Stem Dakahlia Geology club

Grade: 10

Semester: 1

- Learning skills:
outcome: 3 ‣A. Use different tools to measure chemical and physical
properties of rocks.
‣B. Use different tools to measure engineering properties of
earth materials, such as their behavior under stress, hardness and
the effect of acidity and alkalinity.
‣C. Modeling different engineering construction by using earth
materials.
‣D. Interpreting geological maps to identify occurrences of
earth materials that are suitable for construction in Egypt.

- References: -
- Eearthcomm
- . Org
- . edu

- Concepts:
- 1. Limestone and cement materials derived from limestone are
essential Egyptian building resources due both to their
abundance and to the lack of alternative building materials.
- 2. Different Earth materials and different manufactured
materials have different engineering properties, such as their
- Presented by: behavior under stress, making them suitable for different uses
- Mostafa Mahmoud in construction.
- shaymaa ragai - 3. Some construction materials are highly refined from the
original Earth material, while others are used in the original
state.

-
 (definition of building materials(
is any material which is used for a construction purpose.

Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs
and leaves have been used to construct buildings.

Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some
more and some less synthetic.

The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and

the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as
carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work.

They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.

Types of building materials:

• Naturally avaliable materials

• Soil, thatch, clay, wood
• Fine aggregates, limestone, rock

• Manufactured materials
• Plastic, stone, mortar , cement , concrete .
• Foam, ceramic, glass, bricks
 Types of Stone

• Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks.

• Stratified, Unstratified, Foliated.
• Siliceous, Argillaceous, Calcareous.

Limestone

Limestone is a rock composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is the rock type most
commonly used to make crushed stone. It's type of sedimentary rocks

It holds this position because it is widely available and suitable for a greater diversity of
uses than any other type of rock. Limestone can be used to make cement. It is the
primary ingredient of concrete. It is used as a base material for highways, rural roads,
buildings, and railroad construction. It is used to make agricultural lime and for acid
neutralization in the chemical industry. There are many products made from or using
limestone that consume a small volume of material. These include poultry grit, terrazzo,
 glass, air pollution sorbents, mine safety dust, animal food supplements, cosmetics,
dietary supplements, and blast furnace flux, among others.

uses of limestone:-

It is used in the manufacture of glass,refractory,sand lime bricks and paints.

 It is used as lime mortar for masonry work of buildings.

 It is used for plastering and white washing of buildings.
It is used as lime concrete to make water proof structures.

Crushed stone:-

 Crushed stone or
angular rock is a form
of construction
aggregate, typically
produced by mining a
suitable rock deposit
and breaking the
removed rock down to
the desired size using
crushers. It is distinct
from gravel which is
produced by natural
processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has a more rounded shape.
Crushed stone is one of the most accessible natural resources, and is a major
basic raw material used by construction, agriculture, and other industries.
Despite the low value of its basic products, the crushed stone industry is a major
contributor to and an indicator of the economic well-being of a nation. The
demand for crushed stone is determined mostly by the level of construction
activity, and, therefore, the demand for construction materials.

Types of rock used to make crushed stone: -

1. Limestone
 2. granite
3. trap rock
4. sandstone
5. quartzite
6. dolomite
7. marble
8. slate
9. Shell
10.calcareous

Granite and Trap Rock

Granite is the layman's name used for any light-colored igneous rock that is used in
construction. Granite, granodiorite, diorite, and rhyolite are a few of many light-colored
igneous rocks that are called "granite" in the construction industry. "Trap rock" is a
layman's name used for any dark-colored igneous rock that is used in construction.
Basalt, peridotite, diabase, and gabbro are examples of trap rock.

Granite and trap rock are the second and third most commonly used types of rocks for
producing crushed stone. They are superior to limestone when used in acid waters or
soils and when subjected to abrasion. They can substitute for limestone as a concrete
aggregate and when a durable aggregate is needed.

Dolomite and Dolomitic Limestone

Dolomite and limestone are very similar rocks. Dolomite is a calcium magnesium
carbonate (CA Mg(CO3)2), while limestone is a calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Limestone is
more effective for making cement and for neutralizing acids. Dolomite has a Mohs
hardness of 4 compared to limestone with a Mohs hardness of 3. This hardness
difference makes dolomite distinctly more durable when the rock is subjected to
abrasion.

Dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and limestone have similar appearances and often occur
together in the rock units mined at a single quarry; however, they are rarely mined as
separate products. A significant amount of the material reported as "limestone" in the
pie chart above is actually dolomitic limestone and dolomite.

Most quarries sell their production as "limestone," which is acceptable to customers in

the construction industry if the chemical composition of the rock is not important.
Customers interested in rock for chemical, acid neutralization, blast furnace flux or
agricultural purposes will probably demand rock that has the chemical composition of a
very pure limestone or a very pure dolomite.

Sandstone and quartzite

Sandstone and quartzite are composed primarily of quartz, a very durable mineral, but
each has its drawbacks in the construction industry that limits its use. Sandstone is
generally composed of sand grains cemented together by calcite, clay, or silicate
minerals that have precipitated between the sand grains. The cement usually does not
completely fill all of the voids between the sand grains, leaving a porosity that typically
ranges between 5 and 30%. This pore space allows the rock to absorb water. That water
will expand in volume by up to 9% every time it freezes. Over the course of many freeze-
thaw cycles, the forces of this expansion have the ability to dislodge grains and break
the rock. This is why sandstone is not

popular for long-term use in areas where freezing temperatures occur.

 Quartzite is a sandstone that has been metamorphosed. The process of

metamorphism heats and compresses the rock and often causes the sand grains
to become welded together. This produces an extremely durable rock that
usually does not have the freeze-thaw concerns of sandstone. Quartzite can
actually be so durable that it is difficult to mine, handle, and transport to
construction sites.
 Quartzite has a Mohs hardness of 7. That makes it harder than crusher jaws,
loader buckets, sizing screens, truck beds, and other equipment used to handle
 and process the stone. As a result, it can quickly put very expensive wear and
tear on essential equipment.

Cement

Requirement of cement:

• Cement should not prosses of alumina which may reduce strength

• It should be in fine power
• It should find cool when touch by hand
Type of cement:

• Sulphate resisting cement

• White cement

• low heat cement

• blast furnace cement
• colored cement
• quick setting cement
• ordinary Portland cement
 • pozzolana Portland cement
Uses of cement:

• it used in making joints for drains, pipes

• it used to construction of building, bridge, tank, dome
• it used to prepare cement concrete for various construction works

brick

Requirements of bricks:
• the colour of the brick should be red or copper and uniform
• it should be well burnt in kilns
• the edges should be sharp
Type of bricks:
 • conventional /traditional bricks; size 23cm *11.4cm*7.6cm
• standard /modular; size 19cm*9cm* 9cm
Uses of brick:

• bricks are used in wall masonry construction of building

• used in brick lintal construction
• bats of brick are used in concrete in foundation work

Metal

Requirements of metal:

• they should provide sufficient strength to bear the loads coming on them
• they should provide resistance to heat and fire
• they should have good adhesion with cement concrete
Type of metal:

• (ferrous metals):
• Pig iron
• Cast iron
• Wrought iron
• Steel
• (non ferrous metal ):
• Aluminum
• Copper
• Magnesium
• Nickel
Uses :
 • Used in construction to make it more solid
The bare metal is not weather resistant

Sand

Requirement of sand:

• It should be clean
• It should be well graded
• It should contain sharp, angular grains
• Maximum permissible clay content is 3to 4% in sand
Type of sand:

• Natural : is obtained from pits, river beds and sea beds

• Artificial : is formed by decomposition of sandstone due to various weathering
effects
Uses:

• Sand is useful in various construction activities .like masonry ,plaster, flooring

and concrete work
 Aggregates

Requirement of aggregates:

• Aggregates should be sufficiently strong

• Aggregates should have good soundness
• Aggregate should have good adhering with binding material
Types:

• Fine aggregate
• Coarse aggregates
Uses:

• Fine aggregate is used to prepare cement mortar, lime mortar, cement concrete
• Coarse aggregate is used to prepare cement concrete bituminous pavement,
rigid pavement
• They are used in construction of beams, columns
 Glass

Glass :is an inorganic, translucent material

Type of glass:

• Soda lime glass

• Potash lime glass
• Potash lead glass
Properties of glass:

• It can not deform

• It is hard
• It has resistance to scratches
• It is brittle
• It is no effect of air and water
Plastic

The plastic: is an organic substance and it consists of natural or synthetic binders

Properties of plastic:

• It is light in weight
• They are low electrical conductivity
• They are low thermal conductivity

• They can absorb shocks

• Specific gravity of plastic is 1.4
Uses:

1. To make waterproof doors, bags

2. To make furniture
3. To make optical lenses

Test your study

1- Magma that reaches the surface is called

a) intrusive igneous rock
b)lava
c) pumice
d)volcanic ash

2- Naturally occurring molten rock material ,generated within earth

a) magma
b) lava
c) coal
d)dolomite
3- Which mineral does not belong to granite ?
a)feldspare
b) quartz
c) gypsum
d)mica

4- Feldspare is used to make

a) cement
b) porcelain
c)steel
d)plaster and wallboard

5- The igneous rock with coarse- grained texture is

a)gabbro
b)granite
c)basalt
d) diorite

6- The igneous rock with glassy texture is

a) obsidian
b) gabbro
c) granite
d)pumice

7- The most common igneous rock on earth surface is

a) pegmatite
b) basalt
c)granite
d) gabbro

8- .............. is an extrusive rock

a) Andesite
b) Diorite
c) Sand stone
d) Marble

9- When igneous rock is dark in color , it has ....

a)no quartz
b) more than 5 percent
c) less than 5 percent
d) 50 percent
10- A rock usually layered , that result from the consolidation or lithification of
sediments
a) sedimentary rock
b) metamorphic rock
c) igneous rock

11- The most common type in upper crust

a) ) sedimentary rock
b) metamorphic rock
c) igneous rock

12- Basalt metamorphoses to be

a) amphibolite
b) quartzite
c)marble
d) schist

13- If granite has been changed into metamorphic rock it will be

a) gneiss
b) rhyolite
c) greenstone
d)slate

14- some volcanic rocks metamorphose to

a) schist
b) gneiss
c) marble
d)quartzite

15- some sedimentary rocks like limestone metamorphose into

a) basalt
b) granite
c) marble
d) andesite
16- Extreme deformation is common during
a) regional metamorphism
b) contact metamorphism
c) layering
d) melting

17- When an igneous rock intrudes another rock, the intense heat of intrusion
can result in metamorphism of surrounding rock . this is known as
a) regional metamorphism
b) contact metamorphism
c) transposition
d) layering

18- In many metamorphic rocks , all kind of features and structures are "
smeared out "by
a) Transposition
b) melting
c) contacting metamorphism
d) regional metamorphism

19- some sedimentary rocks like claystone ,mudstone ,and shale metamorphose
first to
a) slate
b) basalt
c) ryolite
d) granite
20- The protolith of marble as a metamorphic rock is
a) limestone
b) sandstone
c) clay
d) silt

21- When the particles are passed together , this process is called
a) compaction
b) cementation
c) foliation
d)deformation
22- When materials are deposited around the sediments particles ,this process
is called
a) cementation
b) compaction
c) foliation
d) metamorphism

23- Coal is usually formed in

a) swamp
b) shallow water
c) river
d) desert

24- The most deeply buried coal is called

a) peat
b) bituminous
c) lignite
d) anthracite

25- With time and greater compaction , peat is converted to

a) halite
b) bituminous
c) anthracite
d)lignite

26- With further compaction , bituminous coal

convert into
a) lignite
b) anthracite
c) basalt
d) peat

27- The chemical formula for gypsum

 a) CaCO3
B) CaSo4.2H2O
c) CaMg(CO3)2
d)CaSO4

28- The chemical formula for dolomite is

a) CaMg (Co3)2
b)CaCo3
c)CaSo4
d)CaSo4. 2H2O

29- When some of the material comes out of the solution as solids , this process
is called
a) precipitation
b) distillation
c) evaporation
d) condensation

answers:-

1. b
2. a
3. c
4. d
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. c
10. a
11. a
12. c
13. a
14. c
15. c
16. d
17. b
18. a
19. a
20. a
21. d
22. a
23. d
24. d
25. d
26. a
27. d
28. a
29. a