CONSTRUCTION OF AC AND DC GENERATOR

AND DISCUSS ITS PRINCIPLE WITH SUITABLE

DIAGRAM

A Project Work

Submitted to the Department of Physics, National School of Sciences,

Lainchour, Kathmandu in the partial fulfillment for requirement of
Grade-XII of science in physics.

Submitted By:
Aaditya Patel
Roll No.:-821
Grade-XII
Sub-group:-P2
(2080/07/18)
I
 Acknowledgement

It is my good fortune to get very cooperative teacher Mr.Dhanik Kushwaha.During

the work in progress, his support, helpfulness and constant encouragement kept me
motivated in research work. He provided invaluable interest, guidance during the course
of the work. I have not only learned but also got important suggestions regarding
scientific writing and other related matters. I am very much grateful to him.
I would like to thank all the faculty members who have provided encouragement and
suggestions during the course of work and special thanks to lab assistants.
Further, I would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal Dr. Madhav Prasad
Baral and NSS executive director Ma’am Pranita Sharma Baral for providing me all
the facility that was required.
Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the greatest mentor, my parents.
All the thanks are due to them for everything that I have achieved.
Aaditya Patel
Date:-2080/07/18

II
 Evalutation

It is certified that Mr.Aaditya Patel has carried out the project work entitled
“Construction of AC and DC generator and discuss its principle with suitable
diagram”.
This Project Work is the result of his/her endeavors and research. It is finalized under
our guidance and supervision in the academic year 2022-2024.

Supervisors Subject Coordinator

Department of Physics Department of Physics

National School of Sciences National School of Sciences

Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal

Date: ……………………. Date: …………………….

External Examiner Principal

NEB Board, Nepal National School of Sciences

Date: ……………………. Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal

Date: …………………….

III
Contents Pages
Title of project work …………………………………………………...…………. I
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………...………. II
Certificate ……………..……………………………………………….…….….… III
Table of contents ………………………………………………………….………. IV
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 1
2. Apparatus required …………………………………………………………….. 1
3. Theory …………………………………………………………………....….…. 1-3
(AC, DC, Motor Principle, Generator Principle, Torque, Fleming left hand
rule, Reflector)
4.Construction/ Methodology ……………………………………………….……. 4-6
(Construction, Step to step explanation)
5. Result ……………………………………………………………………..……. 6
6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….….………. 7
7. Bibliography/ References ………………………………..…………...…..…….. 8

IV
Introduction:
Electric generators, also known as dynamos is an electric
machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The electric generator’s mechanical energy is
usually provided by steam turbines, gas turbines, and
wind turbines. Electrical generators provide nearly all the
power that is required for electric power grids.

Apparatus Required:
A generator like we all know is a device that deals in the conversion of mechanical
energy to electrical energy and this is essentially brought about by two major parts
required for the construction of generator , namely.
 Stator – The static part that houses the field windings and receives the supply.
 Rotor – The rotating part that brings about the mechanical rotations. Other than
that there are several subsidiary parts
 Yoke
 Poles
 Field winding
 Armature winding
 Commutator
 Brushes
All these parts put together configures the total construction of a dc motor. Now let’s
do a detailed discussion about all the essential parts of dc motor.
Theory:
AC Generator:

Generators that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy are known as AC

generators. An alternating current generator produces alternating current. Alternating
currents change the direction of flow at a regular interval. Mechanical energy can be
obtained from a variety of sources. After that, the mechanical energy is transformed
into electrical energy. Wind turbines, steam turbines, water turbines, and gas turbines
are all common mechanical energy sources. The energy source should be huge
enough to provide energy to thousands of people.An electric motor is the polar
opposite of an electric generator. Water pumps, electric saws, and other such items are
examples.

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DC Generator:
A DC generator is an electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. When a conductor slices magnetic flux, an emf is created according to
Faraday’s Laws’ electromagnetic induction concept. This electromotive force can
induce current to flow while the conductor circuit is closed.
Motor Principle:
An electric motor (dc motor) works on the principle that when an electric current is
passed through a conductor placed normally in a magnetic field, a force acts on the
conductor as a result of which the conductor begins to move and mechanical energy is
obtained.

Generator Principle:

Electric generator:- The device that is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical
energy is called a generator.
Working principle of an electric generator:
The electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction i.e., when a
coil is rotated in the presence of a uniform magnetic field, the current is induced in it.

Torque:
The total force acting on the armature equals to the force acting on a single turn of
coils multiplied by the number of total turns.

F=nIlBsinθ

Recall that torque equals the product of the force and the distance from the pivot,
with θ being the angle between the lever arm and the force vector.

τ=rFsinθ

Since in a DC motor, the motor force is always perpendicular to the current (by right
hand palm rule), then it is also always perpendicular to the conductor.
Hence, θ=90°giving:

τ =rF

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In a DC motor, we consider r to be the distance from each arm to the midline of the
coil. As such, r equals half the width (w)of the coil.

τ =w/2F

Since the force is a motor force, then:

τ =w2nIlBsinθ

However, remember that there are two arms experiencing this torque, so the total
torque will be:

τ =2×w/2 nIlBsinθ
=wnIlBsinθ
=nIBsinθ×(lw)

Since l (length of coil) times w (width of coil) equals the area (A) of the coil:

τ =nIABsinθ
where,

 n is the number of coil turns in the armature

 B is the magnetic field strength of flux density (in Tesla)
 I is the magnitude of current flowing through the armature (in Amperes)
 A is the total area created by the coil (in m 2)
 θ is the angle between the area vector (a vector perpendicular to the plane of the
coil) and the magnetic field lines.

Fleming’s left hand rule: Fleming’s left hand rule says that if we extend the index
finger, middle finger and thumb of our left hand
in such a way that the current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field
(represented by the index finger) is
perpendicular to the direction of current
(represented by the middle finger), then the
conductor experiences a force in the direction
(represented by the thumb) mutually
perpendicular to both the direction of field and
the current in the conductor.

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Construction/ Methodology:
1.Construction of AC Generator

Components of AC Generator:

The following are the parts of an AC generator:

 Armature: The component of the generator that produces current is the

armature. The armature must be large enough to handle the large current
generated by the generator. It is made up of coils of conducting material in
most cases.
 The component that causes the conductor to revolve inside the magnetic field
is known as the prime mover. Instead of rotating the conductor, some
generators rotate the magnetic field. The result is identical. Any desirable
energy source, such as a steam turbine or a wind turbine, can power the prime
mover.
 The stator is the generator’s stationary component. The stator does not move
as a result of this. The stator is in charge of providing the conductor with a
magnetic field. It’s usually made of an electromagnet that’s powered by a
diesel or other comparable motor. It also has the appearance of a winding coil.
 The components that transport electrical energy to and from the generator are
known as slip rings. They are protected from the shaft by insulation.
 Brushes connect the slip rings to the outer circuits. They are found on the slip
rings’ outer surface.

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Working of AC Generator:

The rotating of a conductor in a magnetic field is how an AC generator operates. As

the conductor spins, the magnetic flux associated with it changes over time due to the
changing area. An induced current to flows through the conductor as a result of this.
With the use of slip rings, this current is then directed outwards.

Applications of AC Generator:

 An alternating current generator (AC generator) is a type of electric generator

that converts mechanical energy into alternating current electrical energy. The
operation of an AC generator is governed by the “Electromagnetic Induction”
idea.
 Other applications include outdoor events, lighting flood lights during sporting
events, camping, and catering in distant areas.

2.Construction of DC Generator

Components of DC Generator:

 The stator’s principal job is to create magnetic fields in which the coil may
spin. A stator is made up of two magnets with opposite polarity facing each
other. These magnets are positioned throughout the rotor’s circumference.
 In a DC machine, a rotor is made up of slotted iron laminations that are
stacked to form a cylindrical armature core. The goal of the lamination is to
minimize the loss caused by eddy current.
 Armature Windings: Armature windings are connected in series to parallel to
increase the sum of produced current in a closed circuit.
 Yoke is the name given to the DC generator’s exterior construction. It
provides the mechanical energy needed to transport the magnetic flux created
by the poles.

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  Poles: The field windings are held in place by poles. The armature windings
connect these windings in series or parallel, and they are coiled on poles.
 Pole Shoe: The pole shoe is used to disperse the magnetic flux and keep the
field coil from dropping.
 Within the armature winding, a commutator acts as a rectifier, converting AC
electricity to DC voltage. It has a copper section with mica sheets between
each copper segment to insulate it from the others. i
 Brushes: Brushes are used to ensure that the electrical connections between
the commutator and the outside load circuit are maintained.

Working:

When a current-carrying conductor is put in a fluctuating magnetic field, an emf is

induced in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
The direction of the induced current changes as the direction of motion of the
conductor changes, according to Fleming’s right-hand rule. The direction of the
conductor’s travel will be reversed downward after the armature completes a half
rotation. As a result, the current in each armature will alternate in direction. When a
current reversal happens in a split ring commutator, however, the connections of the
armature conductors are reversed. As a result, the terminals receive unidirectional
current.

Applications of DC Generators:

 DC generators have a number of uses, including:

 DC generators that are individually stimulated are utilized for power and
lighting.
 Arc lamps, stable current generators, and boosters all employ the series DC
generator.
 To compensate for the voltage loss within Feeders, DC generators are utilized.
 DC generators are used to power hostels, lodges, offices, and other buildings.

Results:
Thus, we successfully demonstrated the fundamental principles of AC and DC
Generator, converting mechanical motion into electrical energy and showcasing the
importance of electromagnetic induction within the generator . While this was a basic
model, it provided valuable insights into the workings of more complex AC and DC
generator found in various applications.

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Conclusion:
In this project, we successfully constructed both AC (Alternating Current) and DC
(Direct Current) generators and explored their principles of operation. Through this
endeavor, we have gained valuable insights into the world of electrical generators and
have drawn several important conclusions:
Functionality and Operation: Our project demonstrated that both AC and DC
generators are functional and capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The construction and operation principles, as well as the key components of
these generators, were successfully implemented.
Differences Between AC and DC Generators: We found that the primary distinction
between the two types of generators lies in the presence of a commutator in the DC
generator, which rectifies the output current, making it direct current (DC), while the
AC generator produces alternating current (AC). This distinction affects the
applications and usage of these generators.
Electrical Characteristics: Through measurements and testing, we obtained valuable
data on the voltage and current characteristics of both generators. For the AC generator,
we observed alternating current with a changing direction, while the DC generator
consistently produced direct current. These findings further reinforced the fundamental
principles of electromagnetic induction.
Performance and Efficiency: We analyzed the efficiency and performance of both
generators and identified factors such as power output and potential losses. While our
project provides a basic understanding of these aspects, further research and
optimization could yield more precise performance data.
In conclusion, this project has provided us with a comprehensive understanding of AC
and DC generators, their principles of operation, and their practical applications. We
hope that our findings and insights contribute to the field of electrical engineering,
offering a foundation for future research and innovation in the domain of electrical
power generation.

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Bibliography/References:

1. Pioneer Practical Physics, Dreamland Publication.

2. Principles of Physics, Ayam Publication.
3. byjus.com
4. unacademy.com

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