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Descriptive Statistics Part 3

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24 views3 pages

Descriptive Statistics Part 3

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Math 100N|Module 4.

Measure of Central Tendency

Measure of Central Tendency or also called the average is a single value that
attempts to describe a data set by identifying the central position at which the
observations tend to cluster.

A. The Arithmetic Mean


The arithmetic mean or simply the mean, denoted by Greek letter (population)
and (sample), is defined as the sum of all observations divided by the total number of
observations. It is best used when there are no extremes values on the data set.

In symbols,
Population 𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
∑𝑋 ∑ 𝑋 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝜇= 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑁
Sample 𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑥̅ = 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑛

Computation of the Arithmetic Mean:


1. Given the set of observations: 12, 13, 7, 11, 5. The mean is computed as:

∑ 𝑥 12 + 13 + 7 + 11 + 5 48
𝑥̅ = = = = 9.60
𝑛 5 5

2. The following are the weight (in kilograms) of 10 selected cancer patients.
46 43 37 52 48 60 34 40 55 41

∑ 𝑥 46 + 43 + ⋯ + 41 456
𝑥̅ = = = = 45.60
𝑛 10 10

3. A scientist made six measurements of the ionization energy of helium (in electron
volts), obtaining 24.55, 24.65 ,24.56, 24.56, 24.62, 24. 57. Calculate the mean of
these measurements.

∑ 𝑥 24.55 + 24.65 + ⋯ + 24.57 147.51


𝑥̅ = = = = 24.59
𝑛 6 6

4. Four separate blood tests revealed that a patient had total blood cholesterol
levels of 240, 235, 225, and 215. Find the mean of the blood cholesterol levels.

∑ 𝑥 240 + 235 + 225 + 215 915


𝑥̅ = = = = 228.75
𝑛 4 4

Weighted Mean
5. The following are the grades of Misa last trimester.
Subject Grade Unit
Math 100 90 3
English 100 91 3
Math Ed 109 86 4
PE 3 95 2

∑ 𝑤𝑥 90(3) + 91(3) + 86(4) + 95(2) 1077


𝑊𝑀 = = = = 89.75
𝑤 3+3+4+2 12

SMA
Math 100N|Module 4.3

B. The Median
The median, denoted by Md , is a single value which divides an array of
observations into two equal parts such that fifty percent of the observations fall below it
and fifty percent fall above it. It is a positional value and hence is not affected by the
presence of extreme values unlike the mean.
The formula is given below:

Computation of the Median:


1. Given the set of observations: 5, 10, 17, 15, 6, 8, 11. Compute for the median.

Step 1. Determine whether the number of observations is odd or even.


n = 7, therefore n is odd
Step 2. Arrange the observations in numerical order from smallest to largest or
largest to smallest.
5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17

5 6 8 10 11 15 17
Step 3. Compute for the median.

2. The following are the preliminary grades of 8 nursing students.


85 97 81 77 86 84 94 93

Step 1. Determine whether the number of observations is odd or even.


n = 8, therefore n is even
Step 2. Arrange the observations into an array (ascending order or
descending order).
77, 81, 84, 85, 86, 93, 94, 97

77 81 84 85 86 93 94 97
Step 3. Compute for the median.

3. Find the median of the list: 6, 7, 18, 13, 14.


Solution: Arrange the list in numerical order(ascending or descending order) ,
then locate the middle value if n is odd.
6 7 13 14 18

𝑀𝑑 = 13

4. Find the median of the list: 6, 7, 18, 13, 14, 9.


Solution: Arrange the list in numerical order(ascending or descending order) ,
then solve for the mean of the two middle values if n is even.
6 7 9 13 14 18

9+13
𝑀𝑑 = = 11
2

SMA
Math 100N|Module 4.3

C. The Mode
The mode, denoted by Mo, is the value which occurs most frequently or has
the highest frequency in the given data set. It is used when a rough or quick estimate of
the central value is wanted.

Types:

1. Unimodal
2. Bimodal
3. Trimodal
4. Multimodal

Computation of the mode:

1. Given the data set: 5, 8, 9, 7, 6.


Solution: Each observation in the data set occurs only once. Because no
observation occurs more often than the others, there is no mode.
Mo= no mode

2. The following are the ages of 6 nurses in a small private hospital.


45 25 25 45 31 31
Solution: Each observation in the data set occurs twice. Because no
observation occurs more often than the others, there is no mode.
Mo= no mode

3. Blood type of the 10 patients who tested positive for COVID-19.


O O A+ B- AB+ O B- A+ B+ AB-

M o= O

4. Height (in centimeters) of 7 malnourished students.


143 132 150 143 148 148

Mo= 143 and 148

SMA

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