Intellectual Competencies: Purposive Communication - a hindrance that prevents effective

in English communication
- Noise, barrier, block
- Purposive Communication in English is about
writing, speaking, and presenting to different KINDS OF BARRIERS
audiences and for various purposes.
1. Psychological
- Thoughts that hamper the message to be
 UNDERSTANDING 21st CENTURY
interpreted correctly by the receiver
COMMUNICATION
2. Physiological
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? - Related to person’s health and fitness
3. Linguistic
- Latin - “communicare” “to share” or “to make
- Differences in word usage and meaning of
common” (Weekley, 1967).
words cause confusion
- “the process of understanding and sharing
4. Cultural
meaning” (Pearson & Nelson, 2000).
- misunderstanding of meaning, caused by
- “relational process of creating and interpreting
cultural differences between sender and
messages that elicit a response”. (Griffin, 2012)
receiver
- Communication is the exchange of information,
5. Physical
ideas, thoughts, and feelings by one individual
- Environmental factors that limit the sending
to another.
and receiving of messages
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 6. Mechanical
- flaw in the machinery, instruments, or channel
- It is much more than words used to convey the message
- It is a process
- It is between two or more people PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS 1. Sender

2. Encoding
1. Sender 3. Message
- one who crafts a message, idea, or information 4. Channel
- Encoding – Process of converting idea or 5. Interference
thoughts of the information into symbols 6. Decoding
2. Message 7. Receiver
- the information, idea, thought, etc. that the 8. Feedback
speaker wants to convey *Environment
- Written, Verbal or Nonverbal *Context
3. Channel
- means of transmission or distribution of the TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
message
 ACCORDING TO MODE
- Medium: Written, Verbal, or Non-Verbal
1. Verbal- most common form where words are
4. Receiver
used
- For whom the message was created and one
2. Non-Verbal- expressed through body signals
who receives it
3. Visual- uses images, signs, and symbols to
- Decoding – Receiver’s mental processing of
convey meaning
interpreting message into meaning
4. Written- through printed or composed texts
5. Feedback
- the receiver’s response or reaction to the
 ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
sender’s message
1. Intrapersonal-Within an individual
- Facial expressions, body gestures, words or even
2. Interpersonal- Among people
silence
- Dyadic-between two people
6. Context
- Small group- 3 or more (15 people)
- common and shared understanding of the
3. Intercultural- Among people of diverse culture
situation
- Intracultural-social exchange carried out by
- Environment, topic, culture, relationship
members of the same culture or social group
7. Environment
- Interethnic- Communication of the same people
- Physical and psychological space where the
of the same race but with different ethnic
communication happens
background
- Location, time, temperature, event
8. Interference
 - Interracial-occurs when the source and the CULTURAL BARRIERS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
receiver exchanging messages are from
Cultural Barrier- misunderstanding of meaning, caused
different races
by cultural differences between sender and receiver
- International- communication between nations
- Cultural Relativism- the ability to understand a
 ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE culture on its own terms and not to make
1. Formal- Carefully thought of to selected judgments using the standards of one's own
channel and audience to inform persuade, and culture
entertain - Lack of Knowledge of others’ culture
2. Informal- Casual and takes place in ordinary - Discrimination and Harassment
conversation to socialize - Language Difference
3. Downward- Superior to subordinate
4. Upward- Subordinate to superior STRATEGIES TO BECOME AN EFFECTIVE GLOBAL
5. Horizontal- Among members COMMUNICATOR

PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 1. Mindful Presence

2. Mindful Speech
Communication is – 3. Mindful Listening
4. Unconditional Friendliness
 Inevitable- All actions communicate
5. Mindful Responsiveness
 Irreversible- Cannot take back what was said
 Complex- Interpret meanings from symbols LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
 Contextual- There are diverse meanings MULTICULTURAL SETTING

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Globalization

(MADRUNIO AND MARTIN, 2018)
1. Know your purpose in communicating  Local- Communication with the members of
2. Know your audience one’s local area
3. Know your topic  Global- Ways to connect across geographic,
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of political, economic, social, and cultural aspect
the situation
Intercultural Communication
5. Work on the feedback given to you
- communication with people from different
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION cultures or cultural groups
(MADRUNIO AND MARTIN, 2018)
THE 7C’s Forms of Intercultural Communication

1. Clarity  Intracultural- Communicating with members of

2. Conciseness the same racial or ethnic group
3. Concreteness  Interethnic- Interacting with people of different
4. Correctness ethnic groups
5. Coherence  Interracial- communicating with people from
6. Completeness different races
7. Courteousness  International- Communicating between
representatives from different nations
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COMMUNICATION
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN
1. Respect Audience
LANGUAGE
2. Consider the Result of Communication
3. Value Truth  Written Language
4. Use Information Correctly Language is:
5. Do not falsify information - Carefully organized and is explanatory
- Word of choice is deliberate
 COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION - Follows a particular structure
 Spoken Language
Globalization- the communication and assimilation
Language is:
among individuals, ethnicities, races, institutions,
- Spontaneous
governments of various nations supported by
- Momentary
technology and compelled by international trade
- Maintained in the form of a dialogue
Global Village- different parts of the world form one
community linked together by electronic
communications, especially the internet
CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN AND SPOKEN ENGLISH

WRITTEN SPOKEN
ENGLISH ENGLISH

FLOW OF Steady Pauses

LANGUAGE (Utterance)

ORGANIZATION Structured Less Particular

with Structure

REGISTER Formal and Mostly

Informal Informal

LANGUAGE REGISTERS- a set of language varieties that

are used in particular situations

Register Definition Example

Frozen Language that “Our Father

never changes who
art in heaven”

Formal Standard “Please accept

English our sincerest
gratitude”

Consultative Less formal “Appreciate it.

standard Looking forward
English to see you”

Casual Language “What’s up,

among friends Dawg!”
Chillin’ again?”
EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF
Intimate Language “Nay, tsararat DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT REFLECTING DIFFERENT
among lovers & ba ako?” CULTURE
family
 Multimodal Text in Communication
- ‘Multi’ (many or various) and ‘mode’ (way,
channel, form or medium of doing something)
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH - A text refers to any sign such as emoticons and
emojis, pictures, lines, drawings, music, etc.,
that expresses or enhances meanings.

TEXT TYPES

1. Linguistic Landscape- This is the language in

the environment, words and images displayed
and exposed in public spaces, that is the center
of attention.

Features of Linguistic Language

 top-down - (public signs, created by the state

and local government bodies)
 bottom-up- (created by shop owners, private
businesses, etc.)
 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING
TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY

Preparing Multimedia Presentation

Multimedia- It is a form of communication that

combines different context such as text, audio, images,
animations or video into a single presentation.

 Characteristics of Multimedia Presentation

1. Multimedia systems must be computer
controlled
2. Multimedia systems are integrated
3. Information they handle must be represented
digitally
4. Interface to the final presentation of media is
usually interactive.

Steps in Making Communication Presentation

Kinds of Signs

- Regulatory Signs- These are used to indicate or

reinforce traffic laws, regulations or
requirements which apply either at all times or
at specified times or places
- Infrastructural Signs- It is defined as the basic
physical systems of a business, region, or nation
and often involves the production of public
goods or production processes.
- Commercial Signs- These are signs, displays, or
devices designed, intended or used to
encourage or promote purchase or use of goods  Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
or services. - (20x20 PRESENTATION)
- Transgressive Signs- These are signs which - “Chit Chat” – Japanese
violate (intentionally or accidentally) the - Mark Dytham and Astrid Klein
conventional semiotics at that place - A presentation form of 20 slides/images for
20 second each = 6 minutes, 40 seconds
2. Online Landscape- mode used to display wide-
- STEPS IN MAKING PECHA KUCHA
screen content, such as a Web page, image,
PRESENTATIONS
document or text
1. SENTENCE TOPIC
Media Literacy
2. MINIMUM SLIDE TEXT
 Media- all electronic or digital means and print 3. BUILD A STORY IN YOUR TOPIC
or artistic visuals used to transmit messages 4. TELL A STORY WITH IMAGES
 Media Literacy- ability to encode, decode, and 5. USE FEW POINTS
analyze the symbols transmitted via media 6. TIMING
 Media Education- the study of media, 7. VISUAL CLUES
including ‘hands-on’ experiences and media
production  Blogging
 Media Education Literacy- the educational - personal journal websites which a user can type
field dedicated to teaching the skills associated an entry and add images, videos and links to
with media literacy other websites
 PUBLIC SPEAKING

- process of speaking in a structured, deliberate

manner to inform, influence or entertain an
audience
- Speech- term used to refer to the spoken
expressions of information and ideas (verbal
form)

Types of Speech Delivery

1. Manuscript Reading- word-for-word iteration

- Effective Ways of Introducing a Blog of a written message
1. Be short and direct 2. Memorized Speech- reciting a message that the
2. Ask a thought provoking question speaker has committed to memory.
3. Ask a multiple-choice question 3. Extemporaneous Speech- A well-prepared
4. Share a shocking fact or statistics speech that prepared and practiced but is
5. Share something Personal neither read nor memorized.
6. Withheld a compelling piece of information 4. Impromptu Speech- This is a speech that has no
7. Refute a conventional wisdom advanced planning or practice.
8. Lead with a success story MAKING INQUIRIES
9. Start with a reader’s questions
10. Share a quote Inquiry Letter- written when a person needs more
information
COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Content and Organization of Letter of Inquiry
1. Informative Communication
- focuses on talking about people, events, 1. FIRST PARAGRAPH- identify yourself and, if
processes, places, or things appropriate, your position, and your institution
or firm
Characteristics of Informative Communication 2. SECOND PARAGRAPH- briefly explain why you
- clear are writing and how you will use the requested
- accurate information.
- Meaningful and interesting 3. THIRD PARAGRAPH- List the specific
2. Persuasive Communication information you need.
- message given to an audience with the 4. CONCLUSION- Conclude your letter by offering
intention of influencing your listeners to agree your reader some incentive for responding.
with a particular point of view ELECTRONIC MAIL
Characteristics of Persuasive Communication - E-mail is a computer-based application for the
- Attention – getting Introductions exchange of messages between users. E-mail is
- Authority to speak the electronic equivalent of a letter.
- Logical Presentation Parts of E-Mail
- Smart Pacing
- Stirring Conclusions
3. Argumentative Communication
- the art of persuading based on reason, facts and
not emotions.

Characteristics of Argumentative Communication

Types of E-Mail 3. DISCHARGE NOTES- reports given once
medication is discontinued or the patient is
 Welcome- sent to possible buyers after first
released from the hospital
subscription
 Promotional- Good deals to buyers ORGANIZATION OF PATIENT’S NOTES (SOAP)
 Lead-nurturing- used to educate potential
 Subjective (Assessment given by the family
buyers
member or patient himself)
 Newsletter- routinely sent to all mailing list
 Objective (Assessment seen by you or reflected
subscribers
in laboratory or other medical reports)
 Onboarding- to strengthen customer loyalty.
 Assessment (Diagnosis)
E-Mail Notations  Plan (Procedures to be done to address the
diagnosis)

 Communication for Journalist

- COMMUNICATION FOR JOURNALIST: WRITING

A LEAD
- LEAD - This is the beginning of a news story.
- KINDS OF LEAD
CONVENTIONAL OR SUMMARY LEAD
QUESTION LEAD
QUOTATION LEAD
FUNNY LEAD
DESCRIPTIVE LEAD
ANECDOTAL LEAD
- WRITING A LEAD
INTERVIEW
 The Five W’s and H
- a structured conversation where one  Keep It Short
participant asks questions, and the other  Keep It Simple
provides answers  Write in Active Voice
 Structure Your Lead Properly
 Be Honest

 Communication for Tourism

- COMMUNICATION FOR TOURISM: TOUR
GUIDING
- TOURISM- It is the activities of people traveling
to and staying in places outside their usual
environment
- TOUR GUIDING- It is the process of interpreting
attractions to visitors directing, informing,
instructing and leading them in the visited
places
- COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES WTH DEALING
WITH COMPLAINTS
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
 Acknowledge the tourists’ right
 Communication for Nurses to complaint.
- WRITING BASIC PATIENT NOTE  Express your empathy.
- PATIENT’S NOTES- This records the assessment  Act on their complaints ASAP.
of the patient’s condition before, during, and  Offer an alternative
after the treatment. plan/solution for problems.
 Follow through on the
CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENT’S NOTES solutions.
1. INITIAL NOTES- first or earliest assessment
2. INTERIM OR PROGRESS NOTES- assessment  Communication for Teachers
reports done to monitor the patient’s condition - COMMUNICATION FOR TEACHERS:
STORYTELLING
WHY STORYTELL? Report Categories

- provides a context for student’s attention Formal Report

- enormous language treasure
- Detailed information
- provides a lively atmosphere and a real life
- Complex and used at an official level
environment for encouragement
- Written account of major project
IMAGE DESCRIPTION
Informal Report
- a detailed explanation of an image that
- Important data
provides textual access to visual content;
- Conveying routine messages
- digital graphics online and in digital files
- Written based on the organization’s style and
- can be used as alt text in coding
rules
 Communication for Business and Trade COMMUNICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT
- COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS AND TRADE
- SWOT ANALYSIS OR SWOT MATRIX The Resume
- It is a diagram that shows an organization’s or - a formal document that a job applicant creates
person’s key to itemize their qualifications for a position
- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats. Resume vs. Curriculum Vitae

 Resume
- Concise
- (1-2 pages)
- Tailored to fit specific job
 Curriculum Vitae
- Comprehensive
- 2 or more pages
- Not made for specific jobs (detailed view of
your profile)

Application Letter

Application vs. Cover Letter

 Application Letter
- a document that provides deeper insight into an
applicant's experience and skills
 Cover Letter
- one part of an application packet, along with a
WRITING BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL REPORTS resume, portfolio and letters of
- Report- It is comprehensive document that recommendation.
covers all aspects of the subject matter of COMMUNICATION WITHIN A COMPANY
study.
 Memorandum- a short concise message or
Characteristics of a Report record that is used for internal communication
- It presents information not an argument in a business, administration, or an institution
- It is meant to be scanned quickly by the reader Writing Minutes of the Meeting
- It uses numbered headings and subheadings
- It is composed of short and concise paragraphs - notes taken of discussions and decisions made
- It uses illustrations like tables, graphs, charts during meetings
etc.
PARTS OF THE MEETING MINUTES
- It may have an abstract or an executive
summary 1. COMMITTEE/ORGANIZATIONAL NAME
- It may or may not have references or 2. DATE/PLACE/TIME OF START AND
bibliography ADJOURNMENT
- It often contains recommendations and/or 3. NAMES OF ATTENDEES
appendices 4. KIND OF MEETING
5. CHAIR/SECRETARY OR SUBSTITUTE
6. GUESTS AND THEIR MEETING ROLES
 7. REFERENCE ON THE APPROVAL OF PREVIOUS Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction
MEETINGS
- RESEARCH INTRODUCTION- The introduction to
8. MOTION RAISED
a research paper is where you set up your topic
9. REPORTS
and approach for the reader.
10. OTHER MATTERS
11. SECRETARY’S SIGNATURE How to write a Research Introduction
COMMUNICATIONFOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 1. Introduce your topic
2. Describe the background
AVOIDING PLAGIARISMS
3. Establish your research problem
- PLAGIARISM 4. Specify your objectives
- presenting someone else's work or ideas as 5. Map out your paper
your own, with or without their consent, by
Writing a Research Proposal: The Method
incorporating it into your work without full
acknowledgement - RESEARCH METHOD
- WAYS TO AVOID - This refers to the tools that one uses to do
- QUOTING- This is copying the words of the research. These can either be qualitative or
author and intertwining these words to your quantitative or mixed.
own work.
- PARAPHRASING- This is copying the words of RESEARCH CONCEPTS
the author and intertwining these words to - RESEARCH APPROACHES- Choosing the
your own work. research approach depends on the research
- SUMMARIZING- This warrants the articulation problem. QUALITATIVE/QUANTITATIVE
of the important ideas of the original text in a - RESEARCH DESIGNS- These are strategies of
compendious form. inquiry like Experimental for Quantitative, Case
Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal Study for Qualitative or Concurrent for Mixed
- RESEARCH TECHNIQUES- These can be rating
- RESEARCH behaviors, field observations, close-ended
This is a scientific method which uses logical measure and open-ended measure
and systematic procedure for the acquisition of
new knowledge
- TOPIC PROPOSAL
- a concise and coherent summary of your
proposed research

Writing a Literary Analysis

- LITERARY ANALYSIS
This means closely studying a text, interpreting
its meanings, and exploring why the author
made certain choices.
 2. PREPARE- This is the time to prepare the
content of and visuals for your presentation
and yourself as presenter.
- CONTENT, VISUALS, YOURSELF
3. PRESENT- This is the part that you will now
present your presentation.
- CHECK THE EQUIPMENT, ESTABLISH EYE
CONTACT, RESPOND TO QUERRIES

WRITING LITERARY ANALYSIS

- INTRODUCTION- must capture the reader’s

interest
- BODY- develop topic statement
- CONCLUSION- re-emphasize the topic
statement
- REFERENCES- list entries cited in the text

WRITING A POLITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER

- POLITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER

answering a question about a certain political
process, event, as well as at predicting future
developments
- VAST UNDERSTANDING OF POLITICS AND
AFFAIRS (LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL)
- KNOWLEDGE ON THE PARTS OF POLITICAL
ANALYSIS PAPER
- CITATION AND REFERENCING
- CLEAR, CONCISE AND WELL STRUCTURED
- EXTENSIVE READING AND RESEARCH
- OBJECTIVITY
- FORMALITY OF THE TONE
- CLEARLY-DEFINED TONE

ACADEMIC PRESENTATION

- ACADEMIC PRESENTATION
- speaking to a group of people to make a
point, educate or share information

YOU MUST:

- understand the topic and the audience

- have appropriate breadth and depth
- embed an argument in the content
- establish a distinct beginning, middle and end
- utilize suitable visual aids
- use evidence of having practiced the talk
- have proper timing/length

Three (3) P’s of an Academic Presentation

1. PLANNING- This is the fundamentals in all

activities and it includes the following:
- SET THE OBJECTIVES, EVALUATE THE
AUDIENCE, EVALUATE THE CONTENT