DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDING

MATERIALS

PREPARED BY

MOHAMMED ALI ZAHID

A30920132

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 Contents
1. Stone
1.1 Geological classification of stones………………………. 3
1.2 Uses of stone…………………………………………….. 3
2. Bricks
2.1 Types of bricks……………………………………………. 5
2.2 Properties of bricks……………………………………….. 5
3. Lime
3.1 Types of lime……………………………………………… 7
3.2 Uses of lime……………………………………………….. 7
4. Cement
4.1 Types of cement…………………………………………… 9
4.2 Uses of cement…………………………………………….. 9

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 STONE
Stones are formed from the rocks that make up the earth's crust and have no specific shape or
chemical composition, but are made up of two or more minerals. A mineral is a substance with a
specific chemical makeup and molecular structure that is formed by a natural inorganic process.

There are 3 geological classification of stones

1. Igneous rocks: Igneous rocks are formed during a volcanic eruption by the cooling of molten
lava on or under the earth's surface. The lava that reaches the surface cools quickly, becoming
Trap or Basalt, a non-crystalline rock. The remainder of the component that stays inside the
ground progressively cools, culminating in the formation of Granite, a crystalline rock.

2. Sedimentary rocks: The gradual deposition of dissolving rocks (due to atmospheric activity
such as rain, wind, and temperature), vegetative matter, and clay at the bottom of rivers, lakes,
and oceans produces sedimentary rocks. These rocks are also known as stratified rocks since
they are formed in layers. This rock type comprises limestone and sandstone.

3. Metamorphic rock: When sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to severe heat and
pressure within the earth, a new type of rock known as metamorphic rock is formed. This
structural change is known as metamorphism. Limestone, for example, turns into marble, slate
into gneiss, and so on.

Uses of stone

1. Foundation work: Stone is one of the most used foundation materials. It is more resistant to
deterioration and less porous than brick. Stone also minimizes the likelihood of a construction
settling. It also lessens sinking effects.

2. Walls: Stone is used to construct exterior walls, retaining walls, boundary walls, partition
walls, and other structures.

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3. Flooring: Stone is a popular flooring material. Natural stones such as granite, marble,
limestone, slate, and others have been used for flooring. They are ideal for both outdoor and
indoor flooring since they are long-lasting, robust, and attractive.

4. Lintel: Some stones are available in huge sizes; these stones are commonly utilized for lintel
structures.

5. Roofing: Some stones (such as slate and limestone) are also used for roofing. Before being
used as roof covering, they are usually chopped into rectangular pieces like tiles.

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 BRICK
S
A brick is a sort of block used to construct walls, pavements, and other masonry structures. The
term brick refers to a dried clay block.

Types of Bricks

1. Burnt clay Bricks: Burnt clay bricks are also known as common bricks since they are the
most frequent type of brick used in modern construction. These bricks serve a variety of
purposes, including columns, structures, and foundations.

2.Concrete Bricks: Concrete brick is a mixture of cement and aggregate, most commonly sand,
that is formed and cured in molds. Certain mineral pigments are utilized to make a clay-like
concrete brick.

3. Fire Bricks: A fire brick, also known as a firebrick or refractory, is a ceramic block used to
line furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is intended to withstand high
temperatures while yet having a low thermal conductivity, resulting in greater energy efficiency.

4. Sand Lime Bricks: Sand-lime brick is a product that substitutes lime for cement. It is often a
white brick produced in molds and cured of lime and chosen sands.

5. Engineering Bricks: An engineering brick is a clay brick that has been burned at a higher
temperature than conventional bricks. It is more resistant to water absorption and pressure, and it
is commonly used to hold lintels over windows and doors.

Properties of Bricks

1. Shape: An ideal brick has a regular form that is really rectangular. It has crisp edges that are
well defined. The bricks' surface is uniform and even. Special purpose bricks, on the other hand,
can be cut or made in a variety of different forms. These are usually variations on rectangle
forms.

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2. Size: The size of bricks used in construction differs from nation to country and even within the
same country.

3. Color: The most prevalent color of constructing bricks is RED. It can range from deep
crimson to light red to buff and purple. Very intense colors of red suggest over-burned bricks,
whereas yellow is frequently indicative of under-burning.

4. Density: The density of bricks, or weight per unit volume, is mostly determined by the type of
clay used and the manner of brick molding utilized.

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 LIME
The byproducts of heating limestone are referred to as "lime." Its meaning "sticking or adhering"
comes from its early use as construction mortar. The rocks and minerals from which these goods
are derived, which are frequently limestone or chalk, are mostly composed of calcium carbonate.

Types of lime

1. Quick lime: Quick lime is also known as caustic lime (Calcium Oxide). This is made possible
by burning pure limestone (Calcination process). It is the most affordable sort of lime available,
however it is exceedingly amorphous and caustic. Quick lime has a strong attraction to moisture.
Quick lime is an essential component in the manufacture of cement. This is also an important
step in the filtration of drinking water.

2. Slaked lime: The slaking process, which includes mixing quick lime with water, produces
slaked lime. Slaked lime is also known as lime hydrate. This is available as a white powder of
pure lime. In the presence of water, slaked lime absorbs carbonic acid when exposed to air.
Calcium hydroxide, calcium hydrate, and lime hydrate are also other names for it.

3. Fat lime: Fat lime is a kind of lime with a high content of calcium oxide. Other names for this
include white lime, wealthy lime, high calcium lime, and pure lime. When water is added to it, it
quickly slakes. This slaking increases its volume to double that of rapid lime.

4. Hydraulic lime: Hydraulic lime is sometimes known as water lime. It is composed of 30%
silica and 5% alumina, as well as iron oxide. When water is added to this lime, it sets.

Uses of lime

1. Lime is used to eliminate impurities from steel during the production process.

2. Lime is required in huge quantities for soil stabilization in the construction of highways,
airfields, and building foundations.

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3. Lime slurry is used as a mortar in brickwork and plastering.

4. Lime is used as an addition in asphalt to increase cohesive properties. Lime improves the
resilience of asphalt against peeling and aging.

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 CEMENT
Cement is a grey mineral powder that has been finely powdered. The three most important raw
materials used in the making of cement are limestone, clay, and marl. When cement is combined
with water, it serves as an adhesive, holding sand, gravel, and hard rock together to form
concrete. Cement hardens in both air and water, and once set, it remains cemented.

Types of cement

1. White cement: The sole difference between white and grey Portland cement is their color and
fineness. This cement's color is determined by its raw components and manufacturing procedure.
Because of its whiteness, white cement is employed in architectural beauty, interior and outdoor
decorations, flooring, and decorative concrete things such as idols, whereas grey cement is
mostly used in construction.

2. Colored cement: Coloured Cement is just regular Portland cement with 5-10% pigments
added to generate color. An architect's aesthetics in building are limited by the grey color.

3. Quick setting cement: When compared to traditional cement systems, Quick Setting Cement
(QSC) is a specific cement formulation that rapidly builds compressive strength and greatly
minimizes waiting on cement (WOC) time.

4. Ordinary portland cement: Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement in the
world, serving as a foundational element in concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.
Ordinary Portland cement (also known as ordinary cement) is a hydraulic binding agent created
by blending Portland cement clinker, 6% to 15% blended components, and a sufficient amount of
gypsum.

Uses of cement

1. It is used in plastering, masonry building, pointing, and other applications.

2. It is used to link drains and pipes.

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3. It is used to ensure the watertightness of a structure.

4. It is used in concrete to lay floors and roofs, as well as to construct lintels, beams, stairs, and
pillars.

5. It is used to make precast pipes, heaps, and fence posts, among other things.

6. It is used in the construction of major engineering structures such as bridges, culverts, dams,
tunnels, and lighthouses, among others.

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