Digital Photography and

Photographic Editing
Objectives
After completing this chapter, the student should be This chapter will help you be better able to “write
able to: with light.” But because not everyone will have the
• Select a digital camera for the needs of an individual same type of camera, this chapter focuses on general
or of an FFA chapter. techniques, rather than specifics on how to operate
• Identify key terms in digital photography. a certain digital camera. This chapter will introduce
• Compose/frame a good photograph. you to some of the basics of digital photography and
• Identify key terms in digital photo editing. photographic editing so you can take great photos.
• Explain the difference between RGB and CMYK
color formats. How Digital Photography Works
• Explain the difference of JPG, TIFF, and RAW file Digital cameras have almost replaced film cameras.
formats. Digital cameras provide users with options that film
cameras did not. There are several other advantages
Introduction to digital cameras and digital photography over film.
The old saying goes, “A picture is worth a thousand With digital cameras, you can immediately view shots
words.” That may very well be true. Seeing an that you have taken. You can take many, many photos
image of someone winning an award, for example, and then decide which ones to keep and which ones
can be more exciting than reading about it in an to delete, while looking at them in your camera. You
accompanying news story. And since it seems that can share the photo files easily over e-mail or on Web,
almost everyone has access to a digital camera – Facebook, and MySpace pages. You can print just the
either with an actual digital camera or with a cell photos you want, and, because the photos are digital
phone that takes pictures – everyone thinks they are files, they can be stored easily on CDs, hard drives, or
photographic experts. But just owning a camera does other storage devices where the files will not degrade.
not make someone an expert. It takes practice to be In the photo editing process, a digital photo image can
able to take photographs that tell great stories. In fact, be modified and manipulated much easier and faster
the word photography means “writing with light.” than with traditional film negatives.

One disadvantage to digital cameras is that

they drain batteries quickly. Also, because
digital cameras are so small, they are easily
dropped. Because they are inexpensive, it is
usually more cost-effective to buy a new one
than to get a broken one repaired.

Digital cameras store images in the form of

millions of tiny picture elements called pixels,
short for “picture elements.” A pixel, simply
put, is a single point of light on the screen of
a monitor. You may have heard of the term
“megapixels” in connection with digital
cameras. Megapixel means “one million pixels
(picture elements).” So a camera that shoots
Learning the basics of digital photography will help you can take great photographs of 6.2 megapixels means that each
photos for your personal use. digital image has roughly 6.2 million pixels.
 the viewfinder shows the same area as your camera’s
Many cameras allow you to take photos many zoom lens, so you will be able to capture the same
megapixels in size, and these cameras can be area that you see in your viewfinder.
expensive. If you plan to mainly use your camera
to take photographs that are about 4-by-6 inches, a A tripod or monopod should be part of your camera
3- or 4-megapixel camera is probably all you need. equipment. Also, it is a good idea to have a camera
If you want to take 8-by-10-inch photos, you will bag packed with extra batteries for your camera and
need a camera of at least 5 megapixels. For advanced the storage media (CDs, DVDs, Flash cards, xD cards,
photography, you may need a camera that takes etc.) that your camera needs to save the images on.
photos of 8 or more megapixels. Most cell phone The camera bag also can carry extra camera lenses.
cameras take 1- to 2-megapixel photographs. If all of
the images will be placed on the Web, a camera with
fewer than 3 megapixels may be all you need. But if
the images will be for publications, get a camera of at
least 5 megapixels or more.

This picture shows two types of tripods and a monopod (right).

Resolution and Compression

Digital camera resolution is usually measured in
The camera on the left has interchangeable lenses. The one on megapixels, a raw counting of the number of pixels
the right has one zoom lens.
in the digital image created by the camera. Although
In addition to determining how many megapixels the photographs taken with low-resolution cameras
your camera should have, you also need to determine (1- to 2-megapixels) are fine for photographs that will
if you need a camera that has interchangeable lenses be viewed only on television or computer screens,
(zoom, telephoto, and wide-angle lenses) or a camera- such as on Web pages, they do not work well for print
mounted zoom lens. Cameras with interchangeable documents. You would need to use cameras with
lenses cost more, but you can get just the right lens for higher resolution (preferably 5 megapixels or more)
just the right photo. If you are going to take standard for print publications.
photos, a “point-and-shoot” model, with the camera-
mounted zoom lens, may be all you need. Almost all Many standard digital cameras allow you to save
digital cameras have built-in flashes, too. your picture at varying levels of resolution. Some use
such options as “Basic,” “Fine, and “Superfine” or
LCD monitors are small color screens built into most possibly “Good,” “Better,” and “Best.” Your camera
cameras. Most have brightness adjustments that manual should describe exactly how you change the
you can change manually, or which the camera will resolution and how many pixels you get with each
adjust automatically. These screens range between setting. When recorded, high-resolution images take
one to four inches. Viewfinders are smaller monitors up more space on your camera’s memory card. High-
built into a digital camera. An advantage to using a resolution photographs have low compression rates,
viewfinder, instead of a monitor, is that a viewfinder which result in larger file sizes and better-looking
does not draw battery power, so your camera images.
batteries will last longer. Another advantage is that
The basic rule is that if you know you are going to
use the photographs for print documents, save at
the highest resolution possible. In the photographic Pixels Per Inch
editing process, you can always lower the resolution Save your photographs at the following resolution
of a high-resolution image. You can never increase settings (in pixels per inch) for print and the Web:
the resolution of an image that was saved at a low For the Web or video 72-100 ppi
resolution without the image looking distorted. If the Black and white photos 150 ppi
images will only be viewed on computer screens – Full-color photos 300 ppi
such as for Web, Facebook, or MySpace pages, you
Selecting a File Format
can shoot photographs at a lower resolution.
Your camera may offer a choice of file formats for
your saved images. The format you select determines
When you output the finished photograph, you
how the camera records and stores all of the bits
will need to set the output resolution. This is done
of data that make up a digital photo. Many formats
in pixels per inch or ppi. For printed materials
have been developed for digital images, but the most
(publications or actual photo prints), your photograph
popular for digital camera manufacturers are JPG,
needs to be output at no less than 300 ppi. If the
TIFF, and RAW.
photograph is going to be placed on the Web or
e-mailed, the resolution can be as low as 72 ppi.
JPG (pronounced JAY-peg) is short for Joint
A discussion on resolution is provided later in
Photographic Experts Group, the organization that
the chapter in the section titled “Resolution and
developed this file format. JPG is the leading camera
Resampling.”
format because it takes Web-friendly photos; all Web
browsers and e-mail programs can display a JPG
Also keep in mind that a digital camera’s aspect ratio
image. JPGs also are smaller in file size than other
may be different than a traditional film camera. A
formats. The disadvantage of JPG images is that the
film camera’s aspect ratio is 3:2, which means the
images are saved with a process that eliminates, or
image is three units wide by two units tall. That is
compresses, some image data. If you record your
why the 4-by-6-inch print emerged as a standard size.
images as JPGs, you should try to save the image
Many – but not all – digital cameras have an aspect
at the highest resolution possible to minimize the
ratio of 4:3, which means the image is four units wide
compression.
by three units tall, just like a traditional computer
monitor. To get a 4-by-6-inch image from a digital
TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF
camera with a 4:3 aspect ratio, you will need to crop
files are much larger than JPGs because TIFFs do
the photograph in the photo editing stage.
not compress files much. TIFFs cannot be displayed
on most Web browsers. You usually have to open a

Notice in these two photos that the size of the two photos is not exactly the same. The photograph on the left was shot with a
standard film camera’s aspect ratio of 3:2. The photograph on the right is a regular digital camera’s aspect ratio of 4:3.
 values, usually 100, 200, 400, and
Photo File Formats so on. Higher-end cameras give you
Many file formats have been developed for digital images, but the even more choices. As the ISO value
most popular for digital camera manufacturers are JPG, TIFF, and increases, the camera becomes more
RAW. light sensitive. However, you do not
want to record images at really high
JPG: Joint Photographic Experts Group ISO values (800 and 1600) all the time.
Smaller files Higher ISO values produce images that
Web-friendly photos look grainier than images shot at lower
Leading camera format ISOs. Use higher ISOs in low-light
Compressed file format situations. Most cameras’ automatic-
ISO feature will yield good results.
TIFF: Tagged Image File Format
Large files In addition to paying attention to
Not compressed much the amount of light, you also should
Cannot be displayed on most Web browsers. consider the light source. Different
Used for photos in high-end document design. kinds of light have different color
qualities, commonly called color
RAW: does not stand for anything temperature. This is a way of saying
RAW is just a word, not a standard format. that the light sources contain different
Each camera manufacturer uses different specifications for its amounts of red, green, and blue light.
RAW format. For example, sunlight tends to be blue,
Records data straight from the camera’s sensor, just the way it a regular light bulb (incandescent) tends
looks on the sensor, onto the camera’s data card. to be more yellow, and a fluorescent
Files are uncompressed. bulb tends to be green. Your eyes adjust
Extremely large files. to changes in color temperature so
Used mainly by professional photographers. the colors with different light sources
look the same, but digital cameras do
TIFF file in a photo editing program and convert it not adjust so easily. A camera must be
to a JPG before the image can be shared. TIFF is for white balanced to correct color temperature problems.
photographers who are concerned with losing image
quality. For most amateur photographers, though, White balancing tells the camera what combination of
TIFFs are not used that much. red, green, and blue light it should perceive as white,
given a particular lighting condition. Most cameras
The last image format is RAW. The letters “RAW” have auto-white balance features, but this feature can
are not initials for other words. “RAW” is just a sometimes get confused, particularly if you are shooting
word. RAW is not a standard format, such as JPGs a scene that features a single dominant color or includes
and TIFFs. Each camera manufacturer uses different different types of light (sunlight streaming into a room lit
specifications for its RAW format. A RAW file records with fluorescent light). In this situation, you may need to
data straight from the camera’s sensor, just the way it adjust the white balance manually. Most cameras include
looks on the sensor, onto the camera’s data card. The white balance presets for normal types of light: daylight,
files are also uncompressed, meaning they are larger daylight with clouds, incandescent, fluorescent, and flash.
than JPG files. Professional photographers tend to use If your camera does not offer white balance adjustments,
the RAW format. you can remove unwanted colors in the photo editing
stage.
Light, Colors, and White Balance
You can adjust your digital camera for different types Digital Photography Composition Techniques
of light. Light sensitivity is measured using a scale Now that you understand some of the technical
called ISO, for International Standards Organization. components of digital photography, it is time to take
Most digital cameras provide a choice of ISO some pictures. Composition is organizing the subject –
the person or object you want to photograph – through The flash setting that the camera chooses when the
the viewfinder. Practice these composition techniques, automatic flash is selected, by pressing the shutter
and your photos will look much better. Start with button halfway, is not always correct. The automatic
holding the camera properly. flash does not choose the best image, just one that is
neither too dark nor too bright. Take a picture with the
Holding the Camera automatic flash, but if you do not like the results, use
The quickest and surest way to get a sharp, clear one of the other flash settings. It is also recommended
picture is to hold your camera correctly. that you stand no closer than four feet away from your
Blurred pictures are caused most frequently by subject and no farther than 10 feet away to get the best
moving your camera as you press the shutter button. flash lighting. When taking people pictures on sunny
Stand comfortably, with your legs slightly apart, or days, you may want to turn on your flash. A flash may
lean against a tree or wall. Hold your elbows to your help eliminate the harsh shadows produced by the sun.
side to minimize shaking. Breathe at a slow, steady
pace as you get ready to take the shot, then hold your Angles
breath as you slowly press the shutter button. One of the best ways to create interest in your
photographs is to vary the angles, while framing your
shot well. An unusual angle or viewpoint can add a
great deal of interest to an ordinary object. While it
is appropriate to shoot eye level with the object or
person, varying the camera angle from time to time
will add a little extra excitement to your photograph.
For example, photographed from below, someone
looks strong and dominating. From above, a person
appears meek, even childlike.

Camera angles refer to the different angles you can

hold a camera, in reference to the object of interest.
Refer to the photographs shown in “Video and Audio
Production” to see examples of these camera angles.
• An eye-level shot looks the subject right in the
eye. Some photographers call it the “bulls-eye
effect” when the eye-level shot is coupled with
placing the person directly in the middle of the
picture, creating a “bulls eye.”
This woman is holding a camera correctly. Holding • A low-angle shot looks up at the object of
a camera correctly is the best way to to get a sharp, interest. This angle creates a dramatic look, where
clear picture.
everything looks magnified.
• Holding the camera high and shooting down is
Focus and Flash called a high-angle shot, where everything in the
Most cameras’ automatic mode does an excellent job shot looks minimized or diminished.
of auto-focusing for you. Pressing the shutter button
halfway lets the camera calculate the focus, white Use your imagination to find different angles or
balance, and the amount of light. You can manually perspectives for your photographs. You might
set the focus, as well. Manual focus is used on digital try lying down or crouching in front of an object,
cameras to emphasize one element in focus while climbing above it, or putting the camera on the
deemphasizing another, which is out of focus. ground.
Digital cameras also have several “flash modes.” Rule of Thirds
Most allow you to select a flash, a “red-eye reduction Perhaps the most well known principle of
flash” (also called a “flutter flash”), or no flash. photographic composition is the rule of thirds. The
basic principle behind the rule of thirds is to imagine images depth by suggesting perspective or depth,
breaking an image down into thirds horizontally and and they can also add a sense of action to an
vertical so that you have nine parts. Position the main image.
subject elements where the dividing lines intersect.
This means not placing your subject right in the center
of the frame. For example, frame the shot so that
the subject’s eyes are on the line dividing the upper
third from the middle third. For landscapes, position
the horizon along one of the horizontal lines instead
of directly in the center of the picture. If you do not
take a photograph with the rule of thirds in mind, you
can edit your photograph later to crop or reframe the
image so that it fits the rule.

Example of diagonal lines. (Photo by Erica Der)

• Vertical lines
convey a variety
of different moods
in a photograph,
ranging from power
and strength, such
as photographs
These photos show the “rule of thirds” in action. In each shot, of skyscrapers, to
the major impact or action takes place at intersections of the growth, such as
nine sections of the screen. photographs of trees.
• Horizontal lines
convey a message
of stability or rest,
such as photographs
of horizons, oceans,
and even sleeping
people. Landscape
horizons are the most
common horizontal
lines in photographs. Example of vertical lines.
Generally, horizons
Lines should not be placed in the middle of the frame.
Using lines can be a very effective way of drawing the A much more effective technique is to place the
viewer’s eye into the focal point of an image. “Lines” horizon in the upper or lower third of the frame,
can be the shape of a path, a line of trees, a fence, or following the rule of thirds.
any feature in an image. As you get ready to frame
your shot, determine what lines are in front of you and
how they might add interest to your shot.
• Diagonal lines are used to draw the viewer’s
eye through the photograph. Diagonal lines give
Example of horizontal lines. (Photo by Katie Wimberly)
Short (or narrow) depth of field.
• Converging lines occur when two or more lines
come from different parts of an image to a single
point. Converging lines act as a sort of funnel
for the viewer’s eyes, directing the viewer’s gaze
to a point in the photograph. A good example of
converging lines is a set of railroad tracks that
converge on a horizon.

Short (or narrow) depth of field.

Example of converging lines. (Photo by Hyunji Lee)

Long depth of field.
Depth of Field the amount of light that is allowed into the camera.
Depth of field refers to the portion of the scene in Aperture settings are measured in f-stops or
focus in the camera. Depth of field can be long or f-numbers.
short. Depth of field that has a lot of the scene in
focus has a long depth of field. When only a small The easiest way to remember f-stop settings is
zone is in focus, with much of the background out of this; the larger the f-stop, the smaller the aperture
focus, depth of field is short or shallow. Depth of field opening. The smaller the f-stop, the bigger the
is dependent on several factors, but one of the primary aperture opening. For example, an f-stop of f-1.7
factors is the camera’s aperture setting. (small) means the aperture is open, where an f-stop
of f-16 (large number) means the aperture is almost
Aperture is the “iris” of the camera, like your eye. completely closed. An aperture with a small opening
The aperture is the opening in the lens through (large f-stop) will produce a longer depth of field,
which light passes to the camera sensor; it controls
 Types of Photos
Remember
that the word
“photography”
means “write
with light,” so let
your photo tell a
story. Try to shoot
a photograph so
that someone does
not need to read
a caption or an
accompanying
news story to get
the idea of what
This graphic illustrates the f-numbers in a camera. The larger the number, the smaller the aperature. the photograph is
about.
while an aperture with a large opening (small f-stop)
will produce a short or shallow depth of field. You News and Feature Photos
can play with the depth of field to get an entire field To illustrate a news article, keep the news photograph
of flowers in focus (long depth of field), or just a few simple, and get as close as possible to your subject.
flowers in focus while all of the rest of the flowers are Try to avoid “grip and grin” photographs – photos
blurred (shallow depth of field). of people receiving awards where they shake hands
and smile as they receive the honor. If you are doing
Background Distractions a story on someone receiving an award, try taking a
The best advice, regarding backgrounds, is to use photograph of the recipient doing whatever the person
a simple, plain background, unless the background did to earn the award, instead of a “grip and grin.”
is part of the story. Avoid extremely light or dark Arrange news photos to include as few people as
backgrounds. The more distractions you remove from possible. People want to see closer shots of people’s
the background, the more attention you draw to your faces, not far-away shots of large groups.
subject.

The photo on the left is an example of a “grip and grin,” which are usually taken when someone receives an award. Instead of a “grip
and grin,” try to take a photo of the person actually doing what the person did to receive the award, as shown in the photo on the
right. An action shot is much more interesting than a handshake.
 the person being photographed something to
work with and help creates a natural feeling. For
example, you could have a rodeo cowboy hold a
lasso as his “prop.”
• Move in close. Fill the camera’s viewfinder with
your subject to create pictures with greater impact.
Also, standing too far away, even when taking
A feature photograph is one photograph that is group shots, produces images that are harder to
not tied to a news story. Many times, you will see a see and less interesting.
feature photograph with just a caption, which details • Look your subject in the eye. For children, that
what the photo is about. A photo series is a group of means getting on their height level.
three to five photographs on the same topic that tell an
overall story. Animal Photos
Taking photographs of animals can be fun, but it can
A caption, also known as a cutline, provides also be tiring because you can never control how an
information that is necessary for the reader to animal will react or cooperate with you as you take
understand the photograph. Usually a caption provides pictures. For photographs of small animals, such as
information on who is in the photograph, what is dogs and cats, use many of the suggestions in the
going on, where and when the action happened, and “People Photos” section. Move in close, get on the
why the action is significant. A caption is one to two animal’s eye level, keep the animal busy, avoid posed
sentences in length. shots, and take candid pictures. For larger animals –
cattle, pigs, horses, and other livestock – use these
People Photos tips:
Most of your photographs will have people in • Groom the animal. If it is a grand champion-
them. As noted previously, people looking at your type photograph, make sure the animal looks
photographs want to see people in them. Following the best it can look. An effective livestock photo
are suggestions on how to get the best “people should show a good side view of the animal, so
pictures” you can: its markings, profile, and general condition can be
• Take candid pictures to show people working, seen.
playing, or relaxing. • Show the animal just as it is. Do not use photo
• Avoid posed shots. Do not force people to always editing software to “doctor” the picture.
pose staring at the camera. Get them doing • Choose an appropriate background that does
something. not clutter the picture or distract the viewer’s
• Keep people busy. An interesting prop can give attention from the animal. For example an open
 field as a backdrop is probably better than a dark is a measure of how closely pixels are spaced. At
barn. 72 pixels per inch (ppi), a 1,600-by-1,200-pixel
• Position and pose the animal properly, image – the size of a typical photograph taken with a
generally, a full side view or a three-fourths view, 2-megapixel camera – will measure 22 by 16 inches.
when the animal’s head faces more toward the At 300 ppi, the same photograph measures 5 by 4
camera than the rest of the body. The animal’s inches, because those same pixels are packed closer
head should be high. together. For a print publication, the photograph’s
• Use a fill flash, if possible. A fill flash will resolution needs to be set at 300 ppi or higher. If your
enhance the animal’s appearance by revealing image will be posted to the Web or sent via e-mail, the
shadow detail. image needs to be saved at 72 to 100 ppi.

The previous tips were for animals that were not Changing a picture’s pixel dimensions by adding or
moving, but were posed in a controlled environment. subtracting pixels from an original image is called
Sometimes, though, you will need to take photos resampling. Using the photo editing program to
of moving animals, such as those in a rodeo. To get discard pixels from the original image is called
close to the action, use a telephoto lens and a fast downsampling, which is what happens when you
shutter speed to stop the action for your photograph. take a very high-resolution photograph (1,200 ppi, for
Try to anticipate where the animal will be and follow example) and lower the resolution from 300 ppi to 72
the animal and rider. Give the animal plenty of lead ppi. If you have an original image that was saved at a
room in your viewfinder. If your camera allows you very low resolution (72 ppi) and want it to be bigger
to take multiple rapid shots by holding down your in actual size, you can try to upsample the image.
shutter button, do so. You can pick out the best photo Upsampling refers to when the photo editing program
later. Try to find varying angles to shoot from to get makes up new pixels by adding pixels that were not
interesting photographs. there to begin with. This can cause an image to look
pixilated and blurry. Upsampling is strongly not
Photo Editing recommended.
To this point, you have learned several techniques
to help you take good photographs. For the rest of Retouching Photos
this chapter, you will take the good photographs Most photo editing programs will allow you to
that you have shot and learn how to make them look retouch photographs’ color, brightness, contrast,
even better through photo editing. Because there are and other aspects. The photo editing programs have
so many photo editing programs on the market, this automated one-step commands for adjusting these
chapter will not focus on specific software programs, settings. The automated commands may not give you
but instead discuss some general concepts to help the best results, but they are a good place to start.
your photos look better. Following are a few of the common retouching tools:
• Brightness/contrast lightens or darkens an image.
Cropping an Image • Cloning copies areas in one part of a photo to
One of the most powerful tools you have is the ability another part.
to crop images. Cropping removes unwanted parts • Color adjustments adjust saturation – the
of an image. Cropping a photo allows you to zero richness and intensity of the colors.
in on your subject and eliminate what is not needed, • Dodge and burn can lighten (dodge) or darken
providing the viewer the opportunity to focus on (burn) a part of an image.
what is most important in an image. You can also use • Drawing tools, such as lines, curves, and
cropping if your digital camera’s aspect ratio is 4:3 geometric shapes, can be added to your
and you want to produce 4-by-6-inch photographs. photograph.
• Levels adjust the highlights, midtones, and
Resolution and Resampling shadows of the image to the appropriate level.
Your photo editing program allows you to change the
resolution of the original image, depending on what Saving Your Edited Photo
the photograph’s final destination will be. Resolution Once you have edited your photograph, you are
just about ready to save it so it can be used in a
publication or on the Web. The last two things to Photo Releases
consider as you save your photograph are the color Finally, if the photo is going to be used for-profit,
format and the file format. such as in an advertisement, it is a good idea to get
a photo release form signed by everyone in the
Color Formats photograph. A photo release gives you permission
The two color formats to save your image in are RGB to use the photograph in ways that you specify (in
and CMYK. You have the option in all higher-end an advertisement, in an educational program). For
photo editing programs to save your final image in persons under 18, a parent or guardian would need to
one of these two color formats. sign the photo release form. You can use the example
release form in “Video and Audio Production” for a
RGB stands for “red, green, blue.” RGB is the color photo release form.
format used by televisions and computer
monitors. If the final destination for your
photograph is the Web or a television
monitor, the final color format needs to
be RGB.

CMYK stands for “cyan, magenta,

yellow, black.” (“Black” is “K,”
because “B” is “blue” in the RGB
format.) CMYK is the color format for
commercial color printing. Each letter
is an ink color that makes up what is called “four- Summary
ink color,” also known as “process color.” If the This chapter introduced you to the basic concepts
final destination of your photograph is a commercial of proper digital photography. You can take good
printer for a publication, the final color format needs photographs with almost any type of digital camera.
to be CMYK. Keep in mind that you should shoot at the highest
resolution possible, especially if you plan to use the
File Formats photographs in printed publications. Use the tips on
After you have selected a color format (RGB or proper composition, and you will be on your way to
CMYK), the last task is to choose a file format for “write with light.”
the actual photograph. And just like the color format
selection, choosing a file format depends on the final References
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