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Transformer Phy Ulti Pro

Phy

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elangopiraimathi
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22 views18 pages

Transformer Phy Ulti Pro

Phy

Uploaded by

elangopiraimathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Aim :-

To investigate the relation between


the ratio of
 Input voltage.
 Output voltage
 Number of turnings in primary
coil.
 Number of turnings in secondary
coil
in a self made transformer.

Page | 1
Introduction to
transformers :-

Transformer is a device used for


converting a low alternating voltage to
a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
Page | 2
Principle -
A Transformer based on the Principle
of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device


which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers
are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may
be so small that it weight only a few
tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight

Page | 3
hundred of tones. In a transformer,
the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the


voltages is called a step- up
transformer.

A transformer which decreases the


A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential


piece of apparatus both for high and
low current circuits.

Page | 4
Set up of transformer-

VP – is the Primary Voltage


VS – is the Secondary Voltage
NP – is the Number of Primary
Windings
NS – is the Number of Secondary

Page | 5
A transformer consist of two sets of
insulated coils . they are wound in a
soft iron core ,
One coil is called primary coil as it
has NP number of turns.[ input coil
]
Another coil is called secondary coil
it has NS number of turns . [ output
coil ]
when an alternating voltage is
applied to the primary coil the
resulting current produces an
alternating magnetic flux which
links secondary coil and induces
an emf in it . the value of this emf
depends on the number of turns in
the secondary coil .
So assuming we have a
transformer with a single turn in
the primary, and only one turn in
the secondary. If one volt is applied
Page | 6
to the one turn of the primary coil,
assuming no losses, enough
current must flow and enough
magnetic flux generated to induce
one volt in the single turn of the
secondary. That is, each winding
supports the same number

Construction :-

Thick iron rod and cover it with a


thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet
of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes
the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

Page | 7
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and
measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively Similarly,
measure the output voltage and
current through s1and s2Now
connect s1and s2to A.C main and
again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer. Repeat all
steps for other self made
transformers by changing number
of turns in primary and secondary
coil.

Action of transformer :

Page | 8
As the magnetic lines of force setup
by this electromagnet expand outward
from the coil the soft iron core forms a
path for and concentrates the
magnetic flux.

This magnetic flux links the turns of


both windings as it increases and
decreases in opposite directions under
the influence of the AC supply.
However, the strength of the magnetic
field induced into the soft iron core

Page | 9
depends upon the amount of current
and the number of turns in the
winding. When current is reduced, the
magnetic field strength reduces.

When the magnetic lines of flux flow


around the core, they pass through
the turns of the secondary winding,
causing a voltage to be induced into
the secondary coil.

Same voltage is induced in each coil


turn of both windings because the
same magnetic flux links the turns of
both the windings together.

As a result, the total induced


voltage in each winding is directly
proportional to the number of turns
in that winding
Page | 10
Expression for
transformer :-

Where:

Page | 11
 NP/NS = VP/VS – represents the
voltage ratio
 NP/NS = IS/IP – represents the
current ratio

Energy loss of
transformers :-
Copper loss -
copper losses, also known as I2R loss
is the electrical power which is lost in
heat as a result of circulating the
currents around the transformers
copper windings, hence the name.
Copper losses represents the greatest
loss in the operation of a transformer.
The actual watts of power lost can be
determined (in each winding) by
squaring the amperes and multiplying
Page | 12
by the resistance in ohms of the
winding (I2R).

Iron loss -
Iron losses, also known as hysteresis
is the lagging of the magnetic
molecules within the core, in response
to the alternating magnetic flux. This
lagging (or out-of-phase) condition is
due to the fact that it requires power
to reverse magnetic molecules; they
do not reverse until the flux has
attained sufficient force to reverse
them.

Hysteresis loss -

Friction produces heat in the core


which is a form of power loss.
Hysteresis within the transformer can

Page | 13
be reduced by making the core from
special steel alloys.

Flux leakage –

Uses of transformers :-

Page | 14
1. In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used
for obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for
the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.

Page | 15
7. Small transformers are used in
Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells

Conclusion :-
1. Output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the
transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between
input and output coil of a transformer.

Page | 16
Precaution :-

keep yourself safe from high voltage.


While taking the readings of current
and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
1. Values of current can be changed
due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the
readings.

Bibliography :-
Page | 17
1. textbook class 12
2. NCERT physics lab Manuel
3. www.scribd.com
4. www.google.com
5.www.eclectronic.tutorial
s

Page | 18

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