Fluid Mechanics

Turbo-machinery
KP/Amod

Department
www.ku.edu.np
of Mechanical Engineering www.ku.edu.np/mech 16 Sep, 2014_CS
 Background
Fluid Machinery

• Defined as a device exchanging energy (work) between the fluid and

mechanical system

Classification of Fluid Machinery

Roto-dynamic Special Effect Volumetric

Axial Flow Ejector Reciprocating

Mixed Flow Piston

Radial Flow Diaphragm

Rotary
Screw

Gear
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 Turbo-Machinery
• Turbo: Greek word which means “spin”
• Machine: A system or device which converts low grade energy
to high grade energy or transmits it into more usable form.

A turbo-machinery is a device which transfers mechanical energy

“from” or “to” the fluid with the aid of rotating components
turbine/impellor.

– The transfer of mechanical energy is the result of dynamic action

between fluid and rotating component.
– The energy transfer is accompanied by pressure and momentum
changes.

• Examples: water or steam turbines, fans, blowers, pumps,

compressors, wind mills etc.

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 Dynamic Force and Power
• A stream of fluid entering the machine has pre-defined
direction.
• A force is always required to act upon the fluid to
change its velocity either in direction or magnitude.
• From Newton’s 3rd law of motion, an equal and opposite
force is exerted by the fluid upon the body that causes
the change
• This force exerted by virtue of fluid motion is called
dynamic force.

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 Dynamic Force and Power

• Power is determined from the dynamic force or forces which are being
exerted by the flowing liquid on the boundaries of flow passage and which
are due to the change in momentum.
• Momentum is the quantity of motion of moving body expressed
mathematically as product of mass and velocity.
• Dynamic force involves change in velocity and thus a change in momentum.
• Momentum may be linear or angular.
• Angular momentum is moment of linear momentum.
• If a fluid particle moves in specified direction (i.e. X-direction) and strikes a
boundary, change in momentum will be involved, giving rise to a force
• The force multiplied by the distance moved per unit time will give the power
developed.
• In case of fluid particles moving along a curved path change of angular
momentum is used to determine the torque.
• Torque multiplied by angular velocity of the runner gives the power.

• Torque may be positive (exerted on the fluid by the body which is being
revolved) or negative (exerted on the body by the fluid to revolve it)

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 Basic Components of a Turbo-Machinery
• A rotating element (rotor) : vane, impellor or blades.
• A stationary element (stator) : guides the fluid flow in
proper direction for efficient conversion of energy.
• An input shaft (pump) or an output shaft (turbines).
• Housing: keeps various rotating, stationary and other
passages safely under dynamic conditions of flowing fluid.
Shaft
housing rotor

stator
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 Classification of Turbo-Machinery
• Based upon Fluid-Machine interaction
Open turbo-machines: extent of fluid machine interaction is infinite
e.g.: propellers, windmills, unshrouded fans
Closed turbo-machines: extent of fluid machine interaction is finite
e.g.: pumps, turbines, compressors
• Based upon Nature of Fluid Flow
Axial turbo-machines: fluid passage is parallel to the axis of rotation
Radial turbo-machines: fluid passage is perpendicular to the axis of
rotation
Tangential turbo-machines: fluid passage is tangential to the rotation of
machine
Mixed flow turbo-machines: fluid flow changes its direction from radial to
axial

• Based upon Energy

Energy Absorbing turbo-machines: absorbs energy to increase the
fluid pressure
Energy Producing turbo-machines: produces energy using the fluid
flow
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 Classification of Turbo-Machinery

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 Application of Turbo-Machinery
• Widely used in various engineering applications such as
energy conversion, power plants, air-conditioning, pumping, refrigeration
and vehicle engines

e.g.: pumps, blowers, compressors, gas turbines, jet engines, wind turbines

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 Hydraulic Turbines
• Turbo-machine which uses the energy of flowing water present in the
form of pressure/kinetic energy and converts into mechanical energy
which is in the form of rotation of runner.

• The mechanical energy in

the runner is transferred headrace
to the generator with
shaft for generation of
electrical power.
penstock
• Integral component of a
hydropower plant
generator
turbine
Examples: Pelton Turbine,
Francis Turbine, Kaplan tailrace
Turbine, Propeller Turbine
etc.
General Layout of a hydropower plant
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 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
Hydraulic Turbines

Reaction Turbine Impulse Turbine

Axial Flow Francis Pelton Turgo Cross-Flow

Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine

Propeller Kaplan Tube Bulb Straflo

Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine

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 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
Hydraulic turbines are classified on the basis of:

• Operating principle
• Specific Speed[Ns]
• Impulse
• Low specific speed
• Reaction
• Medium specific speed
• Head [H]
• High specific speed
• High Head
• Disposition of turbine shaft
• Medium Head
• Vertical shaft turbine
• Low Head
• Horizontal Shaft
• Discharge [Q]
turbine
• Low Discharge
• Name of the originator
• Medium Discharge
• High Discharge
• Flow Direction
• Axial flow
• Radial Flow
• Tangential Flow
• Mixed Flow
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 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

• All available energy is converted • A portion of fluid energy is

into kinetic energy before striking converted into kinetic energy
the runner while the other remains as
• Operated at atmospheric pressure energy (reaction ratio)
pressure • Operated above atmospheric
pressure
• Pressure remains constant both • Pressure changes from inlet to
at inlet and exit exit
• Water is admitted partially to the • Water is admitted fully to the
runner (Partial runner) runner (Full runner)
• Turbine is above water level • The turbine is submerged in water
• Change of pressure across the • Change of pressure across the
blade does not take place blade take place
• Casing has no hydraulic function • Casing keeps the water at high
to perform pressure
• Work is done by the fluid due to
• Work is done by the fluid due to change in angular momentum
change in linear momentum
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• Pelton turbine, Crossflow turbine Francis Turbine, Kaplan turbine
 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
On the basis of Head Pelton
• High Head Turbine
• Medium Head
• Low Head

On the basis of Discharge High Head Francis Turbine

• Low Discharge
• Medium Discharge
• High Discharge

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Low Head Francis Turbine
 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
On the basis of Flow Direction

Axial Flow Mixed Flow (Francis)

Radial Flow (Cross flow) Tangential Flow (Pelton)

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 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

On the basis of Specific Speed

• Specific speed is the speed of the geometrically similar turbine which
would produce a unit power when working under a unit head.
• Geometrically similar turbines have identical shape, dimensions,
blade angle and openings.

expressed in terms of rpm, kW and m

• Specific speed provides a basis on which different types of turbines

can be compared irrespective of their sizes, which is proportional to
the speed of rotation and inversely proportional to the head.

• High Specific Speed: Propeller turbine, Kaplan turbine

• Medium Specific Speed: Francis turbine
• Low Specific Speed: Pelton turbine

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 Turbine Selection Chart
Type of Turbine Range of Head Specific speed
Pelton 200-2000 10-15
Francis 15-300 80-420
Propeller 5-30 310-1000

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 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
On the basis of Disposition of turbine shaft
• Vertical shaft turbine
• Horizontal Shaft turbine

• A vertical shaft turbine will require deeper foundations and a high

building
• Horizontal shaft turbine will need greater floor area

• The vertical shaft arrangement is better for large sized reaction turbine
• In case of large size impulse turbines, horizontal shaft arrangement is
mostly employed

• In horizontal shaft layout, the turbine and generator are at same

elevation connected by horizontal shaft
• In vertical layout, the generator is on the top of the turbine both
connected by a vertical shaft

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 Hydraulic Pumps

• A pump is a mechanical device which increases the pressure energy of

the liquid.
• In most of the cases, the pump is used for raising fluids from a lower level to
higher level.

• The raising of fluid flow from lower level to higher level is possible by
creating a low pressure at inlet/suction end and a high pressure at
outlet/delivery end of pump.
• Due to low inlet pressure, the fluid rises from a depth it is available.
• High outlet pressure forces fluid to a height it is required to be raised.

• Work has to be done on the pump to enable it to impart energy to

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fluid.
 Classification of Hydraulic Pumps
2 categories of hydraulic pumps
• Reciprocating Pump Delivery pipe

• Rotodynamic Pump Delivery

valve

Reciprocating Pump
Principle: operated on the Piston
Suction valve

principle of pushing of liquid by Suction pipe

a piston that executes a

reciprocating motion in closed
fitting cylinder.
Components: Piston or plunger, crank and connecting rod, suction pipe, suction
valve, delivery valve, delivery pipe
Operation of Reciprocating Pump (Positive Displacement Pump):
• Power source gives rotary motion to crank
• Rotary motion is transmitted to reciprocating motion with the help of
connecting rod
• Movement of Piston from TDC to BDC creates vacuum in the cylinder, opens
the suction valve and collects the water in cylinder
• Movement of piston from BDC to TDC creates high pressure in the cylinder,
opens the discharge valve and water leaves the cylinder
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 Classification of Hydraulic Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Principle: uses centrifugal
force created by an
impeller which spins at a
high speed inside pump
casing.

Components:
• Stationary: volute
casing, vortex casing,
suction pipe, delivery
pipe
• Rotating: Impeller

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 Centrifugal Pump
Types of Casing

Vortex Casing

Volute Casing

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Volute Casing with guide vanes
 Arrangement of Pump
Series
• When two pumps are operated
in series, the head supplied by
the pump is increased
• When two identical pumps with
same head and discharge is
connected in series, the net
head supplied is doubled
keeping the discharge constant

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 Arrangement of Pump

Parallel
• When two pumps are arranged in
parallel, discharge through the
pump is increased.
• When two identical pumps ( which
could create same head and
discharge) are arranged in parallel
the total discharge through the
pump is twice the discharge
through single pump, with
constant head

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 Momentum
Impulse Momentum Principle
Momentum principle states that the magnitude of force equals to the rate of
change of momentum. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of the body.
It represents the energy of motion stored in a moving body.
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑚
Mathematically, 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
For a constant fluid mass, 𝑑𝑚 = 0, therefore,
𝑑𝑣
𝐹=𝑚
𝑑𝑡
or, 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑑𝑣 (a)
The quantity Fdt (product of force and time increment during which it acts)
represents the impulse of applied force, while the quantity mdv represents the
change in momentum. Equation (a) is known as impulse momentum theorem and
it states that the impulse due to force acting on a fluid mass in a small interval of
time is equal to the rate of change in momentum of fluid mass.
If “v1” and “v2” is the initial and final velocity of the jet of water and “t” denotes
the time interval, then, equation (a) becomes
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
The above equation can be written in terms of force as below:
𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝐹 = 𝜌 × 𝑉 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝐹 = 𝜌 × 𝑄 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
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 Momentum
Dynamic force exerted by the fluid jet on stationary flat plate (Normal to jet)

Consider a circular fluid jet with Nozzle v

x x
area A,

Plate
jet
velocity V, that impinges on a flat plate
perpendicular to the flow direction.
After striking the plate, the fluid particle
changes the direction and flows parallel
to the plate.

The velocity of the fluid in x-direction before striking the plate = V m/s
Final velocity of the jet in x-direction after striking the plate = 0 m/s
From the definition of impulse momentum, the force exerted (Fn)
= 𝜌×A×V×(V-0) = 𝜌AV2

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 Momentum
Dynamic force exerted by the fluid jet on
stationary flat plate (Inclined at an angle to
jet) θ
v
Under the similar conditions mentioned θ
in dynamic force exerted by the fluid jet
on a stationary flat plate (normal to jet), Nozzle v
x x
the dynamic force exerted by the fluid
jet
mass is given by the relation

F = mass striking the plate per sec *

change of velocity normal to the plate

From figure, initial velocity of the fluid jet

normal to the plate = v*sinϴ F sin θ
Force due to normal component
F = 𝜌*Q*v*sinϴ

Component of this force along the

direction of jet = F * sinϴ = 𝜌*Q*v*sin2ϴ

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 Momentum
Dynamic force exerted by the fluid jet on
moving flat plate
u

Velocity of jet = v
Velocity of plate = u Nozzle v
x x
In this case jet retains its jet
velocity “v” and plate
retains its velocity “u”

Change in velocity = (v-u), which is the relative velocity

Quantity of water striking the jet per second is given by the relation
Q = A (v-u)

Therefore, force exerted by the jet = 𝜌*Q*(v-u) = 𝜌*A*(v-u)2

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 Momentum
Dynamic force exerted by the fluid jet on
rotating flat plate

Quantity of water striking the jet

per second is given by the
u
relation Q = A v
Therefore, force exerted by the
Nozzle v
jet = 𝜌*Q*(v-u) = 𝜌*A*v*(v-u) x x
jet

Efficiency of the system

η = work obtained/energy input
= (𝜌*Q*(v-u) ) / (0.5 * 𝜌QV2)

𝑑η
For maximum efficiency, =0
𝑑𝑢
Which gives, u = v/2

Therefore, η = 0.5

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 Momentum
A jet of water of 100 mm diameter impinges normally on a fixed plate with a
velocity of 30 m/s. Find the force exerted on the plate.

A nozzle of 5 cm diameter delivers the stream of water at 20 m/s perpendicular

to a plate that moves away from the jet at 5 m/s. Find the force on the plate,
the work done and efficiency of jet.

A 7.5 cm diameter jet having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal
of which is inclined at an angle of 450 to the axis of jet. Find the normal force
exerted on the plate.
• When plate is stationary.
• When the plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s in the direction of
jet away from the jet.
• Also, determine the power and efficiency of the system when the plate
is moving.

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 Momentum
A 7.5 cm diameter jet having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal
of which is inclined at an angle of 450 to the axis of jet. Find the normal force
exerted on the plate.
• When plate is stationary.
• When the plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s in the direction of
jet away from the jet.
• Also, determine the power and efficiency of the system when the plate
is moving.

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 References

• Dr. Jagadish Lal, Hydrauic Machines: Introduction to Fluidics

• Dr. D. S. Kumar, Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering
• R. K. Rajput, Hydraulic Machines

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