1-Demonstrate vertical antenna and folded

dipole antennas
Ans-A vertical antenna is a type of monopole antenna that radiates energy in a
vertical direction. It is essentially one half of a dipole antenna, with the other half being
the ground or a counterpoise. The vertical antenna is commonly used for broadcasting
and receiving radio signals, particularly for television and FM radio.

Folded Dipole Antenna

A folded dipole antenna is a type of dipole antenna where the ends of the antenna
are folded back and connected to each other, forming a loop. This design provides
several advantages over a traditional dipole antenna, including:

 Increased bandwidth
 Higher feedpoint impedance
 Higher efficiency

The folded dipole antenna is often used as a driven element in other antennas, such as
the Yagi antenna, and is also used on its own for broadcasting and receiving radio
signals.

Key Characteristics

Here are some key characteristics of vertical antennas and folded dipole antennas:

 Vertical Antenna:
o Radiates energy in a vertical direction
o Often used for broadcasting and receiving radio signals
o Can be used with a counterpoise or ground
 Folded Dipole Antenna:
o Radiates energy in a omnidirectional pattern
o Has increased bandwidth and feedpoint impedance compared to a
traditional dipole antenna
o Can be used as a driven element in other antennas or on its own for
broadcasting and receiving radio signals

Advantages and Disadvantages

Here are some advantages and disadvantages of vertical antennas and folded dipole
antennas:

 Vertical Antenna:
o Advantages: easy to install, relatively inexpensive, and can be used for a
variety of frequencies
o Disadvantages: limited directional radiation pattern, may not be suitable
for certain types of radio signals
 Folded Dipole Antenna:
 o Advantages: increased bandwidth and feedpoint impedance, can be
used for a variety of frequencies and applications
o Disadvantages: more complex design, may require additional
components and tuning, can be more expensive than a traditional dipole
antenna

Conclusion

In conclusion, vertical antennas and folded dipole antennas are both important types of
antennas used for broadcasting and receiving radio signals. While vertical antennas
are relatively simple and easy to install, folded dipole antennas offer increased
bandwidth and feedpoint impedance, making them suitable for a variety of applications.

Que-2 Derive expression of electric field due

to short dipole
Ans-Consider a short electric dipole AB having a dipole moment p. Let P be the
point at a distance r from the centre O. Let the line OP of the dipole makes an
angle θ with the direction of dipole moment p. Resolve p into two components:

 p cos θ along OP
 p sin θ perpendicular to OQ

The electric field at point P can be found by considering the contributions from each
component.
Electric Field along the Axial Line (OP)

The electric field due to the component p cos θ is given by:

E(1) = (2 p cos θ) / (4πε₀r³)

Electric Field on the Equatorial Line (OQ)

The electric field due to the component p sin θ is given by:

E(2) = (p sin θ) / (4πε₀r³)

Since E(1) and E(2) are perpendicular to each other, the resultant electric field E is
given by:

E = √(E(1)² + E(2)²)

Substituting the expressions for E(1) and E(2), we get:

E = √((2 p cos θ / (4πε₀r³))² + (p sin θ / (4πε₀r³))²)

Simplifying the expression, we get:

E = (p / (4πε₀r³)) √(4 cos² θ + sin² θ)

E = (p / (4πε₀r³)) √(1 + 3 cos² θ)

This is the expression for the electric field due to a short dipole at a point on its axial
line.

Que-3. Evaluate electric field due to array of

two λ/2 driven element when current of equal
amplitude and same phase is flowing in
antennas.
Ans-When two λ/2 driven elements with equal amplitude and same phase current
flow in antennas, the electric field can be evaluated using the principle of superposition.
The electric field due to each element can be calculated separately and then added to
find the total electric field.

Electric Field Due to Each Element

The electric field due to a single λ/2 driven element can be calculated using the
formula: E = k * I * sin(θ) / (4π * r)
where E is the electric field, k is the wave number, I is the current, θ is the angle
between the current and the observation point, and r is the distance from the element
to the observation point.

Since the current is equal in amplitude and phase for both elements, the electric field
due to each element will have the same magnitude but opposite phases. The electric
field due to the first element can be represented as:

E1 = k * I * sin(θ1) / (4π * r1)

The electric field due to the second element can be represented as:

E2 = k * I * sin(θ2) / (4π * r2)

Total Electric Field

The total electric field can be calculated by adding the electric fields due to each
element:

E_total = E1 + E2

Since the currents are equal in amplitude and phase, the electric fields due to each
element will have the same magnitude but opposite phases. The total electric field will
be the sum of the two electric fields, resulting in a vector sum:

E_total = 2 * k * I * sin(θ) / (4π * r)

where θ is the angle between the current and the observation point, and r is the
distance from the center of the array to the observation point.

Result

The total electric field due to the array of two λ/2 driven elements with equal amplitude
and same phase current flowing in antennas is a vector sum of the electric fields due to
each element. The magnitude of the total electric field is twice the magnitude of the
electric field due to a single element, while the direction of the total electric field is the
sum of the directions of the electric fields due to each element.

Ques-4. Analyze Horizontal antennas above a

plane ground
Ans-Horizontal antennas above a plane ground exhibit unique characteristics due
to the interaction between the antenna and the ground. The ground reflection has a
significant impact on the radiation pattern, impedance, and overall performance of the
antenna.

Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of a horizontal antenna above a plane ground is affected by the
ground reflection. The ground reflection causes the antenna to radiate in a more
omnidirectional pattern, with a null in the vertical plane. This is because the ground
reflection cancels the radiation in the vertical plane, resulting in a null at the elevation
angle of 90 degrees.

Impedance

The impedance of a horizontal antenna above a plane ground is also affected by the
ground reflection. The ground reflection causes the antenna to present a different
impedance to the feed line, which can affect the antenna’s matching and overall
performance.

Height above Ground

The height of the antenna above the ground also plays a crucial role in its performance.
As the antenna height increases, the ground reflection becomes less significant, and
the antenna’s radiation pattern becomes more directional. However, increasing the
antenna height also increases the antenna’s electrical length, which can affect its
impedance and matching.

Ground Properties

The properties of the ground, such as its conductivity and permittivity, also affect the
antenna’s performance. A lossy ground can cause the antenna to radiate more energy
into the ground, reducing its efficiency. A good ground plane can help to improve the
antenna’s performance by reducing the ground reflection and increasing the antenna’s
radiation pattern.

Conclusion

In conclusion, horizontal antennas above a plane ground exhibit unique characteristics

due to the interaction between the antenna and the ground. The ground reflection
affects the antenna’s radiation pattern, impedance, and overall performance. The
height above ground and ground properties also play a crucial role in the antenna’s
performance. Understanding these factors is essential for designing and optimizing
horizontal antennas above a plane ground.

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Ques-5 . Demonstrate the fields of a short dipole.
Ans-Demonstrate the fields of a short dipole
A short dipole antenna is a type of antenna that is shorter than a half-wavelength of the operating
frequency. The fields of a short dipole antenna can be demonstrated as follows:

 Electric Field: The electric field of a short dipole antenna is perpendicular to the dipole
axis and varies sinusoidally along the length of the dipole. The electric field strength
decreases with distance from the dipole and is maximum at the center of the dipole.
 Magnetic Field: The magnetic field of a short dipole antenna is parallel to the dipole
axis and also varies sinusoidally along the length of the dipole. The magnetic field
strength decreases with distance from the dipole and is maximum at the center of the
dipole.
 Radiation Pattern: The radiation pattern of a short dipole antenna is omnidirectional,
meaning it radiates energy equally in all directions. The radiation pattern is a graphical
representation of the energy radiated by the antenna.
 Directivity: The directivity of a short dipole antenna is low, typically around 1.5 (1.76
dB), which means it radiates energy in all directions with little directionality.
 Polarization: The polarization of a short dipole antenna is linear, meaning the electric
field vector oscillates in a single plane.

Mathematical Representation

The electric and magnetic fields of a short dipole antenna can be mathematically represented as:

E® = (μI/4π) * (k^2 * sin(kr) / r) * e^(i(kr - ωt))

H® = (I/4π) * (k * sin(kr) / r) * e^(i(kr - ωt))

where E® is the electric field, H® is the magnetic field, μ is the permeability of free space, I is
the current in the dipole, k is the wave number, r is the distance from the dipole, ω is the angular
frequency, and t is time.
Conclusion

In conclusion, the fields of a short dipole antenna can be demonstrated as electric and magnetic
fields that vary sinusoidally along the length of the dipole and radiate energy
omnidirectionally. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional, and the directivity is low. The
polarization is linear, and the fields can be mathematically represented using the equations

above.