Chemistry 1

Course Units: 2(2-1-0-4)

Lecture: 30 hours
Seminar: 15 hours
 Course Materials

1. Textbook
- Raymong Chang, Chemistry, Mc Graw Hill
- Zumdahl, Chemistry, 9th edition
2. Lecture Notes
 Objectives and expected outcomes
1. The goals of this part of the course are to provide students
with the knowledges:
- Atom structure
- Periodic variation in physical properties of elements
- Molecular structure, and chemical bonds
2. Expected outcomes
- Understand about atomic theories and able to write
electron configurations of elements
- Understand about nature of chemical bonding in
molecules and their geometries
 Content
✓ Chapter I- Quantum theory and Atomic structure
✓ Chapter II- Electron Configuration and Chemical
Periodicity
✓ Chapter III - Chemical Bond and Molecular Structure
✓ Chapter IV - Geometry of molecules
 Student Duties

✓ Lecture attendance: Compulsory

✓ Seminar attendance: Compulsory
✓ Homework will be assigned for almost all the lectures.
You should be able to show your homework during
class when requested.
 Assessment

1. Mid-term grade: 30% of the total grade

- Mid-term test: 20%
- Home work and attendance: 10%
2. Final exam (writing): 70% of the total grade
 Chapter 1
Quantum theory and Atomic
structure
1. Discovery of the electrons and nucleus
2. The classical description of the atom
1.1. History of atomic structure
➢ Early Ideas about Atoms

• In the fifth century, Democritus (the Greek

philosopher atomism) expressed the belief that:
- All matter consists of very tiny and indivisible
particles, named atoms (uncuttable)
- The Democritus concept was not accepted by
contemporaries
➢ In 1808, John Dalton (English scientist, school
teacher) proposed his atomic theory. This marked the
beginning of modern era of chemistry

✓All matter consists of tiny indivisible particles called

atoms that cannot be destroyed.
✓All atoms of a given element are identical (in terms of
size, mass, and chemical properties) and the atoms of
one element are different from atoms of any other
elements.
✓Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements combine with each other.
Figure 1.1. John Dalton

He had no idea about what

an atom is really like

He had no attempt to
describe the structure or
composition of atoms
It was found that an atom as the
basic unit of an element that can
enter into chemical combination

Source: Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society

➢ A series of investigations that began in 1850s to
the 20th century demonstrated that atoms actually
possess internal structure (discovery of electron
and atomic nucleus)
✓ Atoms actually possess internal structure.
✓ Atoms consist of three basic particles
(subatomic particles): electrons, protons and
neutrons.
✓ Atomic nucleus consists of protons and
neutrons (except for H atom, only a single
proton).
✓ Atoms are electrically neutral and contain an
equal number of protons in the nucleus and
electrons surrounding the nucleus.
Tab. 1.1. Properties of three key subatomic particles

Particle Mass (g) Charge, C

The question
Electron 9.1x10-28 -1.6x10-19 was, how are
the charges
Proton 1.672x10-24 +1.6x10-19 distributed ?
Neutron 1.674x10-24 0
 1.2. Theories of Atomic Structure
English physicist discovers the electron in 1897 (Nobel Prize in
1906)
Thomson’s model (Thomson’s Plum pudding)

Positive charge
spread over the
entire sphere
Electrons are
embedded in a cloud
of positive charge
 Rutherford model (The nuclear atomic theory)
The pioneering experiments of Rutherford’s group
(apparatus to measure the scattering of α particles)

- Most of  particles pass through the foil with little or no deflection

- A few were deflected at wide angles
- Occasionally an  particle was turned back, never hitting the screen
Rutherford model (The nuclear atomic theory)
Magnified view of  particle passing through and being
deflected by nuclei
Rutherford model (The nuclear atomic theory)
➢ From these results, Rutherford rejected the
“plum pudding model”
He explained that:
+ Most  particles passed through the gold foil
(undeflected), meaning that the atoms are
mostly open space
+ The large deflections of few  particles could
be caused by a center of concentrated positive
charge that contains most of the atom’s mass.
Rutherford model (The nuclear atomic theory)
He developed a new theory of atomic structure:
✓ Atoms consist of very small, very dense
positively charged nuclei with electrons
moving around the nucleus
✓ All nuclei contain protons and neutrons,
since the neutron is an uncharged particle,
therefore nucleus is positively charged and
most of the mass of an atom is concentrated
in the nucleus.
➢Atomic number, Mass number, Atomic symbol

The atomic number (Z) of an element X equals the

number of protons in the nucleus of each atom. All
atoms of an element have the same atomic number.
The number of protons is a basic property of an
element, called atomic number and assigned to Z
The mass number (A) is the total number of neutrons
and protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
Except for hydrogen (one proton, no neutron).
For instance: Carbon atom with 6 protons and 6
neutrons in its nucleus has a mass number of 12, and
a uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons in
its nucleus has a mass number of 238.

All atoms of an element are identical in atomic

number, but not in mass number, which are Isotopes
(they have different mass numbers and numbers of
neutrons)
Exam: There are Carbon’s three naturally occuring
Isotopes: 12C, 13C, 14C and 5 synthetic Isotopes: 9C,
10C, 11C, 15C, 16C
 The Atomic Theory of Bohr’s (Danish Physicist
Niels Bohr)

1913, Niels Bohr using Planck’s quantum theory

formulated a new atomic theory with
postulations:
➢ In an atom, each electron moves around
nucleus only in circular orbits. The electron
energy in the permitted orbits receives only certain
values, or the electron energy is quantized.
➢ Each orbit corresponds to a definite energy level.
- The orbit is nearest to the nucleus,
corresponding to the lowest energy level;
- For orbit farther from the nucleus corresponds
to higher energy level.
- Bohr obtained the equation for the energy of
hydrogen electron:

RH- Rydberg constant

(1.1)
(2.18x10-18 J)
✓ The number n is an integer called the principle
quantum number; 1,2,3,...
✓ The energy of the electron only depends on n,
✓ Energy receives only the discrete values; n=1,
electron in the ground state or ground level
➢ When an electron is promoted from a lower
energy to a higher one it absorbs a definite
amount of energy. When it falls back to the lower
energy level, it emits the same amount of energy.
The energy absorbed or emitted depends on the
frequency of the radiation:

E = E2-E1 = hν = h.C/λ (1.1)’

Where: C - velocity of light

h - constant of Planck (6.626x10-34 J.s)
1 and 2 denote the initial and final state
 The application of Bohr’s theory
Bohr ’ s theory allows to explain the line
spectrum of the hydrogen
- When an hydrogen electron in an excited state
with n = 2, 3, 4,… falls back to a lower energy
level, it gives off energy as a photon of light
- This transition process is called emission
- Each transition of the electron from a higher
energy level to a lower gives one line
corresponding a specific wavelength of light in
the emission spectrum of hydrogen
- The difference in energies between two level
can be calculate by (1.1)’
 Tab 1.2. The various series in atomic hydrogen
emission spectrum

Series nf ni Spectrum
region
Lyman 1 2,3,4, … Utraviolet

Balmer 2 3, 4, 5,… Visible and

ultraviolet
Paschen 3 4, 5, 6,… Infrared
 The results and limitations of the atomic
theory of Bohr’s
1. The Bohr theory satisfactorily explained the
spectra of hydrogen and other species having one
electron (He+, Li2+)
2. Could not explain the spectra of more complex
species
3. The theory of Bohr’s could not mention in wave
nature of the electron, so the Bohr assumption of
circular orbits of the electron in the atom was failed
➢ The classical mechanics could not solve a problem
with small particles. To deal with this problem, it is
necessary to use a new physics, quantum mechanics