Contents

Model Papers ............................................................................................................. a

10. Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves ........................................................................ 01
10.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) ............................................................................... 02
10.2 Damped Oscillations ................................................................................................. 14
10.3 Wave Motion ............................................................................................................ 16
10.4 Types of Mechanical Waves...................................................................................... 18
10.5 Ripple Tank................................................................................................................ 23
Text Book Exercise ............................................................................................................ 30
Self-Test ............................................................................................................................ 38
11. Sound ...................................................................................................................... 39
11.1 Sound ........................................................................................................................ 40
11.2 Characteristics of Sound ........................................................................................... 46
11.3 Reflection (Echo) of Sound........................................................................................ 55
11.4 Speed of Sound ......................................................................................................... 58
11.5 Noise Pollution .......................................................................................................... 61
11.6 Importance of Acoustics ........................................................................................... 63
11.7 Audible Frequency Range ......................................................................................... 66
11.8 Ultrasound ................................................................................................................ 67
Text Book Exercise ............................................................................................................ 70
Self-Test ............................................................................................................................ 80
12. Geometrical Optics ................................................................................................... 81
12.1 Reflection of Light ..................................................................................................... 82
12.2 Spherical Mirrors....................................................................................................... 87
12.3 Image Location by Spherical Mirror Formula ........................................................... 92
12.4 Refraction of Light..................................................................................................... 97
12.5 Total Internal Reflection ......................................................................................... 102
12.6 Applications of Total Internal Reflection ................................................................ 105
12.7 Refraction through Prism ........................................................................................ 109
12.8 Lenses...................................................................................................................... 110
12.9 Image Formation by Lenses .................................................................................... 115
12.10 Image Location by Lens Equation ......................................................................... 118
12.11 Applications of Lenses .......................................................................................... 122
12.12 Simple Microscope................................................................................................ 125
 12.13 Compound Microscope ......................................................................................... 127
12.14 Telescope .............................................................................................................. 129
12.15 The Human Eye ..................................................................................................... 131
12.16 Defects of Vision ................................................................................................... 134
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 139
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 150
13. Electrostatics ...........................................................................................................151
13.1 Production of Electric Charges ................................................................................ 152
13.2 Electrostatic Induction ............................................................................................ 155
13.3 Electroscope ............................................................................................................ 159
13.4 Coulomb’s Law ........................................................................................................ 162
13.5 Electric Field and Electric Field Intensity ................................................................ 166
13.6 Electrostatic Potential ............................................................................................. 170
13.7 Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination of Capacitor ........................................ 173
13.8 Different Types of Capacitors ................................................................................. 183
13.9 Applications of Electrostatics .................................................................................. 186
13.10 Some Hazards of Static Electricity ........................................................................ 186
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 191
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 202
14. Current Electricity ...................................................................................................203
14.1 Electric Current ....................................................................................................... 204
14.2 Potential Difference ................................................................................................ 211
14.3 Electromotive Force (e.m.f) .................................................................................... 211
14.4 Ohm’s Law............................................................................................................... 218
14.5 Characteristics of Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors ........................................... 222
14.6 Factors Affecting Resistance ................................................................................... 224
14.7 Conductors .............................................................................................................. 227
14.8 Insulators................................................................................................................. 227
14.9 Combination of Resistor ......................................................................................... 229
14.10 Electrical Energy and Joule’s Law ......................................................................... 237
14.11 Electric Power ....................................................................................................... 240
14.12 Direct Current and Alternating Current ................................................................ 245
14.13 Hazards of Electricity ............................................................................................ 249
14.14 Safe Use of Electricity in Homes ........................................................................... 251
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 258
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 272
15. Electromagnetism ...................................................................................................273
15.1 Magnetic Effects of a Steady Current ..................................................................... 274
15.2 Force on a Current – Carrying Conductor Placed in Magnetic Field ...................... 274
15.3 Turning Effect on Current Carrying Coil in Magnetic Field ..................................... 281
15.4 D.C Motor................................................................................................................ 281
15.5 Electromagnetic Induction ...................................................................................... 285
15.6 Direction of Induced e.m.f – Lenz’s Law ................................................................. 285
15.7 A.C Generator ......................................................................................................... 285
15.8 Mutual Induction .................................................................................................... 295
15.9 Transformer ............................................................................................................ 295
15.10 High Voltage Transmission.................................................................................... 295
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 303
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 310
16. Basic Electronics ......................................................................................................311
16.1 Thermionic Emission ............................................................................................... 312
16.2 Investigating the Properties of Electrons ............................................................... 312
16.3 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O) .......................................................................... 312
16.4 Analogue and Digital Electronics ............................................................................ 319
16.5 Basic Operations of Electronic-Logic Gates ............................................................ 319
16.6 AND Operation ........................................................................................................ 325
16.7 OR Operation .......................................................................................................... 325
16.8 NOT Operation ........................................................................................................ 329
16.9 NAND Gate .............................................................................................................. 329
16.10 NOR Gate .............................................................................................................. 333
16.11 USES OF LOGIC GATES........................................................................................... 333
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 337
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 342
17. Information and Communication Technology ..........................................................343
17.1 Information and Communication Technology ........................................................ 344
17.2 CBIS ......................................................................................................................... 344
17.3 Flow of Information ................................................................................................ 348
17.4 Transmission of Electrical Si .................................................................................... 348
17.5 Transmission of Radiowaves through Space .......................................................... 351
17.6 Transmission of Light Signals through Optical Fibres ............................................. 351
 17.7 Information Storage Devices .................................................................................. 359
17.8 Applications of Computer ....................................................................................... 365
17.9 Internet ................................................................................................................... 367
17.10 Risks of ICT to Society and the Environment ........................................................ 367
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 373
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 376
18. Atomic and Nuclear Physics .....................................................................................377
18.1 Atom and Atomic Nucleus ...................................................................................... 378
18.2 Natural Radioactivity............................................................................................... 378
18.3 Background Radiations ........................................................................................... 378
18.4 Nuclear Transmutations.......................................................................................... 385
18.5 Half Life and its Measurement................................................................................ 390
18.6 Radioisotopes and their Uses ................................................................................. 394
18.7 Fission Reaction ...................................................................................................... 398
18.8 Nuclear Fusion ........................................................................................................ 398
18.9 Hazards of Radiations and Safety Measures .......................................................... 402
Text Book Exercise .......................................................................................................... 404
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 414