SANTIAGO ANTUNEZ DE MAYOLO

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY: SCIENCES

SCHOOL: SYSTEMS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TEACHER: TARAZONA CADILLO Lidia Carmen

COURSE: TRAINING ACTIVITY I

TOPIC: CHESS

MEMBER:
 LUCERO INFANTES James Philip

Huaraz June 2019

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 INDEX

P.

DEDICATION 05

INTRODUCTION 06

THEMATIC CONTENT 07

CHAPTER I: CHESS 07

CHAPTER II: WHAT IS THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CHESS BOARD

08

CHAPTER III: THE PIECES AND EACH OF THEIR MOVEMENTS 09

CHAPTER IV: RULES OF CHESS 11

CONCLUSIONS 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated with great care to my

parents, siblings and fellow students, for their
effort and dedication in learning new knowledge
every day to be better people, better citizens,
and ensure the development of our community.

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 INTRODUCTION

Chess is a game of wits, for two players, in which chance does not intervene at all
and which requires significant intellectual effort. Each player has sixteen pieces.
One player plays with the white pieces and another with the black pieces. Each
group of pieces consists of a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two rooks
and eight pawns.

It is played on a board divided into 64 squares of alternating colors (usually black

and white). The board is placed in front of the players in such a way that the corner
square to the right of each of them is white.

The object of the game is to place the opposing king in the position where he
cannot avoid being captured, this position is called checkmate.

The predecessor of all games in the chess family, that is, not only European chess
but also xiangqi, shogi or markuk, presumably emerged in northern India as a
game for four. This primitive chess would be known as chaturanga (in Sanskrit) in
Persia and after the conquest by the Arabs it would continue to develop following
the Islamic expansions.

The Arabs conquered the Sassanian empire between 632 and 651. During that
time they came into contact with chess. Through them the game, which is called
shatranj only by phonetic adaptation, reached its first era of great splendor. As elite
chess players, al-Adli (ca. 800-870), who composed the first chess manual. They
are followed by ar-Razi (ca. 825-860), Mawardi (in 900), as-Suli (880-946) and al-
Lajlaj (in 970). We owe important literary sources to Firdausi and al-Mas'udi. It was
developed through a rich collection of openings (Tabjien) and ending situations
(Mansuben). A key element of shantraj is problem-posing and problem-solving.
The Arabs contributed decisively to its expansion.

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 THEMATIC CONTENT

CHAPTER I: CHESS

It is a competitive game between two people, each of whom has 16 moving pieces
that are placed on a board divided into 64 squares.1 In its competition version2 it is
considered a sport.3Originally invented as a game for people, from from the
creation of computers and commercial chess programs a game of chess can be
played by two people, by one person against a chess program or by two chess
programs against each other.

It is played on a squared board of 8x8 squares, alternating in black and white,

which constitute the 64 possible positions for the development of the game. At the
beginning of the game each player has sixteen pieces: a king, a queen, two
bishops, two knights, two rooks and 8 pawns. It is a strategy game in which the
objective is to "overthrow" the opponent's king. This is done by threatening the
square occupied by the king with one of his own pieces without the other player
being able to protect his king by interposing a piece between his king and the piece
that threatens him, move his king to a free square or capture the piece that is
threatening him, resulting in checkmate and the end of the game.

This game, as it is known today, emerged in Europe during the 15th century,4 as
an evolution of the Persian game shatranj, which in turn emerged from the older
chaturanga,5 6 7 8 that was played in India in the 15th century. SAW. The tradition
of organizing chess competitions began in the 16th century. The first official world
chess championship was organized in 1886. Chess is considered a sport by the
International Olympic Committee, and international competitions are regulated by
FIDE. Many chess tournaments are held, one of the most important being the
Chess Olympiads.

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 CHAPTER II: WHAT IS THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CHESS
BOARD

The size of the board should be such that the Chess pieces do not appear too
crowded nor too spaced within the squares.

It is recommended that one side of a box should measure 5 to 6 1/2 cm (2 to 2.6

inches).

The chess board is a square subdivided into 64 equal squares or squares (8x8),
also square, alternately light and dark in color. Each player faces the opposing
chess player, placing the board in such a way that each player has a white square
in their right corner.

The basic elements of the board are:

 Row. It is each of the eight lines of eight squares that are formed by aligning
them horizontally with respect to the players. They are named with numbers
from 1 to 8, starting from the first row with respect to the side of the white
pieces.
 Column. It is each of the eight lines of eight squares that are formed by
aligning them vertically with respect to the players. They are named with
lowercase letters from “a” to “h”, starting from the first left column with
respect to the side of the white pieces.
 Diagonal. It is each of the 16 lines that are formed by grouping the boxes
diagonally. The two largest diagonals have eight squares.
 Center. The center of the board are the four central squares. By extension,
sometimes the 12 surrounding those four are included.
 Corners. Each of the four squares located in the corners of the board.
 Edges. The two columns (ayh) and two rows (1 and 8) located at the ends of
the board.

A board can have numbers and letters to identify the rows, columns and boxes, in
order to record the development of the games using algebraic notation, which is
the official notation. It is common in the world of chess to use this system to be
able to reproduce and comment on games. It should, however, be noted that many
authors and specialists have used or prefer to continue using the so-called
descriptive notation.

CHAPTER III: THE PIECES AND EACH OF THEIR MOVEMENTS

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To differentiate one side from another, a player's pieces are of a different color,
one directs the light ones, called "the white ones", and the other the dark colored
ones, called "the black ones". Each player has 16 pieces (also called trebejos) of
six different types of which each player has: eight pawns, two rooks, two knights,
two bishops, a queen (also called "queen") and a king. Each piece moves on the
board in a different way:

 The King can move in any direction (vertically, horizontally and diagonally)
by advancing or retreating a single square (except in castling, in which he
moves 2 or 3).

 The Queen can also move in any direction, moving forward or backward on
the board the desired number of squares, until she bumps into another
piece or the edge of the board.

 The Bishop can only move in a diagonal direction, as many squares as

desired until it hits another piece or the edge.

 The Rook can only move in vertical and horizontal directions, not diagonally,
until it hits another piece or the edge of the board.

 The Knight, according to the official definition, can move to the nearest
square that is not in its own row, column or diagonal, although for simplicity
it is said that it moves by advancing 2 squares vertically and one square
horizontally, or vice versa. performing an "L" movement, being the only
piece that can jump over the other pieces.

 The pawn can advance one or two squares in a vertical direction on its first
move, after moving forward for the first time it can only advance one square,
unlike the rest of the pieces it cannot go backwards and cannot capture the
opposing pieces that are in it. In the same direction in which it moves, the
pawn will be able to capture the pieces that are one square diagonally from
it, not those that are in front of them (except when taking a pawn while
passing).

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The word piece can take on three meanings, depending on the context:

It can refer to any of the 32 figures (in this meaning, the term trebejo is
synonymous).

It may refer only to the queen, rook, bishop, knight, and perhaps also the king, to
differentiate them from pawns.

It can refer only to a minor piece (bishop or knight).

Since White has the advantage of making the first move, the color of the pieces is
assigned to each player by lot. In tournaments, efforts are made to ensure that a
player has the same number of games with white pieces and black pieces, either
by creating a fixture, alternating colors in each round, or playing an even number of
rounds. .

The standard model of pieces used in competitions is called the Staunton model
(seen in the adjacent image), designed in 1849 by Nathaniel Cook, and named for
the 19th century English champion Howard Staunton

CHAPTER IV: RULES OF CHESS

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When the game begins, one player controls 16 white pieces and another player
controls 16 black pieces. The color assigned to each player is usually drawn by lot,
although in the case of tournaments it is a function of the pairing of the players.
The board is placed in such a way that both players have a white square in the
respective right corner square. The pieces are located as shown in the adjacent
diagram. The rooks, knights and bishops closest to the king are usually called
king's (example: king's rook) and those furthest away, closest to the queen are
called queen's (example: queen's bishop). Likewise, the side where both kings
meet originally is usually called the kingside and the other the queenside.
In traditional chess, the pieces are always placed in the manner described. There
are variants (rare in practice) in which the situation of the pieces in the first row can
vary (Fischer random chess or Chess 960).
Players move in turns. On each turn, a player can only move one piece (with the
sole exception of a special move called castling, in which the king moves two
squares to the right or left and the rook is placed on its opposite side). The player
who plays with the white pieces is always the one who moves first.
Each type of piece moves in a different way, although the common rules for the
movement of the pieces are: (see more in Chess Rules: Piece Movement)
The pieces cannot jump, in their movement, one over the other (with the exception
of the knight, which can jump over others, moving in "L", and the rook, in castling).
A piece cannot occupy a square occupied by another piece of the same color, but
it can occupy one occupied by another of the opponent, removing it from the board.
This action is known as "taking" or "capturing", and is voluntary, at the player's
discretion.
The squares to which a piece can move are said to be controlled by it. If a piece is
within the squares controlled by a piece of the opposite color, it is attacked by that
piece.
The king is the only piece that cannot move or pass through squares controlled by
opposing pieces.
A move that attacks the king is known as a check; It is mandatory for the player
whose king is attacked to get out of check. If there is no possible defense against a
check, the king is in checkmate. That is the objective and whoever inflicts it on the
rival king wins.
A chess game also ends when a player decides to surrender or quit, or if he
exceeds the established time; In both cases the opponent wins the game. The
game also ends when victory is not possible for either player, or if both players
agree to this result, known as a draw or draw. Likewise, the game ends in a draw if
the same position on the board is repeated three times (by repetition of moves),
when none of the players has enough pieces to give checkmate, or if the player
whose turn it is cannot make any move. regulation, a situation known as drowning.

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In tournaments, and for the purpose of computing the results, one point is awarded
to the winner of a game, half a point to each player who has drawn, and zero
points to the loser of a game. In some tournaments 3 points are applied to the
winner; one point to each player if there is a draw and zero points to the loser of a
game.

CONCLUSIONS

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Games create motivation in the student, clarify difficult concepts and processes,
help in social learning and integrate different capacity processes. The games are
flexible enough to satisfy several educational objectives at once. They are active
and participatory. They provide integration and interaction within the group.
Chess has enormous educational and training potential; it can act as a channel for
a significant number of psychological aspects and personality formation. From the
moment he begins to move the pieces, the child almost without realizing it begins
to think, to capture ideas.
The practice of chess helps considerably in the child's mental evolutionary
process. Increases calculation capacity. Develop logical reasoning. Stimulates
creative imagination, strengthens mental concentration. It contributes significantly
to forming the spirit of research and inventiveness. Activate the dynamism of
memory. Awakens and sharpens the critical sense. Create positive habits in the
sphere of thought: mental discipline, reasoning, memory, research, analysis,
synthesis.
Research shows that chess improves creativity, academic success, problem
solving, that it helps cultural enrichment, and that its methodological teaching
increases the IQ in boys and girls of any socioeconomic level.
Chess is an important factor in the formation of children's will.
Imposes attractive and pleasant discipline on the child. The child discovers his
ability to solve a certain situation on the board by himself, he acquires a beginning
of confidence in his own forces. It helps him to assume his own attitudes and
greatly stimulates him for other attempts. It teaches you to control impulses, not to
make hasty decisions, to think before doing things. Chess tempers the spirit,
makes the child understand that his work is productive even when he loses. It
helps you understand the concepts of will and perseverance. The competition of
the game becomes something positive, a desire for personal improvement.
Chess facilitates the formation of positive attitudes, improves self-esteem,
exercises time management skills, and helps with planning. It helps focus
children's attention and shows that study and hard mental work lead to
improvement and success. It teaches them to be more precise in their own self-
evaluations and in this way allows them to monitor their own progress and set
goals.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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Mastering chess is a long process and will take you several years, but you don't
have to be a master to win at chess almost every time if you understand the
mechanics of the game. By learning to detect certain moves and read your
opponent, you can learn to protect your king effectively, attack your opponent's
king, and emerge victorious almost every time.
 Understand the value of each piece and protect it accordingly. Obviously,
the king is the most important piece on the board, since you lose if it is captured.
However, the rest of your pieces are not cannon fodder that you can easily do
without. Based on the mathematics and geometry of a chess board, certain pieces
are always more valuable than others. Remember these classifications when
capturing pieces. For example, you shouldn't put a high-value rook at risk just to
capture your opponent's knight.
Pawn = 1 point
Horse = 3 points
Bishop = 3 points
Tower = 5 points
Queen = 9
Chess pieces are sometimes referred to as the "material." You need a lot of good
quality material to win each game.
 Understand the objectives of a good opening movement. Chess openings
are the first two moves of the game and determine your overall strategy and
position for the entire game. Your goal when opening is to develop, or move out of
the initial squares, as many strong pieces as possible. There are several key
considerations in a good opening:
Move your pawns towards the center of the board while opening up your
strongest pieces to make it easier for you to move. The most common, but very
effective, route would be to move the king's pawn 2 spaces forward and then
move the queen's pawn 2 spaces forward, if it is not at risk after the opponent
makes his move. This opening will develop the bishops, increase the speed of
castling, and, with the right moves, form a defensive (but less offensive) fortress.
Your opening moves will also depend on whether your pieces are black or white.
Because white moves first, you must move to the attack and try to control the
game. Black should hold back and wait a little longer, letting White expose
himself with a mistake before attacking.
Never move the same piece twice unless it gets into trouble and can be
captured. The more pieces you move, the more your opponent will have to react
to you.

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 With these principles in mind, take a look at the list of opening moves used by
grandmasters in modern tournaments.
 Think 4 or 5 moves in advance, using each one to set up complicated
attacks. To win at chess, you have to constantly think a few moves ahead,
preparing longer and more complicated attacks to outsmart your opponent. Your
first move is about setting up the rest of the game, leading to your first attack or
controlling certain sections of the board. The best way for a beginner to learn how
to plan is to practice some common opening combinations:
The Ruy López is a classic opening to take out the bishops and put them on the
attack. Move the king's pawn up two spaces, then the knight to F3 (if you're white).
Finish by moving the king's bishop until it is one space in front of your opponent's
pawn.
The English opening is a slow and adaptable opening. Move the pawn on C2 up
one space, then follow it with the pawn on G2 to free the king's bishop (if black
moves to the center) or the queen's knight (if black moves sideways).
Try the adventurous King's Gambit. This opening is used by grandmasters from
Bobby Fisher onwards and can throw beginners off balance early in the game.
Simply move both king's pawns (E2 and F2) up two spaces on the opening move.
Black often attacks early as he feels he has his opponent exposed, but your pawn
wall will quickly cause him problems.
Try the Queen's Gambit to control the center of the board. Move the queen's pawn
to D4, moving the black pawn to D5. White usually counterattacks by taking the
king's pawn to C4. This maneuver moves the game to the center and opens up
routes for your queen and bishop to move.[6]
A good defense against a queen's gambit is the French defense. If you are black,
start by moving the king's pawn to E6. White will usually then move the queen's
pawn to D4, allowing you to counterattack with your queen's pawn to D5. You have
now opened a path for your bishop to attack. If White captures your queen's pawn
on E6, he leaves his king exposed, so he may move his knight to C3. Now you can
move your bishop to B4, pinning the knight.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Magic on the board" - Mikhail Tahl

"Superior Chess Treatise" - Yacov B. Estrin
"Chess Attack Techniques" - Raymond Edwards
"Chess Manual" - José Paluzíe y Lucena

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"The great masters of the board" - Richard Reti
"Chess for everyone" - Gerhard Henschel
"The road to the summit" - Paul Keres
"Chess: Match Kasparov - Karpov, Cto. World New York-Lyon" - Lorenzo Ponce
Sala
"Garri Kasparov" - Angel Martín
"Elementary chess lessons" - José Raúl Capablanca
"Lasker: the difficult path to glory" - M. TO. Nepomucene
"Fire on the board" - Alexei Shirov

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