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Introduction To Atomic Structure

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17 views10 pages

Introduction To Atomic Structure

atomic structure

Uploaded by

8q8dmq92ts
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Atomic

Structure

• Definition of an atom: The smallest unit of an


element that retains the properties of that
element.
• Historical development of atomic theory:
From ancient Greek philosophers like
Democritus, who proposed the idea of
indivisible atoms, to modern scientists.
• Importance of understanding atomic
structure: Fundamental to chemistry,
explaining the behavior of elements and
compounds, and essential for advancements
in technology and medicine.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• Proposed by John Dalton in 1803.


• Key Postulates:
• All matter is composed of indivisible atoms.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
properties.
• Compounds are formed by a combination of two or
more different kinds of atoms.
• A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
• Limitations: Did not explain the internal structure of
the atom or the existence of subatomic particles.
Thomson’s Plum Pudding
Model

• Proposed by J.J. Thomson in 1904.


• Key Features:
• Atoms are composed of electrons (negatively
charged particles) embedded within a positively
charged “soup.”
• The atom is electrically neutral overall.
• Discovery: Thomson discovered the electron
through his experiments with cathode rays.
• Limitations: Could not explain the results of later
experiments, such as Rutherford’s gold foil
experiment.
Rutherford’s Nuclear
Model

• Proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.


• Key Features:
• Atoms consist of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus
surrounded by electrons.
• Most of the atom’s mass is concentrated in the nucleus.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus, similar to planets orbiting the sun.
• Discovery: Rutherford’s gold foil experiment demonstrated that
a small fraction of alpha particles were deflected at large
angles, indicating the presence of a dense nucleus.
• Limitations: Did not explain the stability of electron orbits or
the discrete energy levels observed in atomic spectra.
Bohr-Rutherford Model

• Combination of Bohr’s and Rutherford’s ideas: Electrons orbit


the nucleus in defined paths or energy levels.
• Structure of the atom: Central nucleus containing protons and
neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbits.
• Energy levels and electron configurations: Electrons occupy
specific energy levels; transitions between levels involve
absorption or emission of energy.
• Bohr’s Postulates:
• Electrons move in fixed orbits around the nucleus.
• Each orbit corresponds to a specific energy level.
• Electrons can jump between energy levels by absorbing or
emitting photons.
Subatomic Particles

• Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.


• Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
• Relative masses: Protons and neutrons have similar masses
(approximately 1 atomic mass unit), much heavier than
electrons (approximately 1/1836 of a proton’s mass).
• Charge and Location:
• Protons: +1 charge, in the nucleus.
• Neutrons: 0 charge, in the nucleus.
• Electrons: -1 charge, in electron orbits around the nucleus.
Atomic Number and Mass Number

• Atomic number: Number of protons


in the nucleus, defines the element.
• Mass number: Total number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• Examples:
• Hydrogen: Atomic number 1, mass
number 1 (1 proton, 0 neutrons).
• Carbon: Atomic number 6, mass
number 12 (6 protons, 6 neutrons).
• Oxygen: Atomic number 8, mass
number 16 (8 protons, 8 neutrons).
Isotopes

• Definition of isotopes: Atoms of the same


element with different numbers of
neutrons.
• Examples:
• Carbon-12: 6 protons, 6 neutrons.
• Carbon-14: 6 protons, 8 neutrons.
• Importance:
• Used in radiocarbon dating to determine
the age of archaeological finds.
• Medical applications, such as in
diagnostic imaging (e.g., PET scans).
• Nuclear energy and research.
Bohr-Rutherford
Diagrams

• How to draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams:


Representing the nucleus and electron
orbits.
• Steps to Draw:
• Write the element symbol.
• Draw the nucleus with the number of
protons and neutrons.
• Add electron orbits around the nucleus.
• Place electrons in the orbits according to
the element’s electron configuration.
Summary

• Recap of atomic structure: Overview of the


atom’s components and models.
• Key concepts: Importance of atomic models
in explaining chemical behavior and reactions.
• Significance: Understanding atomic structure
is crucial for studying chemistry, physics, and
various applications in technology and
medicine.

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