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Calculus Notes for pure math major third year
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 views60 pagesOde 064735
Calculus Notes for pure math major third year
Uploaded by
uncommonmillionaireCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 60
M2320 / M322
HIGHER ORDER. LEAR DIFFERENTIN. EQUATIONS
th CoAISTANT COEEFICIENTS. mes
Ww
t SECOND DRDER EQUATIONS.
The. Genered form af the linecor second
ax :
hm WW we obtm
(That &, when fia) 7°
the equatin given by @.)
a. Sotutiad
mveWes Wo
Determng she. elution of cap)
we salve equahon (2), and
sha ges. Tnrtialy ,
ind the solutun df OY.
Wen move on lo
Let us atsume that y a2 12 a Aral)
Solution df Ga. ™ t a teal number, which
we,
Smee =
wil be determmed eventually.
a solution 3], che fimetin should sais fy
“he €quachon . That B, Sm
Qa ee
2 me 4 mre wa
ame +tbhme 4c¢€ =O, ww
Since,
d mort Mie at pm me
ae we & = (e Jame
dnt ( ) “4 aAx> ( Jeme,
(@ eimpli fies to :
Cam +bm +e) eet gd (ay
Since 2 4o far any valve afm, he
qpadratic ex pression wviltin che brackets m
equation «) wil be equal to zero. Hence,
am + bm+c =o , “
Equahin ©) ts know as “he Chamedterishe
Equation’ or the Auxi tary Equahont Epis %
Quadra equation in tm’, wliete when solved
Produces 4 solutwne, say M, and “2,
r ic
whrele mi glet be veal and istiict o egal
tepeated yoots or complex ~ conyrgale voots,
The deo solktrons , say 4, aw 4, ,
qonsated by ™, and ™, ove Mere by
wen asi
3 Mae me
Yee =e) and ye =
The follocom 3 WReorem will show thak @ Inear
combination of Yy, and ¥, i again a solubton
4 ). oe
Theorem? SUPER-Pos ition PRINCIPLE
Let y and 4, be tro solutions of Mme
homogeneous near equation @). fs and.
ec, are constants then the teneor combination
ieee 34a 5)
18 alo ce solution of equation Q.
Poof.
Te show that ts ‘the solukion of <4, (2)
we shall verify ip the funchon satis flee the
YO) =I, yl-0.
ft
ed \
The on imitial-valn problem . Let us first
determine the generat ssolution if. the gven
ce. Then, we shall use the ve inibiek
conclvtins do oletermme The valves of be
we ances trang comstamte c, and c,.
The auxibery
nil the gwen ODE ts abtamed os
equation assocvaled
Bwi+5m42 +9,
We chalk fachorise the left-hand-2 ice.
Setar +amhs =a Cmti) 4+ 2(mt1)
= nt (Smt2) wo
the Solutions Be rhe Qux, qn. are, Kevefoe ,
‘Thus,
me =z
gaeiars -,4 9m
,
18 the. qenerak solution af the given ODE.
Lect us cliferntrole y :
m= ol and ™ --%:
yl ~ofey $c,24™
Yeas Speen, ely (gwen)
y@ ~-4- Sate cgren)
The -Wwo (+ imultanes us) equahons m cy and
c, cam be solved to obfams ¢,=—2 ant
Thus, the solucion of lhe
a %
euros Ivp 1s
y=-2= +34
R.RtCASE 2. (6) has equal roel,
(6) are equal,
Suppose the wots sf eqn:
Then,
and let us clenolé his value as ™,:
Me My
y =e and Yae & Gre. no longer
ince pendent. This means that we need to
Aekemine anolker Cluinee
Sir ego. (2). Tt ton he verified / proved that
. x
if yoo! or salution (here ™, eo
vepeated voor | 290. (sy, dhen y= xe!
lynearly
7 by Ynclepencen t) solution
™\%
i Hence, eateey gf he Ove fos
yee tener
Example 2:
Soive “Ihe WP + ey! + “3 "y=, yoj=4 ,
y' (a) = 0.
SoluEwn «
The awe, eqn, is + hm km +1 20 .
i car
a. |i
a, ~ 4 and “ree,
since i fe vin that yo) = 4 and ylo)= 0. |
Substituhng c= 4 wh the seeond ) has
ai a :
Dos igat t (-S)
Ls “Te
sinbx,
f OT a cos be + B sin ba)
whe NaS, anh Bare Ce) -c)).
Example A
find she qereral solwtion af y+ ty =0. aioe (298 =p ad=0 & bag
The qenrat solution 1S ,
One & [Aasdn + Bsim 22] a aoe |
es Soe
qu 3g Yylo) and y{co)
ce be seen that
and As2B= 4 —p Bl:
LvP is
we ee celta a ae
ye 2 cep ine " seqaivelmt fr ae
peopase., ne hall apply “he folloamg Suler’s
formula + t
eae ts = COS XH estnx.
ne above stated formula,
che) x (dx,
a De ee crathh eer
Usin,
Similarly ,
aie *(-bx
ge a - cre bu —Csinbe,
ernce. Gs (—%) = ose, and sin@x)y=— Sie, HSHER ORDER Linese DIFF eeTIAL EauAres tnt
METHeD oF Unb:
MINEO COEFFICUENTS
We have lanrnt how-to solve he
seconcl areley homogeneous equodions given
ay + by! +eyso.!
fy represents he generat
be Vepasente te ge
Solution 4f This -equadon, the solution gq lke
covves pon ate non
ir heraogen ects equation 5
ay: + byl toy =few) w
is qven by,
Y= 4+ Yo,
where Yp is called fue Portieular Tategal
qPr) Gg w. €
Ys Kuen as “re Complementary
Function (2.R) 4 ©-)
The meliod
of undefermmed: coe fresents
& empleyed eto ctetermine Yop whew -fix) a)
@) is one Jf we folowig types af finctors ;
a) A polynenuat 19 Xe 5 A
by Aw exponential fincton , & 7
e) Gos Ke or Sin koe,
or lnear combinations af. products af he
fam etions (sted herve. @)
The process
em 4 c,te,tt =o w
y! zl Be etage™ R.
'
yc) =3 =p -e,-2¢
Equations (wy and ©) are solved simultanenriy
ae Cs <= -4 and o,-+
zs" I I ¢
4p baxtl ,
ye eX (Acosx + Beinn) Lxtl.
wre
yoo-3 =e Aces 0 + Beno) +l -3
— Ati-3 — > 4-2.
et (HAsinn + Bcosx) +e (Acasxt Bonn)
Tae ;
+ Beas o) el heaso+ 800)
, ty =e
ap beAnhno — Be 2k
y! =
y'co) =o = e°(-Asino
Hence, yr eX (xen - E50 x) +e ee
Ceae an BD aN Ee Dee
Tn the ¢ (Aces ax+ B sin 3x)
= Asc ces 3x + Basin 3x.
4p. = (An) (- 3 sin 2x) + Aces 3
+ CB) (cer 3x) + Bsindr
= (At 38x) css 24 + (B-3Ax)sm Bx
Yp = (A+3Bx) (-3sin an) + 3B cas 3x
+ (B=-3Ax) (3c0s3%) + (-3A) Sin 3
= GB-ANX+43B) cos 3x
+ (—3A—ABx - 3A) Stn 3x
= (GB-9Ax) ws 2m TF (-6A- 18x) Si 3x.
Substituting 4p and 4p om lke tet hand side
de qven non teamo geneors equation :
(6B -AAx) Cos 3x + (-6A -Aba) S19 2H
+ WAX eS 3x + bx sin 2% = Rees 3x. + 35n Be | consider Cases where -fex) involves
products 4] polynomials, exponenhals
ne/ Cosme -fonctons
Exomple 6.
is
Find a perhicular solutin yp sf the equator
ge ayl+sy = esi.
Solution
Tn the Given Aft. can. -fery =< sinx.. Lt
ta product: of ee ond sinx. Hence, we
Consyder Yp tu be |
t ue ade sina + Be cos. ay
Exam ple +.
Fmt the parhientar solution 4p of the equation
y+ ay = me oe
Solution «
Eu this aa
fix) = ace 45, This Me
Sum of aoe | which is the product ta polynomial,
Functor and an expo cenhial -fanchon , and © polynomials
since 5 Gan also be considered as one. Tus,
4p = polynomial x exp- dr + polyneniat .
lor do Be 1 Ax Bxte
be meluded ) ; Ike exponential
ee. and fr -to
we add a constant
ag wen Ye
The polynemiank simi
Call the terms should
corretpontin a in
be eae ” Yer
“Thus, the complete form 4 Ip
Y, (Axe Bate) +
au ae eS) Ce")
3m
+ (2AntVe
4p = (Avot Bate) Ae +) + canmerd) Gel)
+ (2Ax +8) (32 + (2ay]e
= (4A 6 + 1B +I 4G6Ax + 3B
3:
4 CAXt3SB +24) © = as)
Up) = (Aad + (40 r6A4 6A) + 90+ 2e+se+2aJe~
= (Ae + (aB+I2A) + (24468 +92) om
Thus
,
3.
{ana Captian) + c2a+en4 ale
3 Be
+ (FA + Bx + IC) & Tee 2 awe te
E, Ling, coe ficren’S 5
BAN=z 3 AB+I2A =O | 2 ahem te?
and AD = 5
qh=2 =) A- 3
SOEUR, (REE:
qeeeNae gar 2 = -pAl = So
erepeicwe) =o Ca — 2 (24468) =
4 at
a5 => Dy
Be
B rte + 2.
Jan ee
Tans, Yp = (4 3g * 55 a
Exercise / Practice - Questions ,
i Fine as parkentas solution yp of the qiven
equations;
dy y” =yi-ay = 3xt4 r mH
the Duphreation,
Suppose some f the dens th feo ond its
erivahves satisfy He associated omoqencon?
shom equator « Tn sucli coset, WE love the to
mack fy the. femetone whatt we wold alberence
hove chaser AS yp. Consider the. -fellommsp) Lift.
equation %
y" ste ay! —3y - +e”
Mesocrnled tom, - sete) an
Col (=< y)
= fsmee) e* cbt
> f emt) ae,
by sules Mabe wee
V,¢x) = —cS te)
YO = =
fx) io) te
(44-4, 4]
Fs ( ae Ei
i = ere
vOd) =
_ = { tamed e
_ -{ uy since) ae, @
Exar Ges
Solve. Sy = Sec, 2 ¢
d y ern + +2 ocrne Ze,
Solution -
fur, an. : m4+1 20
sip. 2 te BC
fou = sect — Variation poramalet
do be usec.
# fix Se Memod q uncdetemmed
coe ficient do be sed
Wf 4p, tedhe PI. comma ont fom 3
a Up, i We PI. Cemmnig ont from
be PI. 4 “he qyen equation vill (@
This welled & aduepled ty ereter ty keep
he integrations simple .
Stan A.
fix) = sec’x; Y, = Cem 5 Ye Sinn, G-¥ig=).
YOO = = {fey ok — [sect sin ce
alas 44)
= ~ {acon ( S%) te 7 = (secre tonnche
= —Seox.
fod ye 2 fs
Veta) = (a+ = {eee pe renal
= {econ te = dn | seen + tons
2 Ln (seen +4amn ) , JF Seer po
wy acne %
Dee carina {tn (scat tena) } Sinn
= aint (coer +tanx) —1,
Up, = Aur+ Be +c.
1
4p
y= 2A.
ond Up,
2Axn +B
; "
Subehtuhng YR
2A + Aad +Bx+e = Dy
Eqpating: coe ferent
Hence, Ye, a Lea
Ts, he complete solution 4 lhe aque equahon
Al, Bao, co.
tes
‘ 2
Core + C,SIMM +27 4 sina tn (coont
y =
Jona) —I.
Prachice — Probleme.
Hepes te Bi feat lee! qs Uneor Hirenbal
auctions.
4" ay! re
\pe~
ber ee: ene
aa Oe) Se
” an
gistyaty 22778
Ay +4 atonru-Ze:
ace, ( Tey Bol melliade!)
: rey” ay +y =
Note: 1) We = Ye- de & oot lide Wronskie
af y, and yn Woo <0 if ¥, and yy oe
Vineaatiy clepencten€ famedons
@ No constant 4 mmtegration
aud ve are cletemineel, 2S Qoy
Purp ORDER LINEAR DIF FEREATAL EQUATIONS.
The melhdds used to cvlve second oreter
near -equations wal Constant coe ficent ee
be ertencded to ligher ercter equations also.
Example 4.
Sot P34 ,
ve y + 3y -—Sy+y - 0.
Solution -
The Sa homo geneens equation ,
—le fret cletermme “the qurilia
the same way A We ad
order epuaction ‘
We have
equation, 0
fer a secencl
Aux. eqn? m+ 3m —-Sm-+1 =o,
The is a polynonri at equation 4 (te at
cle quer:
Lee Fem) = m1 + 3m-See
Poy = bta-Stl ao,
Hence, mel te a soln, of lhe Poly. eqn.
Vong: syn lhehe: clivistn +
3
x = aoe
Yor etae +Ge.
mel, Me 2
To fine yo:
‘Tre non-hamogen'|7 18 fix) = eux,
cy iiesen kab e° 1S) Bue olution of
tre associaléd Lomogeneots -equahoh j
Meo, since fix) ts the sum of an ex
-fianchon and a Unear poly nem Clay
a
“exal Yp should also be a am'lar sum,
We have to tus corde conmeer two
Sttwahions :
Ww fx) is a Sum of an