LESSON 1 3.

Extended Communication
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS
 Involves the use of electronic media.
Language  Unlike before when it only called for the use of
television and radio, nowadays, the description of
 system of rules (also known as grammar), a sound extended communication may be expanded as to
system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). include television, audio or phone conferencing,
 Animals can communicate like humans do but they video conferencing; Skype, Zoom calls; and other
cannot produce language in the strictest sense of the technological means.
word.
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Terminologies
1. Aristotle’s Communication Model
1. Speech Community – people sharing the same set of  Classical rhetoric dates back to ancient Greece
rules in the language system. during the time of Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek
2. Language Acquisition – the process of acquiring Sophists who were great rhetoricians. Effective
languages used by those in the community. public speaking was an important consideration in
3. Mother Tongue – the language acquired while the study of communication. They were good at
growing up and can also be referred to as first argumentation and debate, and speech was
language. characterized by repartee.
4. Language learning – languages learned by studying
formally in school or informally on their own. Three Variables In The Communication Process

Communication

 defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas,

concepts, and views between among two or
more people, various contexts come into play.
Speaker is the most important variable
Context
2. Laswell’s Communication Model
 circumstance or environment in which
communication takes place.
 may include the physical or actual setting, the
value positions of a speaker/listener, and the
relevance or appropriateness of a message
conveyed.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION 3. Shannon – Weaver Communication Model

 Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren
1. Communication Mode Weaver’s model of communication was
 Verbal introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell’s
 Non-vebal for Bell Laboratories.
2. Communciation According To Context  conceptualized for the functioning of the
 Intrapersonal radio and television serving as a model for
technical communication and, later on,
 Interpersonal adopted in the field of communication.

Two Objectives Of Interpersonal

Communication
1. Transactional
2. Maintaining Social Relationship
 4. David Berlo’s Communication Model
 It was conceptualized in 1960 and is probably the
most well-known among the communication models. (Report 1)
 Initially, it was called SMCR (Sender, Message, COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Channel and Receiver). However, it was modified
Communication
later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN.
- a symbolic nature and is an act of sharing one’s ideas,
emotion, attitudes, or perceptions with another
person or group of persons though words( written or
spoken), gestures, signals, signs, or other modes of
transmitting images.

Globalization

 process of interaction and integration among the

people, companies and governments of different
nation.
General Principles of Effective Communication  A process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology.
1. Know your purpose in communicating.  This process has effects on the environment, on
2. Know your audience. culture, on political systems, on economic
3. Know your topic. development and prosperity, and on human
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the physical well-being in societies around the world.
situation.
5. Work on the feedback given you. Global communication

Principles Of Effective Oral Communication - also contributed to the enlightens and development
of the globalization process in a number of states
1. Be clear with your purpose.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Local communication
3. Be concise.
- being able to communicate with the members of
4. Be natural with your delivery.
your local area.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.
- It can either be in your local language (mother
Principles Of Effective Written Communication tongue), or a common language that you speak with
your own town
1. Be clear.
2. Be concise.
3. Be concrete. LOCAL & GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL
4. Be correct. SETTINGS
5. Be coherent.
1. Multicultural
6. Be complete.
- refers to a society that contains several cultural
7. Be courteous.
ethnic groups. People alongside one another, but
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION each cultural group does not necessarily have
engaging interactions with each other
 Establish an effective value system that will pave the 2. Intercultural
way for the development of your integrity as a - describes communities in which there is a deep
person. understanding and respect for all cultures
 Provide complete and accurate information. 3. Cross-Cultural
 Disclose vital information adequately and - deals with the comparison of different cultures. In
appropriately. cross-cultural communication, differences are
 understood and acknowledge, and can bring about -The view that with the spread of businesses
individual change, but not collective information delivering internet, satellite tv and mobile services,
the costs of such information technologies dropped.
FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL  Business Conduct

1. Interracial- communicating with different races -Long distance travels are no longer
2. Inter-ethnic- communicating with different ethnics necessary for business people as they
origin require a meeting with a business partner
3. International- communicating with representative overseas.
from different nations
4. Intra-cultural- Communicating or interacting with  Social Awareness
members of same racial &ethnic group
 High Context Culture -Information technology and networks
enable them to share opinions, views, work
 Low-Context Culture
on projects and research different areas.

 The Problem
VARIOUS CULTURAL AND INTERCULTURAL MODE OF
COMMUNICATION -Despite its quick spread and continuous
development, global communication has
1. Eye contact
not reached the majority of people on all
2. Hand gestures
continents.
3. Greetings-bow, handshake
-It is at least 70% of all people in Africa will
never make a single phone call or use
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON COMMUNICATION internet.

 Virtual Interaction Lesson 2 (Reporter )

Communicating via online setting to other VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN
people that does not necessarily required in LANGUAGE
face-toface interactions.
VARIETY - refers to any variant of a language which can be
 Cultural Awareness in Speech
sufficiently delimited from one another.
Two people are speaking the same language,
cultural differences can affect vocabulary, Social

colloquial expressions, voice tone and  Historical
taboo topics.  Spatial Or a Combination of These
 Cultural Awareness in Body Language
To understand acceptable speaking VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE
distances, conflict styles, eye contact and
posture in different cultures, accepting that 1. Pidgin
the physical expressions of their own - Is a new language which develops in situations
culture are not universally accepted. where speakers of different languages need to
 Time Differences communicate but do not share a common language.
The need to communicate and share - A lexifier is a particular language where the
information with people across several time vocabulary of a pidgin comes from.
zones.
2. Creole
- Is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL children and the mother tongue of community.
COMMUNICATION
3. Regional Dialect
 Availability of Information
- Is not a distinct language but a variety of a language
spoken in a particular area of a country
  reserved for special occasions, usually
between only two people and often in
4. Minority Dialect private.
- Is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually
alongside a standard variety, by the members of a LANGUAGE REGISTERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
particular minority ethnic group.
1. Formal Language Register
5. Indigenized Varieties  more appropriate for professional writing and letters
- Are spoken mainly as second languages in ex- to a boss or a stranger. Is impersonal, meaning, it is
colonies with multilingual populations not written for a specific person and without
emotion.
LANGUAGE REGISTERS
2. Informal Language Register
Register
 Is conversational and appropriate when writing to
Nordquist (2018)
friends and people you know very well.
- defined as the way a speaker uses language
3. Neutral Language Register
differently in different circumstances.
- determined by factors as social occasion, context,  Is not necessarily formal or informal Is used to
purpose, and audience. deliver fact
- determine the vocabulary, structure, and some
grammar in one’s writing and even in one’s oral
discourse (Report 3)

COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSE

5 DISTINCT REGISTERS Workplace communication

1. Frozen  process of exchanging information and ideas, both

 It refers to historic language or verbally and non-verbally between one person or
communication that is intended to remain group and another person or group within an
unchanged, like a constitution or a prayer. organization. It includes e-mails, videoconferencing,
2. Formal text messages, notes, calls,
 used in professional, academic, or legal
settings where communication is expected o Email- messages distributed by electronic means
to be respectful, uninterrupted, and from one computer user to one or more recipients
restrained. via network
 Slang is never used and contractions are o Calls - an instance of speaking to someone on the
rare phone or attempting to contact someone by phone.
3. Consultative o Notes- a short informal letter or written message.
 used in conversation when they are o Video conferencing -is a technology that allows
speaking with someone who has specialized locations to users in hold different face-toface
knowledge or who is offering advice. meetings without having to move to a single location
 Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy together.
titles), but may be more casual if the o Text messages - an electronic communication sent
relationship is longstanding or friendly. and received by mobile phone.
4. Casual
 used when they are with friends, close
Things To Consider In Communicating In The Workplace
acquaintances and coworkers, and family.
5. Intimate 1. Audience
  Am I writing to create a record, to  used for professional correspondence between
request/provide information, or to business clients, employees, stakeholders as
persuade? well as individuals
 What am I trying to say?
2. Purpose Mosura, et al., 199
 Who will read what I have written?
 What are their job titles and/or areas of  Writing business correspondence like letters and
responsibility? memos is a skill or potential that must be developed
 What do they already know about the and possess by a person regardless by his work,
specific situation? profession, or specialization
 Why do they need this information
Parts of business letter
3. Tone
 it will set how your target audience will 1. Heading - includes the return address and the date
accept what you are trying to say on the last line.
2. Inside Address/Recipient's Address- contains the
name to which the letter is written and addressed
Workplace communication will fail the ethics test if it is
3. Salutation- greeting part that is written in a polite
corrupted by any of the following tactics (Searles, 2014)
and courteous manner followed by a comma (,) or a
 Suppression of information colon (:)
 Falsification or fabrication 4. Body Of The Letter- contains the main purpose of
 Overstatement of understatement the letter, the very reason for writing. It is very
 Selective misquoting important that the body of the letter be written in a
 Subjective wording straightforward, simple, and coherent manner
 Conflict of interest Three Parts
•Introduction
 Withholding information
•Middle Section
 Plagiarism
•Conclusion
Broad Categories Of Workplace Communication
5. Complimentary Closing- the polite yet businesslike
1. Upward communication - from your position to an ending of the letter. This ends with a comma (,)
audience above you in the job hierarchy. 6. Signature Block- the name of the sender is written
2. Lateral communication - between you and an on the first line, then his/her position on the next
audience within your level of hierarchy. line. It is expected that the sender will put his/her
3. Downward communication - from your position to signature above his/her name.
an audience below you in the job hierarchy.
4. Outward communication- between you and a
company that you do business with or an audience FORMATS OF A BUSINESS LETTER
outside your workplace
 BLOCK
Business writing - Positions all the parts of the letter to the left, single
space and justified
 type of professional communication.  MODIFIED BLOCK
 Also known as business communication and - All parts of the letter are tabbed on the left. sigle
space and justified except the heading and the
professional writing.
closing which are tabbed on the center
Business letter
 SEMI-BLOCK
 professional, formal letter that is sent by one - paragraph are indented instead of placing them all
company to another. on the left. Heading is on the center, and the date
can be placed in the right side, three spaces after the
heading.
 - recipient's address is on the left, and the closing on
the right

2. Include a salutation
Importance Of Good Communication At The Workplace
The greeting you choose depends on how much
1. Innovation information you have about the company.
1. Growth
3. Write the first paragraph of your letter.
2. Effective Communication
4. Write the body paragraphs of your letter.
3. Team Building
5. Write the final paragraph of your letter.
4. Giving a Voice to All
6. Wrapping up the Cover Letter.
How can you improve the communication at the workplace? 7. End your cover letter with a respectful closing
statement. “Best” or “Sincerely” are both classic
1. Include everyone options. Then, type your full name and affix your
2. Listen and show empathy signature.
3. Define Objectives and Expectations
4. Send your message clearly
RESUME
5. Choose your medium carefully
- formal document used and created by a person to
COMMUNICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT
present his/her background, skills, and
Cover Letter accomplishments.
- It is use for applying job
 One-page document typically sent along with your
resume when applying for a job. It serves as a CV (CURRICULUM VITAE)
personal introduction to the hiring manager and
- a longer document that details the whole course of
provides a vital purpose
your career. It is used for employment purposes in
 also where you can show your passion for the
the UK (and in other European countries) is more
position and the company, and highlight your most
akin to the resume—a shorter summary version of
relevant qualifications.
one's education and experience—than to the longer
HOW TO WRITE A COVER LETTER and more detailed CV that is expected in US
academic circles.
1. Research the company and job opening.
Thoroughly research the company you're applying to TYPES OF RESUME
and the specifications of the open position. The
Reverse Chronological
more you know about the job, the better you can
customize your application letter. Look for details - Resume current positions on a resume typically list
like: the starting date to the present. It is used by
professionals who are making advancements in the
 Recent awards the company has received same vertical
 Major accomplishments or distinguishers
that set this business apart from competitors Functional Resume
 Specialized certifications, skills or knowledge
- lists work experience and skills sorted by skill area or
that are necessary or helpful for the job
job function. It is also preferred for applications to
 The size of the company the company
jobs that require very specific skills or clearly defined
culture
personality traits
 Charitable projects the company involved
with Combination Resume
 The name and title for the hiring
- As the term suggests, this combines the features of
the first two kinds of resume. As such, this highlights
 job history as well as capabilities. Although there is INTERVIEW ETIQUETTE
no hard and fast rule regarding resume layout or
content, the content should include the following:  Is essentially a set of guidelines that dictate how you
a) Personal Information should behave and present yourself during a job
b) Educational Qualifications interview.
c) Employment Records  It goes beyond just saying the right things; it involves
d) Summary of Skills and Abilities a combination of professionalism, courtesy, and good
e) Membership/Offer ship in Professional manners.
Organizations
THINGS YOU NEED TO DO BEFORE THE INTERVIEW
f) Character References
1. Understand the role
Online Resume
2. Prepare your documents
- Jobs ads may different applicants to email a resume 3. Plan your Journey
to a company or visit its website and submit a resume 4. Prepare your Outfit
in an electronic format. 5. Practice Common Questions
6. Prepare Questions
Infographic, Video, and Website Resume
THINGS YOU NEED TO DO DURING THE INTERVIEW
- As the Internet becomes more driven by multimedia,
job-seekers have sought to take advantage of the 1. Depth of Information
trend by moving their résumés away from the 2. Self-Confidence
traditional paper and email media to website résumés 3. Interpersonal Skills
or e-résumés 4. Honesty
5. Posture/Gesture
6. Wit
7. Personal Appearance
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CV AND RESUME
Memorandum
Resume CV
Content experiences, & races all  “inside” correspondence
skills targeted to experiences and
 Written to someone in the company
employer accomplishments
 Written statement for a person or communicate an
Topics Education, Education,
Professional certifications, order to give them information
Experiences experiences,  Derived from the Latin word “memo rare” means “to
awards remember”
Length Concise 1 page Ranges from 3-5  Plural: memorandum, memorand
summary pages up to 20-30
Goal Tells a broad high- Tells your full
level story professional Advantages
stories
 Quick/ convenience
 Inexpensive
ELEMENTS OF RESUME WRITING
 A written record
 Name, Address, Email, Mobile number
Purpose
 Career Objective
 Work Experience  To inquire
 Educational Background  Inform
 Courses/Training Awards of Recognition  Report
 Personal Detail  Remind
 Promote Godwill
 MINUTES OF MEETING

Characteristic of Effective Memo Meeting

Good memos share certain characteristics which  gathering of people, typically to discuss specific
incude: topics, make decisions, or collaborate on tasks.
 Clarity  occur in various settings, such as in the workplace, at
 Conciseness community events, or among friends or family
 Unity of Theme members.
 Informal Tone  formal, like a business meeting with a structured
agenda, or informal, like a casual gathering to catch
PARTS OF MEMO up

1. Heading (Four Elements) Notice

To:
From:  Formal written or verbal communication that
Date: provides information or gives a warning about
Subject: something.
2. Opening  used in various contexts to inform people of
- state purpose of memo, give the facts important events, changes, or requirements
3. Body
Meeting Notice
a) Single spaced
b) message of the memo  a notification sent to individuals or groups to inform
c) describe, explain and discuss central idea of them of an upcoming meeting, including details such
the memo as date, time, location, and agenda.
4. Closing- make a courteous closing statement.
Meeting agenda

Optional Part of Memo  document that outlines the topics or issues that will
be discussed during a meeting.
- Reference  serves as a guide to ensure the meeting stays on
- Attachments track and covers all necessary points
- Distribution list
Minutes of a meeting
MEMO
 official written record of the discussions, decisions,
- less formal than letter and actions that occur during a meeting
- Conveys one idea and is likely to be short
AGENDA
Organization of the Memo
 prepared before the meeting.
 Statement of purpose  outlines the topics or issues to be discussed,
 Message ensuring the meeting stays focused and organized
 Statement of future action
MINUTES
Make sure the memo is
 prepared after the meeting
 Clear  provide an official record of what was discussed,
 Concise decided, and agreed upon during the meeting
 Correct
 Concrete
 complete
STANDARD STYLE OF MINUTES

VERBATIM MINUTES
 Record of every single word said at a meeting.
 Will not always follow agenda.
 They are often long and can be difficult.

SUMMARY MINUTES
 Short and free from complexities. Most commonly
used in office.
 Normally written in full sentences rather than bullet
points.

ACTION MINUTES
 Rather of a meeting in the form of a list of steps
required, who should take them and when.
 Purpose of these minutes is to provide only a
record of decisions that require action.