CLASS 8

CHAPTER – 1
CROP PROCUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

 INTRODUCTION
 India’s most important crops include
cotton, tea, rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Other important cash
crops include jute, groundnuts, coffee, oil seeds, and spices.
Another central feature of India’s agricultural economy is the
raising of livestock, particularly horned cattle, buffalo, and
goats. In 2005 the country had 185 million cattle, substantially
more than almost any other country. The cattle are used
mainly as draft animals and for leather. As farmers
increasingly use machinery, the number of livestock they raise
will probably decrease. Buffalo is the main animal used for
producing milk and dairy products. Milk production and
distribution increased dramatically in the 1990s because of a
nationwide, government-supported cooperative dairy program.
Sheep are raised for wool, and goats are the main meat
animal. Many Indians, particularly Hindus, refuse to eat beef
for religious reasons, although they eat other meat, eggs, and
fish.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

CROP
 When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated
at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
For Example- Crop of wheat means that all the
plants grown in a field are that of wheat.

A Crop:-

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

TYPES OF CROP
 Kharif Crops: The crops which are sown in the rainy
season are called kharif crop. The rainy season in
India is from June to September.
For Example- Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut,
cotton, etc.
o Rabi Crops: The crops grown in the winter season
are rabi crops. Their time Period is generally from
October to March.
For Example- Wheat, gram, pea ,mustard, and
linseed.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

BASIC PRACTICES OF PRODUCTION
 Cultivation: of crop involves several activities . This
activities are referred as agricultural practices.
This activities are-
1) Preparation of soil
2) Sowing
3) Adding Manure and Fertilisers
4) Irrigation
5) Protecting from weeds
6) Harvesting
7) Storage

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

1)PREPARATION OF SOIL
 The preparation of soil is the first step before
growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in
agricultural is to turn the soil and loosen it. This
allow the roots to penetrate deep into the soil. The
loose soil allows the roots to breath easily even
when they go deep into the soil.
The loosened soil helps in the growth of
earthworm and microbes present in the soil. These
organisms are friends of the farmer since they
further turn and loose the soil and add humus to it.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

TILLING
 The process of loosening and turning the soil is
called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a
plough.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR TILLING
o Plough: In old days people use wooden plough, but
in now a days people use iron plough.
Wooden Plough : Iron Plough:

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR TILLING
 Hoe: It’s a simple tool which is used for removing
weeds and for loosening the soil.
 Cultivator: Now a days ploughing is done by tractor-
driven cultivator. The use of cultivator saves labour
and time.
ACultivator:

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

2)SOWING
 Selection of seeds: Sowing is the most important
part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality
seeds are selected. Good quality seeds are clear
and healthy seeds of a good variety. Farmers prefer
to use seeds which give a high yield.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

TOOLS USED FOR SOWING SEEDS
 Traditional Tool: The tool used traditionally for
sowing seeds is shaped liked funnel. The seeds are
filled in the funnel, passed down through two or
three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce
into the soil and place seeds there.
Traditional method of sowing:

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

TOOLS USED FOR SOWING SEEDS
 Seed Drill: Now a days the seed drill is used for
sowing with the help of tractors. This tool sows the
seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. It
also insures that seeds get covered with the soil.
A Seeds Drill:

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

3) ADDING MANURE AND FERTILISERS
o The substances which are added to the soil in the
form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are
called manure and fertilisers.
Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. These
nutrients are essential for the growth of plants. In
certain areas, f in the same farmers grow crop field.
The field is never uncultivated or fallow. Because of
this continuous growing of crops makes the soil
poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers have
to add manure to the field to replenish the soil with
nutrients. This process is called manuring.
Improper or insufficient manuring results in weak
plants.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

MANURE AND FETILISERS
 Manure is an organic substance obtained from the
decomposition of plant or animal wastes. It can be
prepared in the Fields. It provides a lot of humus to
the soil. It is relatively less rich in plant nutrients.
 Fertiliser is an inorganic salt. They are prepared in
factories. It does not provide any humus to the soil.
Fertilisers are very rich in plant nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
 For Example: Urea, ammonium sulphate, super
phosphate, potash,NPK(Nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

A MAN ADDING FERTILISERS

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

4)IRRIGATION
 The supply of water to the crops at different
intervals is called irrigation.
▪ Sources of irrigation: The sources of irrigation are-
wells, tubewells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dam and
canals.
Types of Irrigation:
1) Traditional Method
2) Morden Method

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

TRADITIONAL METHOD OF IRRIGATION
I. Chain Pump
II. Moat (Pulley System)
III. Dhekli
IV. Rahat (Lever System)
Some Other Traditional Methods Of Irrigation:

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

MORDEN METHODS OF IRRIGATION
Sprinkler System Drip System

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

5)PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
 Weeds: In a field many other undesirable plants
may grow naturally along with a crop. These
undesirable plants are called weeds.
Weeds can be controlled by using certain
chemicals called weedicides.
For Example:2,4-D
The manual removal includes physical removal of
weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the
ground from time to time. This is done with the help
of sickle(khurpi) or a seed drill.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

A MAN SPRAYING WEEDICIDES

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

6)HARVESTING
 Harvesting of a crop is an important task. Cutting of
a crop after its maturation is called harvesting. It
can be done manually with the help of sickle or by
a machine called harvester or combine. In the
harvested crop, the grain are separated from the
chaff by the process of winnowing and threshing.
Sickle: Combine:

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

7)STORAGE
 Farmers have to store grains in jute bags or
metallic bin. However large scale storage of grains
is done in silos and granaries to protect them from
pests like rats and insects.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
 Animals reared at home or in farms have to
provided with proper food, shelter and care. When it
is done on a large scale it is called animal
husbandry.

Sanskar Coaching Classes, Sarkar nagar, Chandrapur, 9765866738