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Introduction To Material Science

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39 views8 pages

Introduction To Material Science

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mariakoc69
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

Material Science
1. Basic Concepts
Materials science is the study of stuff. Almost everything
around you and everything you use each day—the clothes
you wear, the dishes you eat from, the computer you use, the
bike or skateboard you ride—is made of materials. Materials
can be natural, like wood, or synthetic, like plastic.

a. aluminum (metal) b. glass (ceramic) c. plastic (polymer) d. glass


(ceramic)

Item that is fabricated from three different material types is the beverage
container. Beverages are marketed in aluminum (metal) cans (a), glass
(ceramic) bottles (b and d), and plastic (polymer) bottles (c).

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

2. Historical Concepts of Materials

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited


number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood,
clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques
for producing materials that had properties superior to those
of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and
various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the
properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments
and by the addition of other substances.

At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection


process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited
set of materials the one best suited for an application by
virtue of its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent
times that scientists came to understand the relationships
between the structural elements of materials and their
properties.

This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100


years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the
characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of
different materials have evolved with rather specialized
characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and
complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and
fibers.

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

3. Materials Science and Engineering

It is important to subdivide the discipline of materials science


and engineering into materials science and materials
engineering sub-disciplines.

Material Science involves investigating the relationships that


exist between the structures and properties of materials.
Material Scientist works to develop or manufacture new
materials.

Material Engineering is to use structure–property


correlations, in designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In
contrast to material scientist, material engineers is called
upon to create new products or systems using existing
materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing
materials.

4. Why Studying Material Science in Biomedical Engineering ?

Generally, materials science is a core subject in biomedical


engineering where most of the modern applications that are
designed to improve human health by creating artificial
implants that are made based on the advancement in Material
Science. To get clear idea about how materials are related to
biomedical engineers, several real examples of artificial
implants can we explores such as artificial hip-joint implant
(Figure a) and pacemaker implant (Figure b) as these
implants use different materials.

Figure a. Artificial Hip-joint implant.

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

Figure b. Pacemaker Implant

Moreover, materials science to be fully useful in biomedical


engineering it is important for biomedical engineers to
investigates the core relationships that exist between
processing, structure, properties and performance of any
materials (Figure c).

Figure C: The four components of the discipline of materials science and


engineering and their interrelationship.

5. Classification of Materials

Solid Materials have been classified into three types;


basically,

1. Metals

2. Ceramics,

3. and Polymers.

This classification is mainly based on chemical and physical


structure.

Furthermore, there are the composites materials which are


engineered combinations of two or more different materials.
Another category is advanced materials—those used in high-
technology applications, such as semiconductors,

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

biomaterials, smart materials, and Nano-engineered


materials. Figure A explains the material engineering
classifications.

Figure d. Material Engineering classifications

5.1 Metals Materials

 Ferrous metals materials:

a) These are metals and alloys containing a high proportion


of the element iron.

b) They are the strongest materials available and are used for
applications where high strength is required at relatively low
cost and where weight is not of primary importance.

c) As an example of ferrous metals such as: bridge building,


the structure of large buildings, railway lines and rolling
stock and highly stressed engine parts of road vehicles.

 Non – ferrous metals materials

a) These materials refer to the remaining metals known to


mankind.

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

b) The pure metals are rarely used as structural materials as


they lack mechanical strength.

c) They are used where their special properties such as


corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and thermal
conductivity are required. Copper and aluminum are used as
electrical conductors and, together with sheet zinc and sheet
lead, are use as roofing materials.

d) They are mainly used with other metals to improve their


strength.

 General Properties of Metals Materials:

 Metallic bonding
 Good thermal and electrical conductivity,
 Bright appearance called metallic luster,
 High malleability,
 Ductility
 Tensile strength.

 Applications of Metals Materials in Medical

Metals materials are used for a wide range of medical


applications. These include orthopaedic implants, implants
plates and screws for oral and maxillofacial surgery,
components for devices used in cardiovascular surgery, eg.
pacemakers, valve replacements and stents. Surgical and
dental instruments are also made from metallic materials.
Due to the requirements for biocompatibility, relatively few
metals are suitable for medical applications. Those most
widely used for structural applications are titanium, titanium
alloys, cobalt-base alloys and various grades of stainless steel
and silver.

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

5.2 Ceramic Materials

A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the


action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials
may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may
be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Ceramic and materials
engineers are the people who design the processes in which
these products can be made, create new types of ceramic
products, and find different uses for ceramic products in
everyday life. Ceramics are generally made by taking
mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and
shaping them into desired forms. Once the ceramic has been
shaped, it is fired in a high temperature oven known as a kiln.

Glass Example:

This is a hardwearing, abrasion-resistant material with


excellent weathering properties. It is used for electrical
insulators, laboratory equipment, optical components in
measuring instruments eta and, in the form of fibers, is used
to reinforce plastics. It is made by melting together the
naturally occurring materials: silica (sand), limestone
(calcium carbonate) and soda (sodium carbonate).

Ceramic Properties

The properties of ceramic materials, like all materials, are


dictated by the types of atoms present, the types of bonding
between the atoms, and the way the atoms are packed
together. This is known as the atomic scale structure. Most
ceramics are made up of two or more elements. This is called
a compound. For example, alumina (Al2O3), is a compound
made up of aluminum atoms and oxygen atoms. The atoms
in ceramic materials are held together by a chemical bond.
The two most common chemical bonds for ceramic materials

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Chapter 1 lecture 1/ part 1

are covalent and ionic. Due to ceramic materials wide range


of properties, they are used for a multitude of applications. In
general, most ceramics are:

Hard, wear-resistant, brittle, refractory, thermal insulators,


electrical insulators, nonmagnetic, oxidation resistant, prone
to thermal shock, and chemically stable.

Applications of Medical Ceramics Materials

Ceramics have been used for a long time in the medical


industry. They have mainly been used for dental and
orthopedics applications. This is due to the chemical
similarity between the composition of certain ceramic
materials and that of tissues such as bone and teeth .

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