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3 - Diode Applications - Notes-1-7

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12 views7 pages

3 - Diode Applications - Notes-1-7

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mhmed013gg
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Diode Applications

Course: Electronic Circuit Analysis


Term: Fall 2020
Textbook: Floyd, ‘Electronic Devices’, Ed. 9.

1. DC Power Supply
 Electronic circuits require a constant DC source to provide power and biasing
for proper operation.
 DC power supply is used as an adaptor that converts the line AC voltage at wall
outlets into a constant DC voltage in order to power all types of electronic
devices (computers, radios, etc.).

2. Half-Wave Rectifiers
 It converts the ac input to a pulsating dc output.

Average Value

 The value measured on a dc voltmeter.


1 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇 𝜋

[1]
Ideal Model

 During the positive input half cycle – Diode is ON

 During the negative input half cycle – Diode is OFF

 The output voltage for two input cycles.

Practical Model

 The effect of barrier potential is taken into account which reduces the peak
input voltage 𝑉 ( ) by 𝑉 ( ) = 0.7 V for Si.

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

 It is the maximum voltage across the diode when it is off.


 For half-wave rectifier, 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉 ( )
[2]
3. Full-Wave Rectifiers
 Most commonly used type in dc power supplies.
 It allows unidirectional current through the load during the full input cycle.
 The output frequency is twice the input frequency.

Average Value

 FW rectifier has a twice that of HW rectifier


2𝑉 ( )
𝑉 = = 0.637𝑉 ( )
𝜋
3.1.Center-Tapped Rectifier

 It uses two diodes connected to the secondary of a center-tapped transformer


that conduct on alternating half-cycles.

 During positive half cycle – D1 is forward and D2 is reverse.

[3]
 During negative half cycle – D1 is reverse and D2 is forward.

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

 Ideal Model: 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉 ( ) =2𝑉 ( )


 Practical Model: PIV = 𝑉 ( ) − 0.7 V = 2 𝑉 ( ) + 0.7 V

3.2. Bridge Rectifier

 It uses four diodes connected as shown.

[4]
 During positive half cycle – (D1, D2) are forward and (D3, D4) are reverse.

 During negative half cycle – (D1, D2) are reverser and (D3, D4) are forward.

Peak Output Voltage (𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) )

 Ideal Model: 𝑉 ( ) =𝑉 ( )
 Practical Model: 𝑉 ( ) =𝑉 ( ) − 1.4 V

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

 Ideal Model: 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉 ( )


 Practical Model: 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉 ( ) + 0.7 𝑉

4. Capacitor input Filter


 It eliminates the fluctuations in the output voltage of a rectifier and produces
nearly a constant-level dc voltage.
 The small amount of fluctuation in the output voltage is called ripple.

[5]
4.1.With Half-Wave Rectifier

 Initial charging of the capacitor happens only when power is turned on where
the diode is forward-biased.

 At the peak of +ve cycle, the capacitor starts to discharge through RL. Then,
𝑉 > 𝑉 − 𝑉 and the diode becomes off.

 The time for capacitor to discharge depends on time constant RLC.


 The capacitor charges back to peak of input when the diode becomes fwdward
biased.

4.2. With Full-Wave Rectifier

[6]
Ripple Voltage

 It is a variation in the voltage due to charging and discharging. The smaller the
ripple, the better the filtering.
 The FW rectifier has a shorter time between peaks compared to HW rectifier.
Thus, it has a smaller ripple.

Ripple Factor

 It is an indication of the effectiveness of the filter: 𝑟 =


( )

 Notice that if 𝑅 or 𝐶 increases, i.e. time constant, the ripple voltage decreases,
and the dc voltage increases.
 Let the output frequency of a rectified voltage be 𝑓, approximations for 𝑉 ( )
and 𝑉 can be given in the following expressions.
1
𝑉( ) ≈ 𝑉 ( )
𝑓𝑅 𝐶

𝑉 ≈𝑉 ( ) −𝑉( ) /2

[7]

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