pent C10 indicates Dec

(b) Addition of primary suffixes to indicate saturation or unsaturation is done as:

(i) For saturated hydrocarbons ‘ane’ is added after root word.
(ii) Unsaturated hydrocarbons:
(a) Containing double bond ‘ene’ is added, e.g., alkene
(b) Containing triple bond ‘yne’ is added to root word e.g. alkyne
(c) Addition of secondary suffixes is done to name compounds other than hydrocarbons
just after the primary suffix. The secondary suffixes are used for different functional
groups. In case if two functional groups are present in a compound, the main
functional group is suffixed and the other is prefixed.

Showing Suffix & Prefix

As secondary
Functional group As prefix Example
suffix
OH (Alcohol) ol Hydroxy CH3OH (methanol)
CHO (Aldehyde) al Aldo/formyl CH3CHO (ethanal)
COOH (Carboxylic acid) oic acid Carboxy HCOOH (methanoic acid)
\
/ C  O (ketone)
one Oxo, Keto CH3COCH3 (Propanone)
COOR (Ester) oate Carboalkoxy CH3COOC2H5 (Ethyl ethanoate)
NH2(Amine) amine Amino CH3NH2 (Amino methane)
NO2 (Nitro)  Nitro CH3NO2 (Nitromethane)

IUPAC Rules
1. The longest chain of carbon atoms is selected; it may be straight or branched. The name of
the hydrocarbon corresponding to this chain serves as the base for the name of the
compound.

2. Lowest positional number is given to the substituents, or double bond or triple bond or
functional group, present in the carbon chain. For this purpose, the carbon chain is numbered
by numerals 1, 2, 3…….in such a way that these get lowest positional number.

3. In case when many substituents are present, numbering is done from the end where upon
the sum of the substituents is minimum.

4. The substituents are written in alphabetical order with their position.

5. Halo substituents are given preference over alkyl groups.

6. When different alkyl groups are present at equal positions, the numbering is preferred from
the side of substituent containing lesser number of carbon atoms.

7. In case of COOH or CHO groups, the numbering is done from the carbon atom of the
functional group itself.

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8. The following preferential (seniority) order is maintained when more than one functional
group are present:
COOH, COOR,CHO, >C=O, OH, NH2, >C=C< , C  C, NO2, X

9. When the carbon atom bears two identical substituents, their locations and numbers are
represented by attaching the prefix di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), etc.

10. In case the substituent (alkyl group) on the parent chain has itself branched chain then it is
named as a substituted alkyl group and its carbon chain is numbered from the carbon chain
attached to the main chain. The name of the complex chain is written in brackets to avoid
confusion with the number of the main chain e.g.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH CH2CH2CH2CH3 Main chain

1CH CH3
CH CH3 Side Chain
2
3 CH3
5 - ( 1', 2'-Dimethyl propyl) nonane

O
4 3 2 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH C1 OCH2CH3 CH2 CH Cl
CH3 1-Chloroethene
Ethyl-2-methyl butanoate

11. Two suffixes are used for a compound having both type of unsaturation and the compound is
named as alkenyne with numbering as low as possible given to multiple bonds.
CH2  CH  C  C CH3
1 2 3 4 5

Pent-1-ene-3-yne

12. In short, we can conclude that IUPAC nomenclature can be followed according to the given
formula [P  W  S]
P  Prefix
W  Word root or chain length
S  Suffix

e.g. To understand consider a compound.

5 Br 3 1
6 2 COOH

OH 4
Br
In this (P) is 2, 4-dibromo-5-hydroxyl, the name given to the substituents with their respective
position.
(W) is Hex and chain length is of 6 carbons.
(S) is oic acid as the parent compound has carboxylic acid as functional group.
Hence the complete IUPAC name is “2, 4-dibromo-5-hydroxyhex oicacid”.
P W S
or i.e. “2, 4-dibromo-5-hydroxyhexanoic acid”.

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 Illustration 6:
What is the correct IUPAC name of the following compound?
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3
CH3

Solution: 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 HC CH3

CH3
The longest chain contains five C atoms. The saturated hydrocarbon containing five
C atoms is pentane.
The numbering of C atoms in the longest chain is done from the C atom that is
nearest to the methyl group which is present as the branched chain. Thus,
5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH
3

CH3
(correct)
This way of numbering is correct, but the way of numbering as shown below is
wrong.
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3
CH3
(wrong)
Hence, the correct name will be 2-methylpentane (and not 4-methylpentane).

 Illustration 7:
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound.
CH3

(i) (CH3) 2 CH HC CH (CH3) CH

OH CH3
O OH

(ii) H3C C CH2 C CH3

CH3

1 OH CH3 6 6 OH CH3 1
H3C CH3 H3C CH3
2 3 4 5 5 4 2
Solution: (i) CH CH CH CH
3
CH CH CH CH
H3C CH3 H3C CH3
Correct Wrong
OH functional group at 3rd carbon OH functional group at 4th carbon
Because main functional group (-OH) getting least number.
Hence correct IUPAC name is  2, 4, 5-trimethylhexan-3-ol.

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O OH

(ii) H3C C CH2 C CH3

1 2 3 4 5

CH3
(4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone)

Exercise 4:
Give the IUAPC name of following compounds.

(i) H3C CH CH2 CH CHO (ii) (iii) H3C C C CHO

Cl CH3 H H

Isomers
The organic compounds having the same molecular formula, but different structures are known as
isomers. They also have different physical and chemical properties.
Isomerism in alkanes
Isomers of pentane

CH3
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
H 3C CH 2 CH 2
CH 2 CH3 H 3C CH CH 2
CH3 H 3C C CH 3

n-pentane CH3 CH3

Isopentane Neopentane
IUPAC Name: (Pentane) (2 -m e th y l b u ta n e ) 2 , 2 - dimethyl propane

1. Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms.

2. Two isomers of the compound butane having the molecular formula C4H10 are possible. These are
as follows
H H H
H H H H
H 1C C C H
2 3
H C C C C H
H C H
H H
H H H H H
Common names: n – butane Isobutane
IUPAC names: butane 2 – methyl propane

3. Four isomers of the compound hexane having the molecular formula C6H14 are possible.

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H H H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H C C C C C H H C C C C C H

H C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H C H H C H
n-hexane
(Hexane) H H
Iso-hexane ( 2-methyl pentane) 3-methyl pentane
H

H C H

H H H

H C C C C H

H H H

H C H

H
neo-hexane
(2,2-dimethyl butane)

Isomerism in alkenes
The isomerism in alkenes can be due to two reasons:
(i) due to difference in the position of double bond.
(ii) due to branching in carbon chain.
e.g. Butene (C4H8) has three isomers

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
(a) H2C CH CH2 CH3 (b) H3C CH CH CH3 (c) H2C C CH3

1-butene 2-butene CH3

2-methyl propene

Isomerism in alkynes
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(a) HC C CH2 CH3 (b) H3 C C C CH3

1-butyne 2-butyne

 Illustration 8:
How many chain isomers of formula C6H14 are possible?

Solution:

When chain length cotnains five carbon

2 - methyl pentane 3 - methyl pentane

When chain llength cotnains four carbon

2,3-dimethyl
2, 2 - dimethylbutane
butane 2,2-dimethyl butane
1, 1 - dimethyl butane

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Exercise 5:
(i) Give the possible chain isomers of C7H16 and write down the IUAPC name of each
isomers.
(ii) Give the homologous series of first four members of ketone family.
(iii) Give the possible position isomers of C6H12.

Coal and Petroleum (Fossil Fuels)

Coal
It is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Small amounts of N2 and
sulphur compounds are also present in coal. In India, it is mainly found in Bihar, West-Bengal, Orissa
and Madhya Pradesh. Coal is formed by the decomposition of large land plants and trees buried
under the earth millions of years ago. The slow chemical process of conversion of wood into coal is
called “carbonization”. The different varieties of coal differ in their carbon content, volatile matter and
moisture.

Types of coal
1. Peat 60% carbon
2. Lignite (soft coal) 70% carbon
3. Bituminous (Household coal) 80% carbon
4. Anthracite (Hard coal) 90% carbon
Uses of coal
1. It is used in manufacture of fuel like coal gas.
2. Used in manufacture of synthetic petrol and natural gas.
3. Used as source of organic compounds like benzene, toluene, phenol, aniline naphthalene and
anthracene.
4. Used as a fuel in household, thermal power plants.
5. Coal is used to make coke.

Petroleum
 The crude oil petroleum is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons
mixed with water, salt and earth particles.
 Petroleum is formed by the decomposition of remains of extremely small organisms (Micro
organisms) buried under sea millions of years ago.
 Petroleum oil in India is formed in (a) ankleshwer and kalol in Gujarat (b) Rudrasagar and Lakwa
in Assam and (c) Bombay high (off – shore area)

Following are some government organizations for exploration and production of petroleum oil in India.
(a) Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) (b) Hindustan Petroleum (HP)
(c) Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) (d) Bharat Petroleum (BP)

Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

1. Combustion (or Burning)
The process of burning of a carbon in air to give carbon dioxide, water, heat and light, is
known as combustion. Combustion is also called burning. Most of the carbon compounds
burn in air to produce a lot of heat. For example, alkanes burn in air to produce a lot of heat
due to which alkanes are excellent fuels. Let us take an example of the combustion of an
alkane called methane (which is the major constituent of natural gas).
When methane (natural gas) burns in enough supply of air, then carbon dioxide and water
vapour are formed, and a lot of heat is also produced:

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Combustion
CH4  2O2   CO 2  2H2O  Heat  Light
Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide
 Natural gas  From air 
Since natural gas (mixture of methane, ethane, propane and butane) produces a lot of heat
on burning, so it is used as a fuel in homes and in industry. The cooking gas (LPG) which we
use in our homes is mainly an alkane called butane (C4H10). When butane (or LPG) burns in
air in the burner of a gas stove, then it forms carbon dioxide and water vapour, with the
evolution of a lot of heat (and some light). Due this, butane (or LPG) is an excellent fuel.
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat
energy.
7
Example: CH3 CH3  O 2  2CO2  3H2O  Heat  Light
2
13
C4H10  O2  4CO2  5H2O  Heat  Light
2

2. Substitution Reactions
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are quite unreactive (because they contain only carbon-
carbon single bonds). Being unreactive, saturated hydrocarbons do not react with many
substances. Saturated hydrocarbons, however, undergo substitution reactions with chlorine
in the presence of sunlight. The substitution reaction of a saturated hydrocarbon ‘methane’
with chlorine is also called chlorination. Substitution reactions (like chlorination) are a
characteristic property of saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes (Unsaturated hydrocarbons do
not give substitution reactions with halogens; they give addition reactions). The substitution
reactions of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) with chlorine take place in the presence of
sunlight.
Substitution Reaction of Methane with Chlorine. Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence
of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride:
Sunlight
CH4  Cl2   CH3 Cl  HCl
Methane Chlorine Chloromethane Hydrogen chloride
 or Methyl chloride 

3. Oxidation
Carbon compounds can be easily oxidized by oxidizing agents such as Alkaline potassium
permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate. Alcohols are converted to carboxylic acids
by using the above oxidizing agent.
Alkaline KMnO4
CH3 CH2OH 
or Conc.K 2 Cr2 O7 / H2 SO4
 CH3 COOH

CrO3 in presence of CH3COOH will act as mild oxidizing agent. It will convert ethanol to
ethanal.
CrO3 in
CH3 CH2OH 
CH3 COOH
 CH3 CHO  H2O


4. Addition Reaction
The reaction in which an unsaturated hydrocarbon combines with another substance to give
a single product is called an addition reaction. Addition reactions (like the addition of
hydrogen, chlorine or bromine) are a characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Addition reactions are given by all unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond or a
triple bond. That is, addition reactions are given by all the alkenes and alkynes (like ethene
and ethyne). We will now describe an addition reaction in which hydrogen is added to
unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds (which are called
alkenes). The simplest alkene is ethene, CH2 = CH2

Addition Reaction of Ethene with Hydrogen: Ethene reacts with hydrogen when heated in
the presence of nickel catalyst to form ethane:

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Ni catalyst
CH2  CH2  H2 Heat
 CH3  CH3
Ethene Hydrogen Ethane
 Unsaturated   Saturated 
In general, unsaturated hydrocarbons add on hydrogen in the presence of catalyst such as
nickel (Ni) or palladium (Pd) to form saturated hydrocarbons. The addition of hydrogen to an
unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation. Another
example of addition reaction is:
CH2  CH2  Br2  aq  BrCH2  CH2Br
1, 2  Dibromoethane

 Illustration 9:
A vegetable oil contains two double bonds in its molecule. How many moles of hydrogen gas
are required for complete hydrogenation of 1 mole of oil?

Solution: 2 mole

 Illustration 10:
When Methane burns………….and are …………produced.

Solution: CO2 and H2O

Some Important Carbon Compounds

Alcohols
Alcohols are hydroxyl compound of the alkanes of general formula Cn H2n+2O or ROH where R is
alkyl or substituted alkyl group. The group may be primary, secondary or tertiary.

Alcohols

1 Alcohol 2 Alcohol 3 Alcohol

R R
R CH2 OH
(Primary alcohol) CH OH R C OH

R R
(Secondary alcohol) (Tertiary alcohol)

If we take only primary alcohols (10 Alcohols) than simply we can write
i.e. R=H CH3 – OH methyl alcohol.
R = CH3 CH3  CH2  OH ethyl alcohol
R = C2H5 C2 H5 – CH2 – OH propyl alcohol

Ethanol
The common name of ethanol is ethyl alcohol. Ethanol is the most common and widely used alcohol.

Physical properties
(i) Alcohol have narcotic action; methyl alcohol is a nerve poison and even in small dose it can
paralyse the optic nerve and cause blindness.

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(ii) The lower alcohols are completely soluble in water but as the number of carbon atoms
Increases solubility decreases. This solubility in water is due to inter molecular hydrogen
bonding between the water and alcohols molecules due to their polar character.
     
---------- O H ----------O H ----------O H

R H R
0 0 0
Alcohols have solubility in order: 1 > 2 > 3

(iii) Increase in C- chain increases organic part hence solubility in water decreases.

Chemical properties of ethanol

1. Combustion: Ethanol is a highly inflammable liquid. It burns readily in air with a blue flame to
form carbon dioxide and water vapours:
Combustion
C2H5 OH  3O2   2CO2  3 H2O
Ethanol Oxygen (Burning) Carbon Water
(Ethyl alcohol) (From air ) dioxide Vapour

A lot of heat is produced during the combustion of ethanol. In fact, all the alcohols burn in air
to form carbon dioxide and water.

2. Reaction with sodium metal: Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and
hydrogen gas: 2C2H5 OH 2Na  2C2H5 ONa  H2

3. Oxidation: Oxidation means controlled combustion. Ethanol can be oxidized in two stages,
first to ethanal, and then to ethanoic acid. The product formation depends on the strength of
the oxidizing agent used.
(i) Mild oxidation (Partial oxidation) of ethanol: When ethanol is treated with chromic
anhydride (in glacial ethanoic acid), then its partial oxidation takes place and ethanal is
formed:
CrO3
CH3 CH2OH  [O]   CH3 CHO  H2 O
Ethanol Nascent oxygen (in CH3 COOH) Ethanal Water
(Ethyl alcohol) ( from oxidi sin g agent ) ( Acetaldehyde)

(ii) Strong oxidation (Complete oxidation) of ethanol: When ethanol is heated with
alkaline potassium permanganate solution, its complete oxidation takes place and
ethanoic acid is formed :
Alkaline KMnO4
CH3 CH2OH  2[O]   CH3 COOH  H2 O
Ethanol Nascent oxygen  Ethanoic acid Water
(Ethyl alcohol) ( from oxidi sin g agent) (Acetic acid)

4. Reaction with Ethanoic acid (formation of ester): Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid on
warming in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to form a sweet
smelling ester, ethyl ethanoate:
Conc.H 2 SO 4
CH3 COOH  C2H5 OH CH3 COOC2H5  H2 O
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate Water
(Acetic acid) (Ethyl alcohol) (Ethyl acetate)

5. Dehydration: Dehydration of a alcohol means removal of water molecule from it. When
ethanol is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at 170oC (443 K),
o
Conc. H2 SO4 ;170 C
CH3  CH2 OH 
 Dehydration   CH2  CH2  H2 O
Ethanol Ethene Water
Ethyl alcohol 
During dehydration of ethanol molecule (CH3 – CH2OH), H from the CH3 group and OH from
CH2OH group are removed in the form of a water molecule (H2O) resulting in the formation of

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ethene molecule (CH2 = CH2). In this reaction, concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a
dehydrating agent (which removes water molecule from the ethanol molecule).
Uses of ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
1. Ethyl alcohol is used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, perfumes,
dyes, soaps and synthetic rubber.
2. Ethyl alcohol is used in the preparation of organic compounds like ether, chloroform and
iodoform.
3. Ethyl alcohol is used as a fuel in internal combustion engines (and in spirit lamps). It is used
as a substitute for petrol in motor cars and as one of the components of ‘power alcohol’.
4. Ethyl alcohol is used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds and syringes in hospitals and
dispensaries.
5. Ethyl alcohol is used as a solvent. Many organic compounds which are insoluble in water, are
soluble in ethyl alcohol.
6. Ethyl alcohol is used for making antifreeze mixtures, which are used in the radiators of motor
vehicles in cold countries.
The use of ethyl alcohol as an antifreeze
A mixture of ethyl alcohol and water has a much lower freezing point than that of pure water, so it
does not freeze easily to form ice. This mixture of alcohol and water is called antifreeze. In cold
countries at low temperature the water present in radiators of motor cars freezes to ice. To prevent
this, some ethyl alcohol is added as antifreeze to car radiators.

Effects of drinking alcohol:

1. Alcohol is an intoxicant, so under the influence of alcohol, a person loses his sense of
discrimination. He cannot distinguish between good and bad. This increases the crime in
society.
2. Alcohol drinking ruins the health of the person. It damages the liver and makes the brain dull.
3. The drinking of adulterated alcohol containing methyl alcohol, causes severe poisoning
leading to blindness and even death.
4. Alcohol drinking worsens the economic condition of the family.
5. The alcohol drinking by the head of a family has a very bad effect on the psychological
development of the children.

Exercise 6:
Find the product
(i) H+
C2 H 5 - OH + CH 3 - COOH  A
Conc. H SO
(ii) CH 3CH 2OH  2
170  C
4 B
(iii) O 
CH 3CH 2OH 
KMnO
C
4

Denatured Alcohol
A lot of ethyl alcohol is used in industry for manufacturing various products. So, if pure ethyl alcohol is
supplied to industries, the workers will start drinking it. And you can well imagine the scene inside a
factory! The addition of poisonous substances makes the ethyl alcohol unfit for drinking. Denatured
alcohol thus is ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding poisonous
substances like methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate, etc.

 Illustration 11:
Name one liquid carbon compound which is being used as an additive in petrol in some
countries.

Solution: Ethanol

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 Illustration 12:
What happens when (give chemical equation):
Sodium reacts with ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Solution:  2C2H5 O -Na+ + H2

2C2H5 OH + 2Na 
Sodium ethoxide

Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid)

Ethanoic acid is the second member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids (the first member
being methanoic acid). The formula of ethanoic acid is CH3COOH. The common name of ethanoic
acid is acetic acid. A dilute solution of ethanoic acid in water is called vinegar. Vinegar contains about
5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid. In other words, vinegar contains about 5 to 8 per cent acetic acid.
Vinegar is used widely as a preservative in pickles.

Physical properties
 Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid having a sour taste and a smell of vinegar.
 The boiling point of ethanoic acid is 118oC (391 K).
 When pure ethanoic acid is cooled, it freezes to form a colourless, ice-like solid (which looks like
a glacier). Due to this, pure ethanoic acid is called glacial ethanoic acid (or glacial acetic acid).
 Ethanoic acid is miscible with water in all properties.

Chemical properties of ethanoic acid

1. Action on Litmus. Ethanoic acid is acidic in nature. Being acidic in nature, ethanoic acid
turns blue litmus red. In fact, all the carboxylic acids turn blue litmus to red.
We will now compare the strength of carboxylic acids (like ethanoic acid) and mineral acids
(like hydrochloric acid). Let us test both, ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid with blue litmus
paper and universal indicator paper, one by one.
 Dilute ethanoic acid turns blue litmus paper to red, showing that it is acidic in nature.
Dilute hydrochloric acid also turns blue litmus paper to red, showing that it is also acidic
in nature. Thus, litmus test shows that both, ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid, are
acidic in nature but the litmus test does not show which one is strong acid and which one
is a weak acid.
 Dilute ethanoic acid turns universal indicator paper to orange, showing that its pH is
about 4. This tells us that ethanoic acid is a weak acid. On the other hand, dilute
hydrochloric acid and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Carboxylic acids (like ethanoic
acid) are only partially ionized in solution (to give a small number of hydrogen ions), so
they are weak acids. On the other hand, mineral acids (like hydrochloric acid) are
completely ionized in solution (and give many hydrogen ions), due to which they are
strong acids.
Due to its acidic nature, ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, and
bases (or alkalis) to form salts. These reactions of ethanoic acid are described below.
2. Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen carbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts with
carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to evolve carbon dioxide gas along with the formation
of salt and water. The reactions of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate and sodium
hydrogen carbonates are as follows.
(i) Reaction with Sodium Carbonate: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form
sodium ethanoate and carbon dioxide gas:
2CH3 COOH  Na2 CO3  2CH3 COONa  CO2  H2 O
Ethanoic acid Sodium carbonate Sodium ethanoate Carbon dioxide Water

 Acetic acid   Sodium acetate 

When sodium carbonate is added to a sodium of ethanoic acid, brisk effervescence of
carbon dioxide is given off. The salt formed in this reaction is sodium ethanoate. The

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common name of sodium ethanoate is sodium acetate. All other carboxylic acids react
with sodium carbonate in a similar way.

(ii) Reaction with Sodium Hydrogen carbonate: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
hydrogen carbonate to evolve brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas:
CH3 COOH  NaHCO3  CH3 COONa  CO2  H2O
Ethanoic acid Sodium hydrogencarbonate Sodium ethanoate Carbon dioxide water
This reaction is used as a test for ethanoic acid (or acetic acid). In fact, all the carboxylic
acids decompose sodium hydrogen carbonate giving brisk effervescence of carbon
dioxide gas.
3. Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide
Ethanoic acid reacts with bases (or alkalis) to form salt and water. For example, ethanoic acid
reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a salt called sodium ethanoate and water:
CH3 COOH  NaOH  CH3 COONa  H2 O
Ethanoic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate Water
In its reaction with bases, ethanoic acid behaves just like mineral acids (HCl, etc.). In fact, all
the carboxylic acids react with bases (or alkalis) like sodium hydroxide to form the
corresponding salts and water.
4. Reaction with Alcohols
Formation of Esters: Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of a little of
concentrated sulphuric acid to form esters. For example, when ethanoic acid is warmed with
ethanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet-smelling ester
called ethyl ethanoate is formed:
Conc. H2 SO4
CH3 COOH  C2H5 OH   CH3 COOC2H5  H 2O
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate Water
 Acetic acid  Ethyl alcohol   Ethyl acetate 
 Sweet smell 
This reaction in which a sweet-smelling ester is formed, is used as a test for ethanoic acid. In fact, all
the carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid to
form pleasant smelling esters. The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester is
called esterification.
Esters are usually volatile liquids having sweet smell or pleasant smell. They are also said to have
fruity smell. Esters are used in making artificial perfumes (artificial scents). This is because most of
the esters have a pleasant smell. Esters are also used as flavouring agents. This means that esters
are used in making artificial flavors and essences used in ice-cream, sweets and cold drinks. One of
the most important reactions of esters is that they can be hydrolyzed back to the alcohol and
carboxylic acid (from which they are originally formed).
Hydrolysis of Esters: When an ester is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, the ester gets
hydrolyzed (breaks down) to form the parent alcohol and sodium salt of the carboxylic acid. For
example, when ethyl ethanoate ester is boiled with sodium hydroxide solution, then sodium ethanoate
and ethanol are produced:
Heat
CH3 COOC2H5  NaOH   CH3 COONa  C2H 5 OH
Ethyl ethanoate Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate Ethanol
 Ethyl acetate   Sodium acetate  Ethyl alcohol 
The alkaline hydrolysis of esters (using alkali like sodium hydroxide) is known as saponification (soap
making). This is because this reaction is used for the preparation of soaps. When the esters of higher
fatty acids are hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide solution, we get sodium salts of higher fatty acids
which are called soaps and glycerol (oil and fats) as byproduct.

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Uses of ethanoic acid (acetic acid)

(i) Dilute ethanoic acid (in the form of vinegar) is used as a food preservative in the preparation
of pickles and sauces (like tomato sauce). As vinegar, it is also used as an appetizer for
dressing food dishes.
(ii) Ethanoic acid is used for making cellulose acetate which is an important artificial fibre.
(iii) Ethanoic acid is used in the manufacture of acetone (propanone) and esters used in
perfumes.
(iv) Ethanoic acid is used in the preparation of dyes, plastics and pharmaceuticals.
(v) Ethanoic acid is used to coagulate rubber from latex.

 Illustration 13:
An organic compound A has the molecular formula C2H4O2 and is acidic in nature. On heating
with ethanol and conc. H2SO4, vapours with pleasant and fruity smell are given out. What is
the compound A and what is the chemical equation involved in this reaction?

Solution: The molecular formula of A is C2H4O2. Since this compound is acidic in nature it
should contain carboxylic acid group, –COOH. If we subtract COOH group (1 carbon,
2 oxygen and 1 hydrogen atom) from C2H4O2, we are left with 1 carbon atom and 3
hydrogen atoms which is a methyl group, CH3. Combining CH3 and COOH we get
CH3COOH. Thus, compound A is ethanoic acid CH3COOH. When ethanoic acid is
warmed with ethanol in the presence of conc.H2SO4 a pleasant and fruity smelling
ester, ethyl ethanoate is formed.

 Illustration 14:
The molecular formula of an ester is C3H7COOC2H5. Write the molecular formula of the alcohol
and the acid from which it might be prepared.

Solution: The left side part of the formula of an ester (containing the CO part) is derived from
the acid and the right-side part of an ester is derived from the alcohol. So, in the ester
C3H7COOC2H5, the acid will be C3H7COOH and the alcohol will be HOC2H5 which is
written more conveniently as C2H5OH. Thus,
(i) The acid present in the ester C3H7COOC2H5 is C3H7COOH which is butanoic
acid.
(ii) The alcohol present in the ester C3H7COOC2H5 is C2H5OH which is ethanol.
Conc. H2SO4
C3H7 .COOH  H O.C2H5   C3H7 .COO.C2H5  H2 O
Butanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl butanoate Water

 Illustration 15:
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties?

Solution: (i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar
(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii) Ethanol has no action on litmus paper whereas ethanoic acid turns blue litmus
paper to red.
(iv) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate, but ethanoic acid gives
brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate.

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 Illustration 16:
The general formula of a homologous series of carbon compounds is CnH2n + 1 – OH. Write the
molecular formula of fourth and fifth members of the series.

Solution: C4H9 – OH
C5H11 – OH

 Illustration 17:
An organic compound X of molecular formula C2H4O2 gives brisk effervescence with sodium
hydrogen carbonate. Give the name and formula of X.

Solution: Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH

 Illustration 18:
What type of compound is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the
presence of conc. H2SO4?
Solution: Ester

 Illustration 19:
A neutral organic compound X of molecular formula C2H6O on oxidation with acidified
potassium dichromate gives an acidic compound Y. Compound X reacts with Y on warming it
in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to give a sweet-smelling substance Z. What are X, Y and Z?
Solution: X is ethanol; Y is ethanoic acid; Z is ethyl ethanoate

 Illustration 20:
Consider the following organic compounds: HCHO, C2H5OH, C2H6, CH3COOH, C2H5Cl
Choose two compounds that can react in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to form an ester. Give
the name and formula of the ester formed.

Solution: C2H5OH and CH3COOH; Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5

 Illustration 21:
Which of the following will give brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate and
why?
CH3COOH, CH3CH2OH

Solution: CH3COOH; It is a carboxylic acid

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Exercise 7:
(i) Which of the following are carboxylic acids: C2H4O2, C2H4O, C2H6O, C3H6O2?
(ii) What is esterification?
(iii) What happens when methanol reacts with sodium metal?
(iv) What happens when methyl alcohol burns in excess of oxygen? Give chemical
equation?
(v) C2H6O is formula of second member of homologous series of alcohol. Give formula of
fourth member.

Soaps and Detergents

Soap and detergents are substances used for cleaning hands, clothes or surfaces. We have been
using various substances for cleansing purposes.

Soaps
A soap is sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid (higher fatty acids) such as oleic acid
(C17H33COOH), stearic acid (C17H35COOH) etc. Higher fatty acids are present in fats or vegetable oil
in the form of esters (with glycerol as the alcoholic part). These esters are also known as glycerides.

Preparation of soap
Saponification
Glyceride is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution; it gets converted to sodium salt of
the acid (soap) & glycerol. This process is known as saponification.

CO

CH2 O C C17H33 CH2 OH

O O

CH2 O C C17H33 + 3NaOH CH2 OH + 3C17H33 C ONa

CH2 O C C17H33 CH2 OH (soap)

Na oleate
O
Glyceride Glycerol

Apart from fats, vegetable oils like castor oil, soybean oil, olive oil and palm oil are also used for
preparing soaps.

Detergents
To overcome the difficulty of cleaning in hard water, detergents were discovered. Detergents may be
defined as the sodium salts of sulphonic acid group. Here a carboxylic acid part is changed with
sulphonic acid without disturbing the alkyl part. We can say that detergent has a large nonionic
hydrocarbon part and an ionic group like sulphonate group. Example of synthetic detergent can be
sodium ndodecyl sulphate.
CH3   CH2 11  C6H4  SO3 Na 
   ionic part
non ionic part

Cleansing action of a detergent is more effective than soap. This is because detergent does not react
with Ca++ or Mg++ ions of hard water.

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Cleansing action of soaps and detergents

Both soaps and detergents follow same principle. When soap is dissolved in water, it forms a colloidal
suspension in water in which the soap molecules cluster together to form spherical micelles. In a
soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbons ends directed towards the
centre and ionic ends directed outwards. (The ionic ends are directed outwards because negative
charges at the ends repel one another). Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water
because the hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are
insoluble in water, but the ionic ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence
soluble in water.
Soap solution
Highly negatively
charged micelles

Hydrocarbon part
Grease
C11H35COO - Na+

Cleansing action of soap. Soap micelle entraps the oily dirt particle

Differences between Soaps and Detergents

Soaps Detergents
1. Soaps are the sodium salts (or potassium salts) 1. Detergents are the sodium salts of
of the long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids). long chain benzene sulphonic acids
The ionic group in soaps is COO-Na+ or long chain alkyl hydrogen
sulphates. The ionic group in
detergent is SO3Na or SO 4Na .
2. Soaps are not suitable for washing purposes 2. Detergents can be used for washing
when the water is hard. even when the water is hard.
3. Soaps are biodegradable. 3. Some of the detergents are not
biodegradable.
4. Soaps have relatively weak cleansing action 4. Detergents have a strong cleansing
action.
5. Examples: Sodium stearate, Sodium palmitate. 5. Examples: Sodium lauryl sulphate,
sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate.

Why Common Salt (Sodium Chloride) is Added in Soap Making

Common salt is added to the mixture to make the soap come out of solution. Though most of the
soap separates out on its own but some of it remains in solution. Common salt is added to precipitate
out all the soap from the aqueous solution. Actually, when we add common salt to the solution, then
solubility of soap present in it decreases, due to which all the soap separates out from the solution in
the form of a solid.

 Illustration 22:
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they beat the
clothes on a stone slab, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated
in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?

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Solution: It is necessary to agitate (or shake) to get clean clothes because the soap micelles
which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed
from its surface. When the cloth wetted in soap solution is agitated (or beaten), the
micelles containing oily or greasy dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty
cloth and go into water. And the dirty cloth gets cleaned.

 Illustration 23:
Why soap is not suitable for washing clothes with hard water?

Solution: Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soaps are not suitable for
washing in hard water because of following reasons.
(a) Soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions in water to form insoluble
precipitate, which is known as scum.
(b) Scum sticks to clothes and interferes with cleaning ability of soap.

 Illustration 24:
What is a micelle and how does it forms in water with detergent?

Solution: When a detergent is dissolved in water, the molecules gather as clusters, called
micelles. The tail (hydrocarbon part) sticks inwards and the head outwards (anionic
part) shown below in figure). The hydrocarbon part in each case is hydrophobic and
attaches with oil/grease part. Whereas the anionic part attaches to water molecules

head

oil/grease of dirt

tail

 Illustration 25:
Elaborate the functional similarity of soap & detergent with help of diagram.
Solution: Both soap and detergent have a hydrocarbon (non-ionic) tail and an ionic head (as
shown below in figure). The hydrocarbon part in each case is hydrophobic and
attaches with oil/grease part. Whereas the anionic part attaches to water molecules
in each case.
+
Soap COO Na

+
Detergent SO3 Na
hydrocarbon part anionic part
(tail) (head)

Exercise 8:
(i) Explain the term “saponification”.
(ii) Why are detergents called soap less soaps?
(iii) Which one has greater cleansing action: soap or detergent?

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KEY TO EXERCISES

Exercise 1.
(i) Diamond Graphite
(a) Each carbon atom in diamond is joined (a) Each carbon atom in graphite is
to four other carbon atoms joined to only three other carbon
atoms
(b) Diamond is hard because of the (b) Graphite is soft because various
Strong bonds existing between all layers of carbon atoms in graphite
the carbon atoms are held together by weak van der
Waals forces
(ii) Due to the presence of free electrons in a graphite crystal, it is a good conductor of
electricity but there are no free electrons in a diamond crystal, so it is non-conductor
of electricity.
(iii) (a) Diamonds are used in cutting instruments like glass cutters and in rock drilling
equipment. Graphite are used in lead pencils and black paints.
(b) Diamonds are used for making jewelry. Graphite is used as a lubricant for the
fast-moving parts of machinery.

Exercise 2. (i) C5H10

(ii) Methane
(iii) Ethyne

Exercise 3.
(i) C9H20, C11H24
(ii) Various functional groups are present.

C C (ii) C O
(i)

Alkenes Carbonyl (keto) group

(iii) O (iv) OH
Alcohol
C O
Ester
(v) CHO
Aldehyde.
O

(iii) (a) ROH (b) R C H

Exercise 4.
(i) 4-chloro-2-methylpentanal
(ii) 5-ethyl-4-methyl oct-2, 5-diene
(iii) But-2-en-1-al

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Exercise 5. (i) There are only four chain isomers possible.

n-heptane 2-methyl hexane

2, 2, 3 - trimethyl butane
2, 3 - dimethyl pentane

(ii) Propanone, Butanone, Pentanone, Hexanone.

(iii)
; ;
O

Exercise 6. (i) H3C C OC 2H5

(A)
(ii) B = CH2 = CH2
(iii)C = CH3COOH

Exercise 7.
(i) C2H4O2
C3H6O2
(ii) Ester is the compound formed by the reaction of an alcohol with carboxylic acid. The
reaction is known as esterification.
H2 SO4
RCOOH  R ' OH   RCOOR ' H2O

Carboxylic acid  alcohol Ester 
CH3COOH  C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5  H2O
(iii) 2CH3 OH  2Na  2CH3 ONa  H2
(iv) 2CH3 OH  3O2  2CO2  4H2 O
(v) C4H10O

Exercise 8.
(i) The hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of an alkali (NaOH or KOH) to form alcohol
and sodium salt of the acid is known as saponification. The reaction is used in the
preparation of soap.
H2 O
CH3 COOC2H5  NaOH   CH3COONa  C2H5OH
Ethyl ethanoate 
(ii) Detergents also consist of two components: a hydrocarbon tail and a polar head like
soaps but they have different structures. Hence, they are called soapless soap.
(iii) Detergent

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CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE

1. Allotropy: When an element can exist is more than one structural form in the same physical
state is called allotropy. The different forms of the same element are known as allotropes.
The allotropes of carbon are
(i) Graphite
(ii) Diamond
(iii) C-60

2. Catenation: The ability to form bonds with other atoms going rise to large chains/molecules
is called catenation.

3. An atom or a group of atoms which makes a carbon compound reactive and determines its
properties is called functional group.

4. When ethene is heated along with water in the presence of conc. H2SO4 ethyl alcohol is
obtained.

5. Alcohols react with sodium metal.

6. Strong oxidation of alcohols in the presence of KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 yields aldehydes and
further oxidation of aldehydes yields acids.

7. Alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the presence of few drops of conc. H2SO4 to form
sweet smelling liquids called esters. This reaction is called esterification.

8. Ethanoic acid liberates hydrogen gas on reaction with active metals like Na, Mg, Zn.

9. Soaps and detergents are sodium salts of different organic acids (or) fatty acids.

10. The action of soaps and detergents is based in the presence of both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic groups in the molecules. It helps to emulsify the oily dirt and hence its removal.

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ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. The ability of carbon to unite with an indefinite number of carbon atoms in straight, branched
or cyclic chains is known as catenation.

2. Carbon and hydrogen combine in different proportions to form a large number of compounds
called hydrocarbons.

3. There are two types of hydrocarbons-saturated and unsaturated.

Ethene is unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Ethene reacts with bromine and decolorizes the bromine. This addition of bromine is known
as bromination.
CH2  CH2  Br2  H2C CH2

Br Br
Ethene also reacts with hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst to form ethane. This
addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbon is known as hydrogenation. It is industrially
used to convert vegetable oils into Vanaspati ghee.
R R R R
nickel
C C + H H 
catalyst
 H C C H

R R R R
(Unsaturated)
(Saturated)

4. Organic compounds having the same functional group and common properties but differing in
molecular formula from the next member by one CH2 group, form a homologous series and
such compounds are called homologues.

5. Cracking is defined as the breaking down of a higher alkane into lower hydrocarbons.
Thermal cracking: It is the cracking carried out at high temperature but in the absence of
any catalyst.
Catalytic cracking: It is carried out at low temperature in the presence of catalyst.

6. Methane is prepared by heating a mixture of sodium acetate and soda lime.

CaO
CH3COONa  NaOH 
Heat
 CH4  Na 2CO3

7. When ethanol is heated with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at 170oC, ethene gas
is produced. Conc. H2SO4 can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which removes water
from ethanol.
Hot and conc. H2SO4
CH3  CH2  OH  443 K
 CH2  CH2  H2O
Ethanol   Ethene 

8. Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, mainly methane, ethane, propane and
butane.

9. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used as an alternative to petrol as a automobile fuel.

10. Natural gas is a rich source of hydrogen gas which is required for the manufacture of
fertilizers.

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11. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used as a domestic fuel.

12. Petrol is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane and octane.

13. Alcohols are poor conductors of electricity.

14. Alcohols reacts with sodium to liberate hydrogen gas.

2C2H5 OH  2Na  2C2H5ONa  H2
Ethanol   Sodium ethoxide 

15. Ethanol is used as a hypnotic and is highly addictive.

Ethanol comes under different varieties:
(i) Denatured alcohol: It is an alcohol mixed with some poisonous substances such as
methanol and copper sulphate. This is unfit for drinking purposes.
(ii) Rectified spirit: Alcohol containing 5% water is known as rectified spirit.
(iii) Absolute alcohol: It is 100% pure ethanol. It is obtained by keeping rectified spirit in
contact with quick lime (CaO) for a day and is then distilled over quick lime.
(iv) Power alcohol: It contains 75% petrol and 25% ethanol, used as a fuel for cars.

16. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Na2CO3  2CH3COOH  2CH3 COONa  CO2  H2O

17. A soap is sodium or potassium salt of a long –chain carboxylic acid. Sodium palmitate,
sodium stearate, etc., are examples of soaps.

18. Soap is prepared by treating glycerides with NaOH. The reaction is called saponification.
O

H2C O C C17H35 H2C OH

O

HC O C C17H35 + 3NaOH HC OH + 3CH17H35COONa

Soap
O

H2C O C C17H35 H2C OH

glyceride glycerol

19. Soaps do not work well with hard water, but synthetic detergents do.

20. Soaps are biodegradable, but synthetic detergents are not.

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

Subjective

SECTION – A

Problem 1. What is organic chemistry?

Solution: Study of carbon compounds of living matter is called organic chemistry.

Problem 2. Name the crystalline allotropes of carbon.

Solution: Diamond, Graphite, Bulkminster fullerene.

Problem 3. Give an example of ester.

Solution: Ethyl ethanoate.

Problem 4. Give an example of secondary (2°) alcohol.

Solution: Propan-2-ol

Problem 5. What is the common name of ethanol?

Solution: Ethyl alcohol

Problem 6. What happens when butane is burnt in excess of oxygen? Give chemical equation.

Solution: 2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O

Problem 7. What is denatured alcohol?

Solution: Denatured alcohol thus is ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking
purposes by adding poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate,
etc.

Problem 8. Write the full form of LPG and CNG.

Solution: LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas; CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Problem 9. Name the main products formed when:

(i) Methanol is oxidized by an alkaline solution of KMnO4.
(ii) Sodium butanoate is heated with soda lime.
Solution: (i) Formic acid (HCOOH) (ii) Propane (C3H8)

Problem 10. An organic compound (i) when reacted with sodium metal, effervescence comes out
(ii) When reacted with acetic acid in presence of concentrated H2SO4 fruity smell
evolved. Find the functional group present in the given compound.
Solution: First reaction indicates organic compound may contain alcoholic group. Second
reaction i.e. esterification confirms the functional group is alcohol.

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Problem 11. Give the IUPAC nomenclature for the following:

H H H H OH
| | | |
(a) H - C- C- C - C- H (b)
| | | | (H3C)2 CH CH2 C(CH3)2
H H OH H

Solution: The above compound can be written in a more convenient way as:
HO
H3C CH3
H 3C CH2 CH CH3 and CH CH 2 C

OH H3C CH3
(a) (b)

The compound (a) contains 4 carbon atoms is the longest chain so its parent
hydrocarbon is butane. Now, it has an alcohol group which replace ‘e’ of butane by
‘ol’ so that it becomes butanol. And now we must specify the position of OH group.
To do this we should number the carbon atoms of the above compound in such a
way that we get the smallest number for the position of OH group. If we number the
carbon chain from left to right, then the OH group comes on carbon number 3 and the
compound becomes 3butanol.

1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - C H3 - CH3 CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3
| |
OH OH
3-butanol 2-butanol
(wrong) (correct)
(i) (ii)

If we number the carbon chain from right to left, then the OH group gets position 2
and the compound becomes 2butanol. Now, out of 3 and 2, we find that 2 is the
smaller number, so the correct IUPAC name of the above compound is 2butanol. 2
butanol can also be written as butan2ol. The common name of the above
compound is secbutyl alcohol
Similarly, for (b)

5 HO 1
H3C CH3
4 3 2
CH CH2 C

H3C CH3
2, 4 - dimethyl pentan-2-ol

Problem 12. Define tetravalency of carbon.

Solution: Carbon atom has a covalency of four. Carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent
bonds. This can be also be explained by sp3 hybridization in saturated carbon. Orbital
hybridization (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid
orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals)
suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
Hybrid orbitals are very useful in the explanation of molecular geometry and atomic
bonding properties.
C(6) – 1s2, 2s2, 2p2

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Ground state

Core electron Valence electron

Core electron can not participate in valency.

Exicitation of electron
2
2s 2 2p

2s 1
2p3

( 1s 3p ) orbital 4 sp3 hydridized orbital

Hence carbon have four valence electrons i.e. valency of carbon is four.

Problem 13. What are the functional groups present in compound shown below
NH2

O CHO

HOOC

OH

Solution: Various functional groups present are

(i) Carboxyl group  COOH
(ii) Aldo group (  C  H)
||
O
(iii) Keto group ( C )
||
O
(iv) Alcoholic group  OH
(v) Amino group  NH2 
(vi) Alkene group i.e. double bond.

Problem 14. Sugar-cane juice mixed with yeast is kept in an air-tight pot. After a few days, this
juice started to give a strong smell. Name and explain the process involved. Name
the method used for separating the main product from this mixture.

Solution: The strong smell is due to the formation of ethyl alcohol (or ethanol). The main
product of this fermentation process, ethyl alcohol, is separated from the mixture by
the process of fractional distillation.
In the fermentation of sugar (obtained from molasses or sugarcane) first it is
converted into a mixture of glucose and fructose in the presence of an enzyme called
invertase. Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula.
Invertase
C12H22O11  H2 O   C6H12 O6  C6H12 O6
 Sugar   glucos e   fruc t ose 
Both glucose and fructose are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide in the
presence of another enzyme, zymase.

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Zymase
C6H12O6   2C2H5OH 2CO2
Ethanol 
Both the enzymes, invertase and zymase, are present in yeast.

SECTION – B

Problem 1. What is the difference in the molecular formula of any two consecutive members of a
homologous series of organic compounds?

Solution: –CH2– is the difference in the molecular formula of any two consecutive members of
a homologous series.

Problem 2. Name the products formed when ethanol burns in air.

Solution: C2H5OH + O2 
 CO 2  H2O
 Carbon dioxide   Water vapours 

Problem 3. Why is the reaction between methane and chlorine considered a substitution
reaction?

Solution: This is becuase methane is a saturated hydrocarbon, so it can’t underogo addition

reaction. CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl

Problem 4. Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductor of electricity?

Solution: They do not furnish ins in solution, also they do not have any free movile electron.

Problem 5. Give reasons “Carbon forms a large number of compounds”.

Solution: (i) Carbon is small in size

(ii) Carbon forms stable covalent bonds
(iii) Carbon shows tetravalency

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Objective
LEVEL – I
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)
Problem 1. Which of the following compounds contains carboxyl group?
(A) CH3CH2OH (B) CH3COOCH3
(C) CH3COOH (D) CH3COCH3
Solution: (C)

Problem 2. Self combination property of carbon is called

(A) Allotropy (B) Isomerism
(C) Catenation (D) None of these

Solution. (C)

Problem 3. Which of the following reagents are good to distinguish between saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons?
(a) Bromine water (b) Ammoniacal solution of cuprous chloride
(A) Only (a) (B) Only (b)
(C) (a) and (b) both (D) None of these

Solution: (A)

Problem 4. In the hydrocarbon CH3  C  CH covalency of carbon is

(A) One (B) Two
(C) Four (D) Three

Solution: (C)

Problem 5. What is observed when bromine water is added to ethene?

(A) CH = CH + Br  aq   Br - CH - CH - Br
2 2 2 2 2

1,2 - Dibromoethane 
(B) CH2 = CH2 + Br2  aq   CH2 = CH - Br
Br

(C) CH2 = CH2 + Br2  aq  H3C HC

Br
(D) CH2 = CH2 + Br2  aq   Br - CH2 = CH - Br

Solution: (A)
CH2  CH2  Br2  aq 
 Br  CH2  CH2  Br
1, 2  Dibromoethane 

Problem 6. What is the IUPAC name of

H3C CH CH2 CH2 COOH

OH
(A) 4-hydroxypentanoic acid (B) 2-hydroxypentanoic acid
(C) 1-carboxypentanol (D) 3-hydroxypentanoic acid

Solution: (A)

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Problem 7. Write the IUPAC names of the following:

(i) CH3OH (ii) CH3COOH
(A) Methanol, Ethanoic acid (B) Ethanol, Ethanoic acid
(C) Methanol, Methanoic acid (D) Ethanol, Methanoic acid

Solution: (A)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Problem 8. The form of carbon which is used as lubricant at high temperature is……….

Solution: Graphite

Problem 9. Isomers have same molecular formula but different …………. formulae.

Solution: Structural

Problem 10. ………….is better than soap for washing clothes in hard water.

Solution: Synthetic detergent

TRUE OR FALSE

Problem 11. Methane belongs to the homologous series of alkanes.

Solution: True

Problem 12. The compound having the molecular formula C4H10 does not show isomerism.

Solution: False

LEVEL – II

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

Problem 1. Which of the following is correctly matched?

Sr. No. Functional Group Sr. No. Class Name
(a) C O (i) Ketone
HO
(b) C O (ii) Ether

NH2

(c) C O C (iii) Alcohol

(d) C O (iv) Acid

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(e) C OH (v) Amide

(A) (a)-iv, (b)-v, (c)-ii, (d)-i, (e)-iii (B) (a)-v, (b)-iv, (c)-ii, (d)-i, (e)-iii
(C) (a)-iv, (b)-ii, (c)-v, (d)-iii, (e)-i (D) (a)-v, (b)-iv, (c)-i, (d)-ii, (e)-iii

Solution: (A)

Problem 2. Which of the following reactions is called saponification?

(A) CH3COOH + C2 H5OH  CH3 COOC2 H5 + H2O
(B) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3  2CH3 COONa + H2O + CO2
NaOH
(C) CH 3 COOC2 H5  C2 H 5OH + CH 3 COO - Na+
(D) CH3 CH2OH + O   CH3 COOH

Solution: (C)

Problem 3. Which of the following reactions is called esterification?

(A) CH3 COOH + NaHCO3  CH3 COONa + H2 O + CO2
(B) C2 H5OH  C2 H4 + H2 O
+
H
(C) C2 H 5OH + CH 3COOH  CH3 COOC2 H 5 + H 2O
(D) CH3 COOC2 H5 + NaOH  CH3COONa + C2 H5 OH

Solution: (C)
LEVEL – III

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

Problem 1. Which allotrope of carbon is in the form of the geodesic globe?

(A) Graphite (B) Diamond
(C) Fullerene (D) None of these

Solution. (C). C60 (fullerene) resembles the form of a football (geodesic dome).

Problem 2. Which of the following has a double bond?

(A) Hydrogen molecule (B) Oxygen molecule
(C) Nitrogen molecule (D) Methane molecule

Solution. (B). Oxygen (O2) molecule contains double bond.

Problem 3. A hydrocarbon should have minimum how many carbon atoms to show isomerism?
(A) Three (B) Four
(C) Five (D) Six

Solution. (B). A hydrocarbon with minimum 4 carbon atoms shows isomerism.

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. The molecular formulae of two members of a homologous series are C3H4 and C6H10. Write
the molecular formulae of the member with five carbon atoms in a molecule.

2. Which of the following belong to the same homologous series?

C3H8, C3H6, C4H8, C4H6

heat
3. Complete the equation: C2H5 COONa  NaOH  CaO  

4. Convert ethene to ethane.

5. The process of burning hydrocarbons in presence of excess of air to give CO2, H2O, light and
heat is known as…………

6. What is a functional group?

7. Which property of carbon gives rise to the structural isomerism in organic compounds?

8. What do you mean by spurious alcohol?

9. What do you mean by saponification?

10. Write the characteristics of homologous series.

11. What do you mean by substitution reaction? Give an example.

12. What do you mean by isomerism? Name all the structural isomerisms. Write all the isomers
possible for the molecular formula C4H8.

13. Give a chemical test to distinguish between

(i) ethane and ethene
(ii) ethanol and ethanoic acid

14. (a) Write the structural formulas of the following IUPCA names?
(i) 2-chloro-3-methyl pentane
(ii) Hex-2-en-3-ol

(b) Complete and balance the following equations:

(i) CH3CH2OH+Na
acidified KMnO 4
(ii) CH3 OH  

H
(iii) C2H5 OH  CH3 COOH 

15. How will you convert:

(i) Ethanol to ethene
(ii) Ethane to ethanoic acid
(iii) Ethanoic acid to acetamide
(iv) Ethanol to diethyl ether
(v) Ethanol to dibromo ethane

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ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECTIVE

Section A

1. Name the simplest saturated hydrocarbon.

2. What is the molecular formula of alcohol which can be thought to be derived form pentane?

3. In an organic compound, which part largely determines its physical and chemical properties?

4. What is rectified spirit?

5. What gas is evolved when ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonate?

6. Write two examples of fossil fuels.

7. Complete the following equation:

Conc. H2SO4
CH3 CH2 OH 170o C


8. Write the molecular formulae of the fourth and the fifth members of the homologous series of
carbon compounds represented by the general formula CnH2n + 1OH.

9. Write the structural formula of ethane (C2H6).

10. Recently in nanotechnology, which allotrope of carbon is showing its importance?

11. State any important industrial used of methanol.

12. How many structural (position and chain) isomers are possible for butane?

13. What is the maximum covalency of carbon?

14. Give the name and molecular formula of higher homologue of butane.

15. Explain why graphite is good conductor of electricity?

16. Write the molecular formula of methanoic acid and ethanoic acid.

17. What are fossil fuels?

18. What are unsaturated hydrocarbons? Give one example.

19. State any two uses of ethanol.

20. Explain why cleansing action of soaps is lesser than detergents?

21. Name the organic acid present in vinegar. Write a chemical equation which represents the
method for the preparation of this acid from ethanol.

22. Explain why, diamond is hard while graphite is soft.

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23. Write the IUPAC Name of following compound.

OH
Br CHO
(i) (ii)
H3C CH CH CH CH3
OH

(iii)
COOH

24. What are addition reactions? Give one example.

25. Give the harmful effects of drinking alcohol.

26. In the Alkane CH3 – CH2 – C (CH3)2 – CH3, identify 10, 20, 30 and 40 carbon atoms and given
the total number of H atoms bonded to each one of these.

27. What happens when

(a) a piece of sodium is added to ethanol.
(b) ethanoic acid is treated with sodium bicarbonate.

28. Define isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all the isomers of pentane.

29. Write chemical equations of the reaction of ethanoic acid with

(i) sodium
(ii) sodium carbonate
(iii) soda lime

30. (i) Name the product formed when ethyl alcohol and acetic acid (ethanoic acid) react
together in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. Write the chemical equation of
the reaction.
(ii) What happens when methane is burnt
(a) in excess of air
(b) in limited supply of air

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Section B

1. What is combustion?

2. What is glacial acetic acid?

3. Write the IUPAC name of C3H7OH.

4. Define catenation.

5. What is isomerism?

6. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ethene with hydrogen in the presence of nickel
catalyst.

7. Give IUPAC name of an alcohol containing two carbon atoms.

8. What are detergents?

9. Write IUPAC name of

(CH3)2CH CCH3
O

10. Draw the all possible isomers of chlorobromoethane.

11. Give important use of diamond; as it is hardest substance occurring naturally.

12. State one disadvantage of synthetic detergents over soaps.

13. How does graphite act as a lubricant?

14. Name the hydrocarbon formed when ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 170oC. What is
this reaction known as?

15. The structural formula of an ester is

O H H H
H C O C C C H
H H H
Write the formula of the acid and the alcohol from which it is formed.

16. Draw the isomers of butyne C4H6.

17. A test tube contains a brown coloured liquid. The colour of the liquid remains unchanged
when methane is passed through it but disappears when ethene is passed. Name the
element present in liquid.

18. What is meant by decarboxylation?

19. Give any two differences between diamond and graphite.

20. Draw a three-dimensional structure of methane molecule. Give the structural formulae of the
next two higher homologous of methane.

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21. What is meant by esterification?

22. What is meant by a functional group in an organic compound and name the functional groups
present in the following compounds:
CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, CH3COCH3

23. What is soap? Name one soap.

24. What is detergent? Name one detergent.

25. Describe the structure of a soap molecule with the help of a diagram.

26. What is homologous series? Mention two of its characteristics.

27. Give the name of the by-product of soap industry. How is it formed?

28. What are the different types of ethanol that are sold in market?

29. Write short notes on:

(a) Catenation
(b) Vinegar
(c) Glacial acetic acid
(d) Functional group

30. (a) Describe how soap is prepared?

(b) Explain the cleansing action of soap.

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Section C

INTEGER BASED QUESTIONS (SINGLE DIGIT ANSWER 0 TO 9)

1. How many carbon atoms are present in the first member of ketone family?

2. What is the degree of the following alcohol?

2-methyl propanol-2.

3. How many primary carbon atoms are present in 2, 3, 4 – trimethyl pentane?

4. Count the number of   bonds in the following.

5. What is the degree of the following amine?

(CH3)3N

OTHER THAN NUMERICAL BASED

6. What is esterification?

7. What is denatured alcohol?

8. What is the general formula for

(a) Alkynes (b) Alcohols
(c) Acids (d) Ethers

9. Complete the following reactions and balance them.

(i) C 2H5 OH  3O 2  A  B
CrO
(ii) CH3 CH2OH  3
CH COOH
C
3

alk. KMnO 4
(iii) CH3 CH2OH 
D

10. Give four uses of ethyl alcohol.

11. Differentiate between soaps and detergents.

12. Explain saponification.

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OBJECTIVE

Level - I

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

1. Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only are called
(A) Alkanes (B) Alkenes
(C) Alkynes (D) Hydrocarbons

2. The general formula representing alkanes is

(A) CnH2n (B) CnH2n – 1
(C) CnH2n + 2 (D) CnH2n + 1

3. Open-chain saturated hydrocarbons are called

(A) Paraffins (B) Alkenes
(C) Alkynes (D) Alkyl groups

4. The characteristic reaction of alkanes is

(A) Addition (B) Substitution
(C) Polymerization (D) Isomerization

5. The major constituent of biogas is

(A) Propane (B) Acetylene
(C) Methane (D) Benzene

6. The reaction,
2C2H5 OH  2Na  2C2H5 ONa  H2
suggests that ethanol is
(A) Acidic in nature (B) Basic in nature
(C) Amphoteric (D) Neutral

7. Which of the following substances is added to denature ethanol?

(A) Methanol (B) Pyridine
(C) Copper sulphate (D) All of these

8. Methane is a major constituent of

(A) Coal gas (B) Water gas
(C) Petroleum (D) Biogas

9. The major constituent of natural gas is

(A) Butane (B) Methane
(C) Propane (D) Ethane

10. Give IUPAC name of the following compound:

(A) Deca–5,8–diene–1–yne (B) Deca–1,5–diene–9–yne

(C) Deca–6,9–diene–2–yne (D) None of these

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11. Calculate total number of  and  electrons in benzene ring.

(A) 12, 3 (B) 6, 3

(C) 3, 6 (D) 3, 3

12. Propanone shows ………………isomerism with propanal.

(A) Position (B) Chain
(C) Function (D) Homomers

13. Identify the amphoteric oxide.

(A) Na2O (B) CO2
(C) MgO (D) SO3

14. aC4H9 COOH  bO2  cCO2  dH2 O

Values of a, b, c and d are respectively
(A) 2 : 13 : 10 : 10 (B) 1 : 13 : 5 : 5
(C) 1 : 13 : 10 : 10 (D) 2 : 13 : 5 : 5

15. Number of hydrogen atoms required to saturate 5 molecules of pentyne is ________

(A) 10 (B) 20
(C) 5 (D) 15

16. Preceding and succeeding homologues of C10H22 respectively are

(A) C9H20, C11H22 (B) C9H20, C11H24
(C) C11H24, C9H20 (D) C8H18, C9H20

FILL IN THE BLANKS

17. When ethanoic acid is heated with ethanol and conc. H2SO4, the compound formed
is…………

18. Ethyl alcohol can act as …………………………in cold countries.

19. Soap reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ to produce……………………………

TRUE OR FALSE

20. The methane molecule has a pyramidal shape.

21. Oxidation is also known as controlled combustion

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

22. Match the following:
List – I List – II
(A) CnH2n (p) Alkene

(B) (q) Mono Cycloalkane

(C) C3H4 (r) Alkanol

(D) Decolorize bromine water (s) Alkyne

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Level - II

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

1. Hydrogen bonding is possible in.

(A) Ethers (B) Hydrocarbons
(C) Sodium chloride (D) Alcohols

2. 2-Methyl pentane and 2, 3-dimethyl butane are

(A) Chain isomers (B) Position isomers
(C) Functional isomers (D) Ring-chain isomers

3. When propanoic acid is treated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, CO2 is liberated. The ‘C’ of
CO2 comes from?
(A) Methyl group (B) Carboxylic acid
(C) Bicarbonate (D) None of above

4. An isomer of ethanol is
(A) Methanol (B) Dimethyl ether
(C) Diethyl ether (D) Ethylene glycol

5. 2- methylbutan-2-ol is a
(A) Primary alcohol (B) Secondary alcohol
(C) Tertiary alcohol (D) Glycol

6. CH3NH2 is
(A) Primary amine (B) Secondary amine
(C) Tertiary amine (D) None of these

7. Maximum valency of carbon is

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

8. CH3COC2H5 is
(A) Ester (B) Alcohol
(C) Ketone (D) Amine

9. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has:

(A) 6 covalent bonds (B) 7 covalent bonds
(C) 8 covalent bonds (D) 9 covalent bonds

10. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with functional group:

(A) Carboxylic acid (B) Aldehyde
(C) Ketone (D) Alcohol

11. The part of IUPAC name which indicated saturation or unsaturation is

(A) Root word (B) Primary suffix
(C) Secondary suffix (D) Prefix

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12. The various steps for writing IUPAC name of an organic compound are given below. Arrange
the steps in the correct order.
(i) Numbering of carbon chain
(ii) Identification of primary suffix
(iii) Selection of the longest chain
(iv) Identification of secondary suffix
(v) Identification of number and nature of alkyl groups attached to carbon chain
(A) iii, i, ii, iv, v (B) iii, i, v, ii, iv
(C) iii, ii, iv, i, v (D) i, iii, ii, iv, v

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MULTIPLE OPTION CORRECT)

13. A molecule of ethanoic acid contains

(A) One double bond (B) One   bond
(C) Seven  bonds (D) Eight  bonds

14. Functional group – CHO represents

(A) An aldehyde group (B) A ketone group
(C) A carbonyl family group (D) An ether group

15. An alcohol can be directly oxidized to carboxylic acid in presence of

(A) Chromic anhydride (B) Alkaline KMnO4
(C) Concentrated H2SO4 (D) Acidified K2Cr2O7

16. Dehydration of an alcohol involves

(A) Reaction of alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4
(B) Formation of water molecule
(C) Formation of an alkene
(D) Formation of an alkane

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Level - III

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

1. The compound having conjugate double bond is

(A) Butylene (B) Propylene
(C) Isobutylene (D) Butadiene

2. Teflon is obtained from

(A) Difluoroethane (B) Monofluoroethene
(C) Tetrafluoroethene (D) Tetrafluoromethane

3. C4H6 may contain

(A) Only single bond (B) A double bond
(C) A triple bond (D) None of these

4. IUPAC name of given compound is

C CH CH3

CH2 CH3
(A) 3-cyclobutyl-2-methyl-but-3-ene (B) 2-methyl-3-cyclobutyl butene
(C) 2-cyclobutyl-3-methyl-1-butene (D) None of above

5. If C3H6O2 turns blue litmus red than the functional group present in it is:
(A) COOH (B) OH
(C) CHO (D) COOR

6. Number of positional isomers in C4H9Cl are

(A) 2 (B) 8
(C) 4 (D) 3

7. On hydrolysis vegetable oils give

(A) Glycol (B) Glycine
(C) Glycerol (D) Glucose

8. C4H10 is
(A) Alkane (B) Alkene
(C) Alkyne (D) Cyclo alkane

9. Polymerization of ethylene gives __________

(A) Propylene (B) Acetylene
(C) Polyethylene (D) Poly acetylene

10. Addition of water to acetylene in presence of suitable catalyst produces ___________

(A) Acetaldehyde (B) Acetone
(C) Ethyl alcohol (D) Acetic acid

11. The hydrocarbon obtained by treating sodium ethanoate with soda lime is
(A) Ethane (B) Methane
(C) Propane (D) Butane

12. Final product obtained by treating ethane with excess chlorine in presence of sunlight is
(A) Monochloro ethane (B) Dichloro ethane
(C) Tetrachloro ethane (D) Hexachloro ethane

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KEY AND ANSWERS TO CPP

1. C5H8

2. C3H6, C4H8

heat
3. C2H5 COONa  NaOH  CaO    C2H6  Na2CO3

Ni catalyst
4. C2H4  H2   C2H6

5. Combustion

6. A group of atoms attached to the carbon chain which provide special characteristics to the
compound.

7. Catenation and tetravalency.

8. Ethanol containing poisonous substances like pyridine, methanol, etc. which make it unfit to
drink.

9. Refer text.

10. Refer text.

11. Substitution reaction are those in which an atom or group of atoms directly linked to the main
carbon chain is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

12. Refer Text.

13. (i) Ethene decolorizes the brown colour of bromine water while ethane does not.
(ii) Ethanoic acid on reaction with sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide gas while
ethanol does not give this test.

Cl CH3
14. (a) (i) H3C CH CH CH2 CH3

OH
(ii) H3C HC C CH2 CH2 CH3

(b) (i) C2H5ONa + H2

(ii) HCOOH
(iii) CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

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o
Conc. H2 SO4 ;170 C
CH3  CH2 OH 
 Dehydration  CH2  CH2  H2 O
15. (i)
Ethanol Ethene Water

Alkaline KMnO4
(ii) CH3 CH3  3[O]   CH3 COOH  H2 O
Ethane Nascent oxygen  Ethanoic acid Water
(from oxidisin g agent ) ( Acetic acid)


(iii) CH3COOH + NH3 
 CH3COONH4   CH3CONH2 + H2O

o
Conc. H2 SO4 ;140 C
2CH3  CH2 OH 
Dehydration   C2H5 OC2H5  H2O
(iv)
Ethanol Diethyl ether Water

o
Conc. H2 SO4 ;170 C
CH3  CH2 OH 
 Dehydration  CH2  CH2  H2 O
(v) Ethanol Ethene Water
CH2  CH2  Br2  Br  CH2  CH2  Br

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KEY AND ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECTIVE

Section A
1. Methane

2. C5H11OH (Pentanol)

3. Function group

4. The alcohol obtained by the distillation of the mixture obtained after the fermentation of
molasses is called rectified spirit. It contains 95.5% alcohol and 4.5% of water.

5. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

6. Coal and petroleum

7. CH2 = CH2 + H2O

8. C4H9OH, C5H11OH

10. Buckminsterfullerene

11. For denaturation of ethyl alcohol (ethanol).

12. Only 2

13. An atom of carbon can form four covalent bonds. Hence, its maximum covalency is four.

14. C5H12 (Pentane)

O O

16. H C OH, H3C C OH

(CH 2O 2) (C 2 H 4O 2)

17. Fossil fuels are formed by the decomposition of large plants (coal is formed) or animals
(petroleum is formed) buried under the sea millions of years ago.

20. Since soap interacts with Ca2+ & Mg2+ ions present in water. They form scum and hence
solubility of soap decreases.

21. Acetic acid (CH3COOH)

I2 Rh
CH3OH  CO   CH3COOH
Methanol  Carbon monoxide  Ethanoic acid 

22. The diamond crystals which are made up of carbon atoms, are powerfully bonded to one
another by a network of covalent bonds. Due to this, diamond structure is very rigid.
The various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak van der Waals
forces. Since the various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are joined by weak forces, they
can slide over one another. Due to the sheet like structure graphite is a comparatively soft
substance.

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Section B

1. The complete oxidation of a carbon compound leading ultimately to the formation of CO2 and
H2O is called combustion.

2. Pure (100%) ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic acid.

3. Propanol

4. The property of a carbon atom to link with other carbon atoms is known as catenation.

5. Isomerism is a phenomenon in which compounds have the same molecular formula but
different structural formula.
Ni
6. CH2  CH2  H2   CH3  CH3
ethene ethane

7. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH

8. Detergents, also called soapless soaps, are sodium salts of sulphonic acids.

9. 3–methylbutan–2–one

12. Detergents are not 100 percent biodegradable, therefore, cause water pollution.

13. Due to softness of graphite which makes it useful as a dry lubricant for machine parts.

14. Ethene, Dehydration

O
||
15. H  C OH
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH

16. Butyne has two isomers.

They are
CH  C  CH2 CH3 ,
Butyne 1

CH3  C  C  CH3
Butyne  2

17. Bromine (Br2)

18. The process of removal of a molecule of carbon dioxide from carboxylic acid is called
decarboxylation.
heat
CH3 COONa  NaOH  CaO    CH4  Na2 CO3
 Sodium acetate  Sodalime Methane

19. (i) Diamond is a very hard substance while Graphite is a soft substance.
(ii) Diamond is a non-conductor of electricity while graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

27. Glycerol is the by-product of soap industry.

Formation of glycerol: When an oil or fat is treated with sodium hydroxide solution, it gets
converted to sodium salt of the acid called soap and glycerol.

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H2C O C C17H35 H2C OH

O

HC O C C17H35 + 3NaOH HC OH + 3CH17H35COONa

Soap
O

H2C O C C17H35 H2C OH

glyceride glycerol

28. (i) Denatured alcohol: It is an alcohol mixed with some poisonous substances such as
methanol and copper sulphate. This is unfit for drinking purposes.
(ii) Rectified spirit: Ethyl alcohol containing 4.5% water is known as rectified spirit.
(iii) Absolute alcohol: It is 100% pure ethanol. It is obtained by keeping rectified spirit in
contact with quick lime (CaO) for a day and is then distilled over quick lime.
(iv) Power alcohol: It contains 75% petrol and 25% ethanol, used as a fuel for cars.

Section C

INTEGER BASED QUESTIONS (SINGLE DIGIT ANSWER 0 TO 9)

1. 3

2. 3

3. 5

4. 5

5. 3
OTHER THAN NUMERICAL BASED

6. Reaction between acid and alcohol in presence of concentrated H2SO4 to produce ester and
water.

7. A mixture of ethanol 95% and methanol 5%.

8. (a) CnH2n–2 (b) CnH2n+2O

(c) CnH2nO2 (d) CnH2n+2O

9. (i) CO2 + H2O

(ii) CH3CHO
(iii) CH3COOH

10. Refer text.

11. Refer text.

12. Refer text.

FY-1923-P7-CHEMISTRY-CARBON & ITS COMPOUNDS

 56

OBJECTIVE

Level - I

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B
5. C 6. A 7. D 8. D
9. B 10. B 11. A 12. C
13. C 14. A 15. B 16. B

FILL IN THE BLANKS

17. ethyl ethanoate 18. antifreezing agent 19. scum

TRUE OR FALSE

20. False 21. True

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

22. A → p, q B→q C→s D → p, s

Level - II

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B
5. C 6. A 7. D 8. C
9. B 10. C 11. B 12. A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MULTIPLE OPTION CORRECT)

13. A, B, C 14. A, C 15. B, D 16. A, B, C

Level - III

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C
5. A 6. C 7. C 8. A
9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D

FY-1923-P7-CHEMISTRY-CARBON & ITS COMPOUNDS