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General Chemistry

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10 views19 pages

General Chemistry

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ceballos.jhustin
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Merry Cris B. Mallari, RPh


Atom
• is the smallest particle of an element which can exist alone or in
combination with other atoms
• it came from the Greek word “atomos” means “uncut” or
“indivisible”
• composed of smaller particles called “subatomic particles”
History Of The Atom
DEMOCRITUS & LUCRETIUS (about 400 BC)
• speculated on the basic structure of atom, that matter is composed
of tiny, indivisible particles in mobile positions
• no conclusive evidences done
450 BC – Leucippus began thinking about whether matter could be
divided in half indefinitely. At some point, he thought that matter could
not be divided anymore.
- Democritus took his teacher’s idea further & said that matter
was made up of “atomos” or atoms which mean “unbreakable”
341-270 BC – Epicurus took up the idea of atomism & wrote books on the
subject, but the books did not survive

96-55 BC – Lucretius wrote poem “On the Nature of Things” which describe
the ideas of Epicurus in great detail. His poem was popular , but when
Christianity became prevalent in Europe, he was deemed an atheist and his
writings were lost.

1417 – one copy of Lucretius’ poem was found and was one of the 1 st pieces
of work that was widely published after the invention of the printing press.
Plato and Aristotle
• rejected the idea of Democritus because they don’t believe that
atoms exists
1803 – chemists try to assert that there is really an atom.

Post Boyle
Robert Boyle – was influenced by Gassendi’s (1592-1655) writings,
about Lucretius atomism
- He did experiments to prove the Atomism Theory
- He worked with gas pressures and explained the compressibility of
gases on the existence of atoms.
“If gas were made of atoms that were far apart
and the gas was put under pressure causing the
atoms to move closer together then the volume
decrease”
John Dalton (1803-1808)
• English chemist & physisist who developed the theory of chemical
atoms
• Designed a theory to explain several experimental observations
• 19th century wrote his papers on atomic theory
• also published the 1st lists of atomic weights of elements
• 1st person who study color-blindness as he himself inherited
• He used red & green color dots in different shades
• In 1808, he published a book “ A New System of Chemical
Philosophy”
Billiard Ball Model
- atom was the smallest particle, it was viewed as
a very small ball

Importance & Improvement on previous model:


Explains : - a lot of chemical properties; how atoms combine to form
molecules
- Chemical change better than the Particle Theory
- Confirms the basic Law of Chemistry
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Each element is composed of extremely small indivisible particles called
ATOMS.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass
and chemical properties. The atoms of 1 element are different from the
atoms of all other elements.
3. Atoms enter into combination with other atoms to form compounds but
remain unchanged during chemical reactions.
4. Atoms combine in simple numerical ratios when they form compounds.
5. A chemical reaction involves only the separation or rearrangement of
atoms, it does not result in their creation or destruction.
Modification on Daltons Atomic Theory
Atoms of the same elements often don’t have the same atomic mass
like isotopes & isobars.

Isotopes – atoms of the same element and atomic no. but have
different atomic mass

Isobars – atoms of different elements and atomic nos. but of the same
atomic mass

Isotones – atoms whose no. of neutrons are equal


Atoms and the Subatomic Particles
Atom – basic unit of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction

Parts of an Atom
A. Nucleus – positively charged central part of an atom with a
diameter of 10‐¹³cm
a. Protons – positively charged particle; found in the nucleus of the atom
b. Neutron – particle that has no charge; found in the nucleus of the atom
B. Electrons – negatively charged particle; found outside the nucleus of
the atom
All e‐ are identical.
Discoverer of the Subatomic Particles
e- Julius Plucker, 1858
p Eugene Goldstein, 1856
n James Chadwick, 1932

Nucleon – is a proton or neutron which are found in the atomic nucleus


- particles that possesses properties of p and n but different from
individual p and n
Nuclide – a term given to refer to a species of atom characterized by its
atomic number and mass no.
Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity
e- could not be printed at the same time because they are always moving

Eugene Goldstein, German Physicist


- Discovered canal rays which are positively charged and massive
- Canal rays are called ions

Sir James Chadwick, British Physicist (1891-1974)


-Nobel Prize in Physics, 1935 for discovery of neutron
-adviser on atomic bomb
Julius Plucker
- A cathode rays are emitted from the cathode when electric current is
passed in an evavuable tubes
- the rays travel in straight line because the rays would cast a shadow if
small objects are placed in the discharged tube
- The cathode rays, upon striking a glass or other materials cause them
to fluorence
- The cathode rays bear a negative charge

William Crookes, English Chemist (1832-1919)


Crookes Tube- special vacuum discharge tube
- discovered some kind of matter coming from the cathode (negative
electrode) that caused the greenish glow from the glass in the anode
(positive electrode)
Robert A. Millikan, American Physicist (1909)
- Has the 1st precise measurement of the charge of e-
- e-s are produced by the action of x-rays on the molecules of which air
is composed, very small drops of oil pick up e-s and require electric
charges

Thompson – proposed atomic structure through “Raisin Bread Model”


or “Plum Pudding Model”
- Discovered electron

Rutherford – discovered atomic structure through “Gold Foil


Experiment” // proton in the propositions:
1. Atom is an empty space
2. Mass is concentrated in the nucleus
• Niel Bohr – “Planetary Model”
• Erwin Schrodinger – “Quantum Mechanic Model” // “3D Model”

QUANTUM NUMBERS
1. Principal Quantum Number (n) – describes the main electron shell and
the size of the e- cloud; value: 1,2,3,4…….
2. Azimuthal/Angular Quantum Number (l) – describes the subshell and the
shape of the e- cloud; value: 0 up to n-1
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml) – describes the orbital or orientation in
space; value: -1,0,1
4. Spin Quantum Number (Ms or s) - describes the rotation of e-
Rules / Principles
1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – No 2 electron can have same set of
quantum numbers
2. Aufbau Building Up Principle – electrons are placed first on the
subshell with lowest energy level
3. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity – electrons are spread singly
before pairing up
4. Heisenberg Principle – one can never predict the exact position and
momentum of an electron simultaneously
Modern View of Atomic Structure
• The electron is a fundamental particle of matter which belongs to the
family called leptons.
• Quarks are smaller particles of proton and neutrons
• Protons and neutrons consist of fundamental praticles called quarks.
• Lepton is a Greek word “leptos” means small particles
• Radioactive isotopes decompose or decay spontaneously thru one of
the following:
1. Alpha particle emission
2. Beta
3. Positron
4. Electron capture
• Isotopes which are non reactive are said to be stable
• The half life of a radioactive isotope is the time it take for ½ of a given
quantity of radioactive material to decay.
• The stability of a nucleus is measured by its binding energy.

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