PE 8 QUARTER 3 REVIEWER - Timers or clocks

Board Games
The Scrabble

board:
-Scrabble-

Scrabble:
- An internationally popular word game
where power, strategy, and luck are
equally important.
- a word game in which two to four players
score points by placing tiles onto a game
board which is divided into a 15 x 15 grid
of squares.
- recognized as an excellent means for
increasing vocabulary and word power.
- helps improve analytical skills and
sharpens the mathematical ability.
- the benefits will develop more if you
directly engage in the game with your
family and friends.

History:
- in 1931 Alfred Mosher Butts translated
his life long love of crossword puzzles
into a board game.
- a key to the game was butt's analysis of
the english language. Butt studied the
front page of the new york times to
calculate how frequently each letter of
the alphabet was used.
- hidden used each letters frequency to
determine how many of each letter you
would include in the game.
- he included only 4s tiles so that the
ability to make words plural would not
make the game too easy.
- Butt's initially called the game "lexiko"
but later change the name to "
criss cross words" after considering it and
began to look for a buyer.
- The game markers he originally
contractred reject the idea, but butt's
was tenacious.
- Eventually in 1948, he sold the rights to
entrepreneur and game lover James
Brunot, who made a few minor
adjustments to design and renamed the
game "scrabble" a word meaning "to grope
frantically" (from dutch "schrabben", to
scrape or scratch)

The Hardware:
- Scrabble board
- Tile bag
- Tile racks
•15 x 15 grid Europe. The game evolved roughly into its
•225 squares, 100 tiles current form by about 1500 CE.
•2-4 players •Chess spread directly from the Middle East
•Premium Squares to
- Double Letter/worsdscore
- Tripple Letter/word

score Scoring the

game:

Pearly Twins:
- the two blanks by themselves have no
score value but when a blank is placed on
the premium word square the value of the
world is doubled or tripled as indicated.

Multiple Score:
- when two or more words are formed in
the same play each is scored. The common
letter is counted with full premium value if
any for each word.

Bingo Score:
- any player who plays seven tiles on a
turn scores a bonus of 50 points added
to the total.

Basic Moves:

To play through:
- an existing letter

Hooking:
- a letter to the front or back of the an
existing word to create new words.

Extension:
- Extending a pre-existing word.

Parallel Play:
- placing a word parallel to an existing
words such more than one word is formed.

-Chess-

History:
• The history of chess can be traced
back nearly 1500 years to its earliest
known predecessor, called chaturanga. In
India its prehistory is the subject of
speculation.
•From India it spread to Persia. Following
the Arab invasion and conquest of Persia,
chess was taken up by the Muslim world
and subsequently spread to Southern
Russia, where chess became known as from similar, much older games of
waxmatbi (shakhmaty, literally Indian and Persian origin.
"checkmates", a plurable tantum).
It had survived a series of prohibitions and Rules:
Christian • Church sanctions to almost take •Chess pieces are divided into two
the shape of the modern game. Modern different colored sets. While the sets
history saw reliable reference works, may not
competitive chess tournaments, and be literally white and black (e.g., the light
exciting new variants. These factors added set may
to the game's popularity, further bolstered
by reliable timing mechanisms (first
introduced in 1861), effective rules, and
charismatic players.
•Organized chess arose in the 19th
century. Chess competition today is
governed internationally by FIDE
(International Chess Federation).
• The first university recognized
World Chess Champion, Wilheim
Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886;
Magnus Carlsen is the current World
Champion.
• A huge body of chess theory has
developed since the game's inception.
Aspects of art are found in chess
composition; and chess in its turn
influenced Western culture and art and
has connections with other fields such as
mathematics, computer science, and
psychology.
•One of the goals of early computer
scientists was to create a chess-playing
machine.
•In 1997, Deep Blue became the first
computer to beat the reigning World
Champion in a match when it defeated
Garry Kasparov.
• Though not flawless, today's chess
engines are significantly stronger the even
the best human players, and have deeply
influenced the development of chess
theory

Chess:
- Is a two-player strategy board game
played on a chessboard, checkered
gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an
eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by
millions of people worldwide, both
amateurs and professionals.
- It is sometimes called "Western Chess",
or "International Chess to distinguish it
from related games such as “xiangqi".
- The current form of the game emerged
in Southern Europe during the second
half of the 15th century after evolving
be a yellowish or off-white color, the dark leave the player's own king under attack. A
set may be brown or red), they are always player cannot "pass"; at cach turn one
referred to as “white and black". must make a legal move (this is the basis
• The players of the sets are referred for the finesse called zugzwang). If the
to as white and black, respectively. Each player to move has no legal move, the
set consists of 16 pieces: one king, one game is over; it is either a checkmate (a
queen, two rocks, two bishops, two loss for the player with no legal moves) if
knights, and eight pawns. Chess sets the king is
come in a wide variety of styles; for
competition, the Staunton pattern is
preferred.
• The game is played on a square
board of eight rows (called ranks) and
eight columns (called files).
•On white's first rank, from left to right,
the pieces are placed in the following
order: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king,
bishop, queen, king, knight, rook.
•On the second rank is placed a row of
eight pawns.
•Black's position mirrors. White's
with an equivalent piece on the
same file.
• The correct positions of king and
queen may be remembered by the phrase
"queen on her own color". i.e the white
queen begins on a light square; the black
queen on a dark square.

Objectives:
• The objective is to "checkmate” the
opponent's king by placing it under an
inescapable threat of capture. To this end,
a players' pieces are used to attack and
capture the opponent's pieces, while
supporting each other. In the addition to
checkmate, the game can be won by
vocabulary resignation by the opponent,
which typically occurs when too much
material is lost, or if checkmate appears
unavoidable. A game may also result in a
draw in several ways.

Movements:
- The player with the white pieces always
moves first. After the first move, players
alternately move one piece per turn
(expect for castling, when two pieces are
moved). Picces are moved to either an
unoccupied square or one occupied by an
opponent's piece, which is captured and
removed from play. With the sole
exception of en passant, all pieces capture
by moving to the square that the
opponent's piece occupies. A player may
not make any move that would put or
under attack, or a stalemate (a draw) if the En Passant:
king is not. - Special pawn capture which can occur
immediately after a player moves a
pawn two
Each Chess Piece has its own Style of

Moving: King:
- The king moves one square in any
direction. The king has also a special
move which is called "castling" and
involves also moving a rook.

Queen:
- The queen combines the power the
rock and bishop and can move any
number of squares along rank, file, or
diagonal, but it may not leap over other
pieces.

Rook:
- The rook can move any number of
squares along any rank or file, but may
not leap over the pieces. Along with the
king, the rook is involved during the
king's castling move.

Knight:
- The knight moves to any of the closest
squares that are not on the same rank, fie,
or diagonal, thus the move forms an "L"-
shape: two squares vertically and one
square horizontally and one square
vertically. The knight is the only piece that
can leap over other pieces.

Pawn:
- The pawn may move forward to the
unoccupied square immediately in front of
it on the same file, or on its first move it
may advance two squares along the same
file provided both squares are unoccupied,
or the pawn may capture an opponent's
piece on a adjacent file, by moving to that
square.

Bishop:
- It can move as far as it wants, but
onlydiagonally. Each bishop starts on one
color(light or dark) and must always stay
on that color.

Other Movements:
squares forward from its starting position agreement between the players.
and an enemy pawn could have captured it •Stalemate- the player whose turn is to
had it moved only one square forward. move is not in check, but has no
legalmove.
Castling: • Threefold repetition of a position-
- Move of a king and/or either a rook of this most commonly occurs when
the same color along the player's first neither side is able to
raw. On the player's turn, he may move
his king two squares over to one side and
then move the rook from that side's
corner on the square next to the king.

Promotion:
- When a pawn advances to eight rank, as
a part of the move it is promoted and
must be exchanged for the player's choice
of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the
same color.

Check:
- The result of a move that places the
opposing king under an immediate
threat of capture by on or sometimes
two of the opponents' pieces.
- When a king is under immediate attack
by one or two of the opponent's pieces, it
is said to be in “check”.

Win:
- Game may be won in the following ways:
•Checkmate
•Resignation- either may resign,
conceding the game to the other player. It
is usually considered poor etiquette to
play on in a truly hopeless, and for this
reason high level games rarely end with a
checkmate.
•Loss on time- in games with a time
control, a player may also lose by running
out of time, even with a much superior
position.
•Forfeit- a player who cheats, or violates
the rules of the game, or violates the
rules specified for the particular
tournament may be forfeited.

Checkmates:
- A situation in which one player's king is
threatened with capture (in check) having
no move to avoid that threat, thus,
ending the game.

Draw:
- Game may be won in the following ways:
•Draw by agreement- draw are most
commonly reached by mutual
avoid repeating moves without
incurring a disadvantage.
• The fifty move rule if during the
previous 50 moves no pawn has been
made, either player may claim a draw, as
for the threefold repetition rule.
•Fivefold repetition of a position, similar to
the threefold-repetition rule, but in this
case no player needs to claim the draw for
the game of drawn.
•Insufficient material- a player may claim
a draw if the opponent has insufficient
material to checkmate.