6/3/2024

Purposive
Communication
RETENTION NOTES

Lucy Faith F. Juarbal

BEED 1-A
 MOD 1: LESSON 1
Communication Process, Principles and Ethics

➢ Definition of Communication
o Communication: The process of meaning-making through a channel or
medium, derived from the Latin “communicares” meaning to share or
make ideas common. Effective communication involves the interaction
between all components or elements involved.
o Purposive Communication: Intentional communication within specific
contexts.

➢ Components of the Communication Process

1. Source/Speaker/Sender/Encoder
o Initiates communication, crafts the message, and opens the
conversation.
o Examples: Teacher, author, news anchor, public speaker.
2. Message
o The reason behind any interaction; could be an idea, thought, feeling,
event, topic, or greeting.
o Combines verbal symbols, body language, and paralinguistic systems
(use of voice).
3. Channel
o The medium through which the message is conveyed.
o Examples: Voice, cellphone, computer, TV network, letter, magazine,
book.
4. Receiver/Listener/Decoder
o The person who receives the message.
o Examples: Audience in a forum, conference participants, students,
readers, radio listeners, televiewers.
5. Feedback/Response/Reaction
o Essential for completing the communication process, indicating
whether the message was accurately received.
o Forms: Answer, nod, applause, smile, written reply, action, question.
6. Context
o Defines and shapes communication.
o Encompasses physical environment, situation, interlocutors,
relationships, backgrounds, and expectations.
➢ Diagram of the Communication Process
o Speaker crafts and transmits
the message to the listener Message

through a channel.
o Listener processes the Listener

message and provides Speaker

feedback.
o Context determines the Feedback
content and approach of
communication.

➢ Interference in Communication
o Interference: Barriers that prevent effective communication, leading
to misunderstandings or communication gaps.

➢ Kinds of Interference
1. Psychological Barriers
o Thoughts or emotions hampering message delivery or
interpretation.
o Example: Nervousness, anxiety, negative thoughts.
2. Physical Barriers
o External factors affecting focus and communication.
o Examples: Noise, weather, health, unfamiliar places.
3. Linguistic and Cultural Barriers
o Differences in language and culture causing misunderstandings.
o Example: Different interpretations of words or gestures.
4. Mechanical Barriers
o Issues with mechanical devices or gadgets.
o Examples: Laptops, cellphones, internet connection, electricity.

➢ Principles of Effective Communication

1. Clarity: Specific message delivery without confusion.
2. Concreteness: Use of specific, definite, and vivid language supported by
facts.
3. Courtesy: Showing respect and building goodwill with polite and sincere
communication.
4. Correctness: Accuracy in grammar, word choice, and information
details.
 5. Consideration: Understanding the listener’s background, views, and
educational level.
6. Creativity: Crafting interesting and engaging messages.
7. Conciseness: Making messages simple and direct, avoiding verbosity.
8. Cultural Sensitivity: Being aware and respectful of cultural differences.
9. Captivating Appeal: Capturing and sustaining the listener’s interest and
attention.

➢ Ethical Considerations in Communication

o Ethics: A branch of philosophy dealing with right and wrong in human
affairs.
o Ethical Communication: Communication based on values such as
truthfulness, conciseness, and responsibility.

➢ Traits of Ethical Communicators

1. Respect Audience: Value and regard for the listener.
2. Consider Communication Results: Ensure communication helps and
improves understanding.
3. Value Truth: Honesty in communication, even if it’s tactful.
4. Use Information Correctly: Share information in a way that helps, not
harms.
5. Do Not Falsify Information: Provide true and accurate information
without alteration for personal or others’ benefit.

LESSON 2
Communication & Globalization

➢ Definition of Globalization
o Globalization: The interconnectedness of all world countries and
international integration arising from the interchange of world views,
products, ideas, and culture. It implies that everyone is interdependent.
o Communication and Assimilation: The interaction among individuals,
ethnicities, races, institutions, and governments of various nations,
supported by technology and driven by international trade.

➢ Key Points about Globalization

o Increases awareness and exposure to diversity (e.g., gender preference,
color, age, religious affiliation, ethnicity, education, social/economic
status, political beliefs).
o Described as threads of an immense spider web, connecting people,
money, material goods, ideas, and even diseases more quickly and widely
than ever before.
o Historical context: Trade and business have always connected people
globally, though it used to take much longer.

➢ Communication in Globalization
o Role of Communication: Facilitated by trade and technology, making the
world more connected and interdependent.
o Challenges: Linguistic and cultural differences still pose barriers to
understanding each other.
o Goal: Achieving a general understanding of these differences to ensure
effective communication.

➢ Important Concepts in Global Communication

1. Cultural Relativism
o Understanding a culture on its own terms without judging it by one's
own cultural standards.
o Two Types:
- Absolute: Culture should not be questioned by outsiders (e.g.,
Nazi justification of the Holocaust).
- Critical: Questions cultural practices in terms of who accepts
them and why, recognizing power relationships (e.g., female
genital cutting in some cultures).

2. Lack of Knowledge of Others’ Culture

o Can cause misunderstandings, prejudice, and conflict.
o Learning about other cultures helps in understanding, respecting, and
accepting differences.

3. Discrimination and Harassment

o Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on characteristics like race,
gender, or age.
o Harassment: Unwanted behavior that offends or humiliates, which can
be verbal or physical and often persistent.

4. Language Differences
o Thousands of languages can lead to miscommunication.
o Learning a common language, like English internationally or Filipino in
the Philippines, can help bridge these gaps.
➢ Strategies for Effective Global Communication
1. Review Communication Principles: Recall the 9 C’s for effective
communication.
2. Analyze the Message Receiver: Understand the listener’s background
to adjust the presentation.
3. Be Open to Others’ Cultures: Respect others' cultures even if you
disagree.
4. Learn About Cultures: Study and ask questions to develop
understanding and tolerance.
5. Consider Language Needs: Find common linguistic ground with your
audience.

➢ Intercultural Communication
o Intercultural Communication: Interaction with people from diverse
cultures (Jandt, 1998).
o Forms:
1. Interracial Communication: Communicating with people from
different races.
2. Interethnic Communication: Interacting with people of different
ethnic origins.
3. International Communication: Communication between
representatives from different nations.
4. Intracultural Communication: Interaction within the same racial
or ethnic group or co-culture.

➢ Communication Styles
o High-Context Communication: Tradition-linked, indirect
communication.
o Low-Context Communication: Straightforward and direct
communication.

➢ Improving Intercultural Communication Competence (Gamble &

Gamble, 2008):
1. Recognize the validity and differences in communication styles.
2. Eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
3. Acquire necessary communication skills for a multicultural world.
 LESSON 3
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language

➢ Language Variety
o Refers to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from
one another.
o Types of Variations:
- Social: Different races, groups of people.
- Historical: Events during specific periods (e.g., revolution,
colonization).
- Spatial: Places and locations.
- Combination: Mix of social, historical, and spatial factors.

➢ Dialect:
o Any variety of a language.
o Sociolinguistically, all dialects are equally correct, systematic, logical, and
meaningful.

➢ Standard vs. Non-Standard Variety:

o Standard Dialect: Associated with prestige in society, often used to
conform to societal rules.
o Non-Standard Dialect: Used to demonstrate belonging to a community or
social/ethnic group.

➢ Global Language
o English is a major global language due to historical British colonial power
and the emergence of the U.S. as a leading economic power.
o Used worldwide in business, science, aviation, music, sport, and the
Internet.

➢ Language Variation
o Local vs. Global: Language varies when communicating within local
communities or globally.
o Spoken vs. Written: Language varies in speaking and writing.
o Everyday vs. Specialized: Language varies in everyday use and specialized
discourses.

Domains of Language Variation (Mahboob, 2014):

1. Local Everyday Written: E.g., neighborhood posters.
2. Local Everyday Oral: Informal local communication.
3. Local Specialized Written: Local publications/websites.
4. Local Specialized Oral: Specialized local discourse, e.g., computer games
vocabulary.
5. Global Everyday Written: International publications avoiding local
colloquialisms.
6. Global Everyday Oral: International interactions on casual topics.
7. Global Specialized Written: International research articles.
8. Global Specialized Oral: Discussions at international academic
conferences.

➢ Language Register (Nordquist, 2018):

o The way the speaker uses language differently in different circumstances.
o Determined by social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.

➢ 5 Distinct Registers:
1. Frozen: Historic language meant to remain unchanged.
o Examples: The Holy Bible, The Bhagavad Gita.
2. Formal: Professional, academic, or legal settings.
o Examples: Business presentations, legal documents.
3. Consultative: Conversations with someone offering advice or having
specialized knowledge.
o Examples: TV news broadcasts, medical examinations.
4. Casual: Informal conversations among friends and family.
o Examples: Birthday parties, backyard BBQs.
5. Intimate: Private communication between two people.
o Examples: Inside jokes, whispers between lovers.

➢ Formal Language Register:

o Appropriate for professional writing.
o Rules:
1. Avoid contractions (e.g., cannot, will not).
2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred.
3. Write in third person.
4. Use passive voice unless the doer of the action is emphasized.
5. Avoid slang, idioms, exaggeration, and cliches.
6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms (write out the first time).
7. Do not start sentences with "and," "so," "but," "also."
8. Write in complete sentences.
9. Use longer, more complex sentences.
➢ Informal Language Register:
o Conversational, used with friends and well-known people.
o Includes: slang, cliches, figurative language, symbols, abbreviations,
acronyms, incomplete sentences, short sentences, first, second, and
third person.

➢ Neutral Language Register:

o Non-emotional topics and information.
o Not necessarily formal or informal, used to deliver facts.
o Includes: reviews, news articles, some letters, and essays.

MOD 2: LESSON 1
PREPARING MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION

➢ Multimedia Presentation:
o A message using multiple forms of media designed to foster meaningful
learning (Mayer 2003: 128).
o Incorporates text, sound, graphics, video, and animation.
o Used in various settings including education, business, and trade shows
to make concepts more concrete and vivid.

➢ Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations

1. Visually Oriented:
o Displayed on a monitor or projected onto a screen.
2. Different Modalities:
o Text: Words, phrases, captions.
o Graphics: Diagrams, tables, charts.
o Photographs: 2D/3D images.
o Audio: Sound effects, music, recorded/live narration.
o Animation: Moving images.
o Video: Recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of
moving visuals.
3. Special Features:
o Custom navigation between slides, other media, and the Internet.
o Can be made into printouts or transparencies.
o Can be uploaded to the Web.

➢ Steps in Making Effective Multimedia Presentations

1. Know the Purpose:
o Clearly define what the presentation aims to achieve.
 2. Know the Audience:
o Understand the interests and level of knowledge of the audience.
3. Gather Information:
o Collect relevant data from textbooks, digital resources, and the
Internet.
4. Cite Sources:
o Provide full bibliographic references.
o Include author's name, work title, date of publication, and website
address.
5. Organize Information:
o List main points.
o One main idea per slide.
o Logical order of ideas.
o Important information at the top.
6. Check Technical Issues:
o Contrast: Dark text on light background or white text on dark
background.
o Consistent design and color scheme.
o Avoid clutter and patterned backgrounds.
o Large font size (minimum 18 pts) and easy-to-read fonts.
o Limit to two font types and avoid excessive text.
o Maximum of 3-4 bullets per slide.
7. Be Creative:
o Use transitions and animations to add interest without overdoing it.

➢ Practical Application
o In Education:
- Enhances learning by making abstract concepts tangible through
multimedia elements.
o In Business:
- Used in trade show displays, explainer videos, and corporate
presentations to engage audiences effectively.

LESSON 2
Blogging and Vlogging

➢ Blog: An online diary or journal located on a website, featuring text,

pictures, videos, animated GIFs, and scans from offline diaries or
documents. Blogs can be private or public.
➢ Vlogging: Short for "video blogging," it involves capturing and sharing
videos of daily activities. Vlogs can be talking-head videos (steady camera
while vlogger talks) or follow-me-around vlogs (vlogger films throughout
their day).

➢ History of Blogs
o Originated from early Internet networks used by government, military,
scientific, and academic communities.
o Early blogs appeared around 1994-1995 as open-access diaries.
o Early bloggers: Claudio Pinhanez, Justin Hall, and Carolyn Burke.
o Gained significant attention around 1996-1997.
➢ Blog Structure
o Posts: Appear on one continuous page or individual pages linked in a
list-style format. Displayed in reverse chronological order.
o Pages: Non-blog pages on a website, containing static content like
company history or contact information.

➢ Types of Blogs
1. Travel Blogs: Focus on travel experiences, reviews, and guides.
Potential for high traffic and monetization.
2. Health Blogs: Cover healthy recipes, diets, workouts, and healthcare
tips. Good for affiliate marketing.
3. Lifestyle Blogs: Share knowledge and skills on various topics like
guitar lessons, coding, or dog training.
4. Tech and Gaming Blogs: Review apps, video games, gadgets, and offer
repair tips. Highly profitable with affiliate opportunities.
5. Parenting Blogs: Provide tips and advice on baby care, parenting, and
related products. Engage in affiliate marketing.

➢ How to Write a Blog

o Be short and direct.
o Ask thought-provoking or multiple-choice questions.
o Share shocking facts, personal stories, or quotes.
o Withhold compelling information to intrigue readers.
➢ What is Vlogging and Its Impact
o Vlogging: Capturing and sharing video blogs.
o Digital video viewing has increased significantly, with billions of
viewers worldwide.
o Popular vlog categories: beauty, gaming, lifestyle, and entertaining
vlogs.
➢ Types of Vloggers
1. Daily Vloggers: Post daily videos about their activities.
2. Weekly Vloggers: Compile weekly events into a single video.
3. Occasional Vloggers: Post only for special events or challenges.

➢ Blogging and Vlogging Benefits

o Improves Communication: Blogging enhances writing skills, vlogging
improves both writing and speaking skills.
o Builds Confidence: Helps overcome fear of public speaking.
o Healthy Hobby: Encourages self-monitoring and dealing with issues
out loud.
o Online Career: Potentially lucrative profession with dedication.
o Connections: Builds relationships and expands follower base.

➢ Steps to Become a Vlogger

1. Research: Learn from popular vloggers and their equipment.
2. Theme: Decide on a vlog theme and create a memorable channel name.
3. Equipment: Invest in a good camera and tripod.
4. Location: Find creative shooting spots.
5. Filming: Be yourself, speak naturally, and keep it concise.
6. Posting: Share on social media and build relationships with other
vloggers.

➢ Advantages of Vlogging for Business

o Attracts more visitors.
o Boosts search rankings.
o Showcases products/services effectively.
o Highly engaging for audiences.
o Opens up additional opportunities.

MOD 3: LESSON 1
Informative, Persuasive and Argumentative Communication

➢ Types of Communication According to Purpose

1. Informative Communication
o Goal: To share information without expecting a change in behavior.
o Classifications:
- Informatory Communication: Aims to create or increase
awareness.
- Explanatory Communication: Aims to deepen understanding.
 o Functions:
- Informatory Function: Reports new information.
- Explanatory Function: Clarifies difficult terms, explains quasi-
scientific phenomena, and overcomes confusion or
misunderstanding.

➢ Impulses Behind Informative Communication (Osborn, 2009)

1. Expand awareness of the world.
2. Become more competent.
3. Satisfy curiosity about how things are made.
➢ Preparing for Informative Communication
1. Is the topic noteworthy?
2. What does the audience already know?
3. What more do they need to know?
4. Am I knowledgeable enough to help my audience understand?
➢ Examples of Informative Communication
1. College professor lecturing on a specific topic.
2. Guest speaker on college applications.
3. Company president on sales performance.
4. Pastor teaching about Holy Communion.
5. Doctor discussing heart disease prevention.

2. Persuasive Communication
o Goal: To gain support, belief, and action in favor of the presenter.
o Characteristics:
- Provides choices among options.
- Advocates something through a speaker.
- Uses supporting material to justify advice.
- Encourages audience to become agents of change.
- Asks for strong audience commitment.
- Emphasizes the speaker's credibility.
- Appeals to feelings.
- Holds higher ethical obligation.

➢ Designing Persuasive Communication

1. Establish Communication Objective
o Create awareness.
o Promote an image.
o Ensure message retention.
 o Stimulate action.
2. Choose Media Strategy
o Identify the media preferred by the target audience.
o Profile the audience.
3. Decide Message Strategy
o Aim for persuasiveness relative to the communication objective.
o Consider words vs. pictures, vividness, repetition, and semantics.

➢ Steps in Effective Persuasion (Conger’s Research)

1. Establish Credibility:
o Expertise and relationships.
o Demonstrated knowledge and trustworthy behavior.
2. Frame Goals for Common Ground:
o Identify shared benefits and adjust position for shared advantages.
o Collect information and test ideas with trusted contacts.
3. Reinforce with Vivid Language and Evidence:
o Use data, examples, stories, metaphors, and analogies.
4. Connect Emotionally with the Audience:
o Show emotional commitment.
o Understand and respond to the audience’s emotional state.

➢ Examples of Persuasive Topics

1. Is Coca-Cola better than other soft drinks?
2. Should the Philippines adopt a two-child policy?
3. Why protect our national territory?

3. Argumentative Communication
o Goal: Persuade through sound proof and reasoning.
o Characteristics:
- Social process involving response to claims.
- Aims to gain adherence from an audience.
- Considered an art with learned techniques.
- Involves contested issues and persuasion.
- Prevalent in daily life decisions.

➢ Reasons to Argue
1. Clarify thinking.
2. Explain or defend actions or beliefs.
3. Solve problems or make judgments.
4. Have fun through intellectual stimulation.
➢ Argument vs. Logic
- Argument: Communicative exercise aimed at persuasion.
- Logic: Philosophical endeavor focusing on deductive and inductive
reasoning.
➢ Basic Components of an Argument
1. Claim: Statement about what is true or good.
2. Reason: Supports the claim and answers "why."
3. Support: Substantiates reasons, often through evidence.
4. Warrant: Inferences or assumptions connecting support to the claim.
➢ Example Argument
o Claim: Death penalty should not be revived in the Philippines.
o Reason: Only poor criminals are executed.
o Support: Statistics show a majority of executed criminals are poor.
o Warrant: Death penalty disproportionately punishes the poor.

➢ Summary
o Informative Communication: Focuses on sharing information to enhance
awareness and understanding without demanding behavior change.
o Persuasive Communication: Seeks to influence audience opinions and
actions by establishing credibility, framing goals, reinforcing with vivid
language, and connecting emotionally.
o Argumentative Communication: Utilizes logical structure and evidence
to persuade, emphasizing the need for clear claims, reasons, support, and
warrants.

LESSON 2
Public Speaking

➢ Key Terms and Definitions

1. Public Speaking: A structured, deliberate process of speaking to inform,
influence, or entertain an audience.
2. Speech: The body of spoken expressions of information and ideas.

➢ Purposes of Public Speaking

1. To Inform: Sharing information with the audience (e.g., State of the
Nation Address).
2. To Explain: Providing detailed information to deepen understanding (e.g.,
research conference).
3. To Persuade: Convincing the audience to adhere to the speaker’s point of
view (e.g., political speeches).
4. To Entertain: Amusing the audience, commonly seen in special occasions
(e.g., weddings).

➢ Elements of Public Speaking

1. Source: Who is saying it.
2. Message: What is being said.
3. Audience: To whom it is being said.
4. Medium: The method of delivery.
5. Effect: The impact of the speech.
6. Occasion: The context, time, and venue of the speech.

➢ Types of Speeches According to Delivery

1. Read Speech: Reading from a manuscript, used for long or detailed
speeches.
2. Memorized Speech: Committing the speech to memory, suitable for
short messages or literary contests.
3. Impromptu Speech: Speaking spontaneously with minimal preparation.
4. Extemporaneous Speech: Using notes for guidance, allows a natural
tone and flow.

➢ Special Types of Speeches

1. Invocation: A universal prayer, considering the religious affiliations of
the audience.
2. Opening Address/Welcome Address: Welcoming the audience and
stating the significance of the occasion.
3. Closing Remarks: Summarizing essential points and expressing
gratitude.
4. Acceptance Speech: Acknowledging those who helped the speaker
achieve the award or honor.
5. Farewell Speech: Thanking those who have supported the speaker up to
the point of departure.
6. Speech of Introduction: Setting the guest speaker apart by highlighting
their achievements and the importance of their topic.
7. Toast: Honoring a person, group, occasion, or idea, typically in
celebratory events.
8. Roast: Lightly teasing the honoree in a humorous yet respectful manner.
9. Eulogy: Honoring someone who has passed away with sincere and
solemn praise.
10. Keynote Address: A lengthy speech that sets the tone of an event, aimed
at informing and convincing the audience about the event's significance.
 LESSON 3
Making Inquiries

➢ Key Terms and Definitions

1. Inquiry: The act of asking for information.
2. Solicited Inquiry Letter: A letter sent in response to an advertised
product, service, or program.
3. Unsolicited Inquiry Letter: A letter sent without prior request, often to
seek information from experts or organizations.
4. Interview: A form of dyadic communication with a specific purpose,
aimed at obtaining desired information through real-time interaction
between interviewer and interviewee.

➢ Types of Inquiries
1. Telephone Inquiry: Informal and immediate form of inquiry.
2. Inquiry Letter: A formal written request for information, which can be
solicited or unsolicited.
3. Interview: A face-to-face or virtual meeting to ask detailed questions
and gather information.

➢ Components of an Inquiry Letter

1. Heading or Letterhead: Sender's information.
2. Inside Address: Recipient's information.
3. Salutation: Formal greeting.
4. Body of the Letter:
o First: Provides background and states the purpose of the inquiry.
o Middle: Specifies the information needed in a clear, detailed format.
o Final: Expresses expectations and thanks the recipient in advance.
5. Complimentary Close: Formal closing phrase.
6. Signature: Sender's name and title.

➢ Inquiry Letter Formats

o Pure Block: All text is aligned to the left margin.
o Semi-block: Indented paragraphs with left-aligned text.
o Modified Block: Left-aligned text with the date and closing aligned to
the right.
➢ Parts of an Email Inquiry
o From: Sender's name.
o Sent: Date and time.
o To: Recipient's name.
 o CC: Other recipients.
o BCC: Hidden recipients.
o Subject: Title of the email.
o Attachment: Any additional documents.
o Salutation: Greeting.
o Body of the Email: The message content.
o Closing: Ending phrase.
o Name/Signature of the Sender: Including company, address, and
contact information.

➢ Conducting Interviews: Steps and Guidelines

1. Before the Interview:
o Define the purpose.
o Decide on the interviewee.
o Arrange the interview.
o Prepare questions.
o Decide whether to record the interview.
2. During the Interview:
o Be punctual and dress appropriately.
o Use clear, polite communication.
o Take notes and ask follow-up questions.
o Acknowledge and validate answers.
o Thank the interviewee for their time.
3. After the Interview:
o Review and transcribe notes promptly.

➢ Parts of an Interview
1. Open Interview:
o Greet and welcome the interviewee.
o Explain the interview's purpose and structure.
2. Build Rapport:
o Introduce yourself and express appreciation.
o Make appropriate eye contact.
o Use humor and share personal experiences.
o Take notes to show interest.
3. Ask Questions:
o Plan and organize questions in advance.
4. Close Interview:
o Thank the interviewee and express hope for future interactions.
 MOD 4: LESSON 1
Oral Presentation

➢ Key Terms and Definitions

1. Oral Presentation: A short talk on a set topic given to a class, tutorial, or
seminar group. It is a common method for disseminating new knowledge
in various fields and is often required in academic and professional
settings.
2. Reporting: Presenting news in newspapers, on the radio, or on television.
In an academic context, "oral presentation" is preferred over "reporting"
to emphasize understanding and independent learning.

➢ Purpose and Requirements of Oral Presentations

o Oral presentations help scholars, professionals, and students
disseminate new knowledge.
o They can be given in various formats: short or long, with or without
slides, individually or in groups.
o Presentations may be a requirement in courses and can be linked to
written assignments.

➢ Planning and Structuring an Oral Presentation

1. Reading Background Material: Understanding the topic deeply.
2. Preparing and Delivering the Talk: Structuring the content for verbal
delivery.
3. Leading a Group Discussion: Engaging the audience.
4. Preparing Handouts and Visual Aids: Enhancing understanding with
supplementary materials.
5. Preparing Questions: Provoking thought and discussion.
6. Submitting Written Assignments: Often required alongside the oral
presentation.

Steps in Preparing an Oral Presentation

1. Preparing a Presentation:
o Plan, research, and write before delivering.
o Read the assigned topic multiple times for maximum understanding.
2. Getting Started:
o Examine assignment criteria carefully.
o Define your goals and analyze the audience's needs.
o Research the topic extensively using course reading lists.
o Brainstorm and outline your ideas in point form.
 o Organize material and write a draft, considering the time limit.
o Summarize the draft into points for visual aids.
o Rehearse the presentation and adjust the length.

➢ Structuring the Presentation

1. Greet the Audience and Introduce Yourself:
o Establish rapport and set the tone.
2. Introduction:
o Explain the subject and purpose of the presentation.
o Introduce the general topic and provide an overview.
o State the issues or challenges you will explore.
o Engage the audience with an anticipatory activity, such as a question
or a short game.
3. Main Body:
o Meet the promises made in the introduction.
o Segment the discussion into clear, organized topics.
o Use visual aids like semantic maps, T-Charts, Venn Diagrams, or
schematic diagrams to present information.
4. Conclusion:
o Summarize main points and their implications.
o Reinforce the purpose of the presentation.
o Aim to achieve a specific goal, such as educating the audience or
motivating action.
5. Thank the Audience and Invite Questions:
o Express gratitude for their time.
o Invite questions to foster engagement and clarify any points.

LESSON 2
Demonstration Teaching

➢ Demonstration Teaching: A method where the teacher shows how to

perform a particular activity or concept in a systematic way, making it
easier for students to understand and apply theoretical knowledge in
practice.
➢ Characteristics of Demonstration Method
1. Simplicity: Demonstrations should be simple and clear.
2. Attention: Ensure all students are attentive.
3. Clear Goals: Objectives of the demonstration should be well-defined.
4. Planning: It should be a well-planned strategy.
5. Rehearsal: Time should be allocated for rehearsing the demonstration.
➢ Steps in the Demonstration Process

1. Planning and Preparation:

o Thorough preparation of subject matter.
o Detailed lesson planning.
o Collection of necessary materials.
o Rehearsal of the demonstration.
2. Introducing the Lesson:
o Motivate and mentally prepare students.
o Consider individual differences, environment, and experiences.
o Start with simple and interesting experiments to grab attention.
3. Presentation of Subject Matter:
o Attach new knowledge to students' previous knowledge.
o Reflective thinking principles should be considered.
4. Demonstration:
o Perform the demonstration clearly and neatly.
o Ensure the demonstration is ideal and understandable.
5. Teaching Aids:
o Use various aids like models, blackboards, graphs, etc., to enhance
understanding.
6. Evaluation:
o Assess the effectiveness of the demonstration to identify areas for
improvement.

➢ Planning a Teaching Demonstration

1. Know Your Audience/Students:

o Determine who you will be teaching (students, faculty, hiring
committee).
o Understand the level of the audience (majors, non-majors, graduate,
etc.).
2. Fit Material to the Course and Time:
o Align the topic with the course content and timing.
o Ensure the material fits within the time allotted for the presentation.
o Plan activities and have backup plans for timing issues.
3. Engage Your Students:
o Make the demonstration interactive and engaging.
o Use brief activities that last 5-7 minutes.
o Start with a relevant hook to capture interest.
 4. Use Technology Purposefully:
o Use technology only if it serves a clear pedagogical purpose.
o Provide handouts as concrete takeaways.
o Use visuals to support, not overshadow, your teaching.
o Always maintain a connection with students, not just with
technology.
o Have a backup plan for technology failures.
5. Backup Plans:
o Prepare multiple contingency plans for different scenarios (running
out of time, finishing early, non-responsive students, technology
failures).
o Plan more material than necessary and decide in the moment what
to include.
6. Practice:
o Practice the demonstration alone or with an audience.
o Focus on parts where interaction occurs (speaking, asking questions,
providing feedback).
o Seek feedback from practice sessions for improvement.

MOD 5: LESSON 1
Preparing The Résumé

➢ Résumé: A persuasive summary of your qualifications for employment,

including education, work experience, credentials, and accomplishments.
It serves as an advertisement of your skills, talents, and abilities to
prospective employers.

➢ Questions for Self-Assessment

o How can I encourage the employer to pay attention to my résumé?
o What kind of résumé should I use?

➢ Types of Résumés
1. Print Résumés:
o Printed on paper.
o Emphasize key information using bold and italic typeface.
2. Scannable Résumés:
o Designed to be read by computers.
o Formatted using a single typeface, without italics or bold.
➢ Example of Print Résumé
➢ Example of Scannable Résumé
➢ Features of a Résumé
1. Organization:
o Chronological Résumé: Lists all academic and work experience from
most recent to oldest.
o Functional Résumé: Organized around various kinds of experience,
highlighting skills over dates.
o Targeted Résumé: Specifies a goal at the top and selectively includes
relevant experiences and skills.
2. Succinctness:
o Be concise.
o Use action verbs (e.g., "organized," "designed") for print resumes.
o Use nouns as keywords for scannable resumes.
3. Comprehensiveness:
o Include all important details relevant to the job.
o Use words that reflect your experiences and qualifications accurately.
o Verify all information and inform references in advance.
4. Design:
o For print resumes: Use appropriate spacing, section headings, and
uniform typeface for headings.
o For scannable resumes: Use one standard typeface without special
formatting.

LESSON 2
The Application Letter

➢ Application Letter: Also known as a cover letter, it is a document sent with

your resume to provide additional information on your skills and
experience. It is generally the first thing prospective employers see and
should motivate them to read your resume.
➢ Purpose of an Application Letter
o To create a favorable impression.
o To get an interview by convincing the employer to read your resume.

➢ Features of an Application Letter

1. Qualifications:
o Clearly state why you are interested in the position or the organization.
o Indicate skills that match what the company is looking for.
o Highlight reasons why the recipient should want to meet you.
2. Pleasing Tone:
 o Go beyond stating accomplishments; demonstrate that you will be the
kind of employee the organization wants.
o Ensure the letter is neat and error-free to make a positive impression.
3. Format:
o Follow a conventional businesslike format (block format).
- Writer’s address - Salutation
- Date - The message
- Recipient’s name and - Closing
address - Signature

➢ Example of an Application Letter

➢ Guidelines for Writing an Application Letter
1. Focus:
o Keep the letter focused on the job and how you are the best fit for it.
2. Stay on Topic:
o Avoid straying from the main points of your qualifications and interest
in the job.
3. Think of Your Letter as an Argument:
o Persuade the employer because they should consider you for the
position.
4. Choose an Appropriate Salutation:
o Use a professional and respectful greeting.
5. Proofread:
o Ensure there are no errors in your letter to maintain a professional
appearance.