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Introduction To Radiation Protection Lect 2

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14 views16 pages

Introduction To Radiation Protection Lect 2

gerfsghj

Uploaded by

Mae A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Radiation

Protection
Agnette dP Peralta, MSc, CMP-DRP, FIOMP
University of Santo Tomas Graduate School
OUTLINE
I. Purpose of Radiation Protection
II. Concerned Philippine Regulatory Agencies and United Nations
Organizations
III. Concerned Non-Governmental Scientific Organizations
IV. Concerned Professional Societies
V. Policy Relationships for Radiation Protection
VI. Some Definitions
VII. Basic Principles of Radiation Protection
VIII. Basic Techniques in Radiation Protection
IX. The Inverse Square Law
X. Shielding for X-rays
I. Purpose of Radiation Protection
A. General:
To protect people and the environment from harmful effects of
exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
B. Specific:
1. To prevent the occurrence of deterministic effects
2. To minimize the probability of occurrence of stochastic effects
II. Concerned Philippine Regulatory Agencies and
United Nations Organizations
A. Philippine Regulatory Agencies
1. Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health, and Research of the Food
and Drug Administration, Department of Health (formerly named the
Radiation Health Office, Radiological Health Service, Radiation Health
Service, and Bureau of Health Devices and Technology of the DOH)
2. Philippine Nuclear Research Institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (formerly named the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of
the Office of the President)
B. United Nations Organizations
1. World Health Organization
2. International Atomic Energy Agency
3. International Labor Organization
4. Food and Agriculture Organization
5. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
III. Concerned Non- Governmental
Scientific/Technical Organizations
A. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) -
ionizing radiation protection
B. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNIRP)
C. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
(ICRU)
D. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
E. International Electrotechnical Commission
IV. Concerned Professional Societies
A. Philippine Association for Radiation Protection
B. International Radiation Protection Association
C. Health Physics Society – USA
D. Society for Radiological Protection – UK
E. Australasian Radiation Protection Society – Australia, New Zealand
F. Canadian Radiation Protection Association
G. Etc.
V. Development of Policies for Radiation
Protection
1st Step : Basic Scientific Studies
2nd Step: Scientific Evaluations (UNSCEAR, US Natl Research Council
Committee on Biological Effects on Ionizing Radiation, etc)
3rd Step: ICRP Recommendations (with inputs from professionals {IRPA,
individual national societies)
4th Step: International Basic Safety Standards (IAEA)
5th Step: National Regulations (with inputs from professionals and
industry (WHO, ILO, FAO, ISO, IEC, stakeholders)
VI. Some Definitions
• Primary radiation – the useful beam; the x-ray beam coming out of
the thinnest part (window) of the glass x-ray tube, passes through
the added filter, and goes through opening (aperture) of the light
beam diaphragm collimator or fixed cone/cylinder.
• Leakage radiation – radiation leaving the x-ray tube assembly in
directions other than that of the useful beam, also a type of
secondary radiation
• Scatter radiation – secondary radiation emitted by anything hit by the
primary beam.
VI. Some Definitions
• Protective apron – an apron made of radiation absorbing materials used to
reduce radiation exposure; e.g. Lead apron, Lead rubber apron
• Protective glove – a glove or hand shield made of radiation absorbing
materials used to reduce radiation exposure to the hand; eg Lead hand
protector, Lead rubber gloves
• Thyroid shield – lead shield
• Eye shield - lead glass goggles

• Lead equivalence – the thickness of lead giving the same attenuation under
the same conditions e.g. 2 mm lead equivalent at 80 kVp
VI. Some Definitions
• Controlled area – an area where access, occupancy, and working
conditions are controlled for radiation protection purposes:
❖X-ray rooms, X-ray control booths/rooms, Image processing
rooms/areas.
❖Others
VII. Basic Principles of Radiation Protection
(to be discussed in depth in another lecture)
A. Justification
B. Optimization
C. Dose Limitation
VIII. Basic Techniques in Radiation Protection

A. Minimize exposure TIME.


B. Maximize DISTANCE from the source of exposure.
C. Use appropriate SHIELDING.
IX. The Inverse Square Law
• The intensity at a specific distance is inversely proportional to the
square of this distance from the source.
• Intensity = constant X 1/distance2

•2 1
I / I = (d 1
/ d 2
)squared
• Where I2 = intensity at distance d2
I1 = intensity at distance d1
NOTE: Intensity could stand for the quantities Exposure, KERMA, Absorbed Dose in Air
Sample Calculation
• The dose in air is 0.01 mGy at 180 cm.
• What is the dose in air at 90 cm?
I2 / I1 = (d1)2 / (d2)2

I2 = I1 (d1)2 / (d2)2

I2 = 0.01 x 2
180 /902 = 0.04 mGy
X. Shielding for X-rays
A. Shielding material:
Lead sheets, lead equivalent materials (lead rubber, lead glass, lead
acrylic), high density concrete, tungsten, steel

B. Type of shielding:
Shielding for the primary barrier (primary beam)
Shielding for secondary barrier (scatter radiation)
Shielding for leakage radiation
SALAMAT PO!
DAGHANG SALAMAT!

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