CHAPTER 8

FURTHER TRIGONOMETRY
Maths SL
Exact Values

Complete the table in the

Following order:
a) Sin
b) Cos
c) Tan
How many solutions for x
are there?
Sine: Calculate values of x
 Calculate values of x

Can you generalise:

x is one solution, the other is?

2 solutions in terms of x are?

 What about
do the same rules hold?

Calculate values of x.
Cosine: Calculate values of
x

Can you generalise:

x is one solution, the other is?

2 solutions in terms of x are?

Tangent: calculate values of
x

Can you generalise:

x is one solution, the other is?

2 solutions in terms of x are?

 Results:
Mini
investigation
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/trig-interactive-unit-
circle.html
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/733754/visually-
stunning-math-concepts-which-are-easy-to-
explain?page=1&tab=votes#tab-top
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Ohp6Okk_tww
https://www.desmos.com/c
alculator/4gbto5pl96
The sine, cosine and tangent of any
angle
These definitions are limited because a right-angled triangle cannot contain
any angles greater than 90°.

To extend the three trigonometric ratios to include angles greater than 90°
and less than 0° we consider the rotation of a straight line OP of fixed length
r about the origin O of a coordinate grid.

Angles are then measured

P(x, y) y anticlockwise from the positive x-
axis.
r θ
α
For any angle θ there is an
O x associated acute angle α between
the line OP and the x-axis.
The sine, cosine and tangent of any
angle
The three trigonometric ratios are then given by:
y
sinθ =
r
x
cosθ =
r
y
tanθ =
x
The x and y coordinates can be positive or negative, while r is always positive.

This means that the sign of the required ratio will depend on the sign of the x-
coordinate and the y-coordinate of the point P.
 The sine, cosine and tangent of
any angle
If we take r to be 1 unit long then these ratios can be written as:
y
sinθ = = y
1
x
cosθ = = x
1
y sinθ
tanθ = ⇒ tanθ =
x cos θ
The relationship between θ measured from the positive x-axis and the
associated acute angle α depends on the quadrant that θ falls into.

For example, if θ is between 90° and 180° it will fall into the second quadrant
and α will be equal to (180 – θ)°.
 Remember ASTC
We can use ASTC to remember in which quadrant each of the three ratios
are positive.

2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

S
Sine is positive A
All are positive

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

T
Tangent is positive C
Cosine is positive
 Is it ve or +ve? The sine,
cosine and tangent of any
angle
The sin, cos and tan of angles in the first quadrant are positive.

In the second quadrant: sin θ = sin α

cos θ = –cos α
tan θ = –tan α

In the third quadrant: sin θ = –sin α where α is the

cos θ = –cos α associated acute
tan θ = tan α angle.

In the fourth quadrant: sin θ = –sin α

cos θ = cos α
tan θ = –tan α
 An angle and associated angle. The
sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The value of the associated acute angle α can be found using a sketch of the
four quadrants.
For angles between 0° and 360° it is worth remembering that:

when 0° < θ < 90°, α=θ

when 90° < θ < 180°, α = 180° – θ
when 180° < θ < 270°,α = θ + 180°
when 270° < θ < 360°,α = 360° – θ
For example, if θ = 230° we have:
α = 230° – 180° = 50°
230° is in the third quadrant where only tan is positive and so:
sin 230° = –sin 50°
cos 230° = –cos 50°
tan 230° = tan 50°
Solving Trigonometric Equations
Example

Solve cos x = 0.2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360

S A
−1
cos 0.2 = 78.5 

T C

cos is +ve in the 1st and 4th

quadrants
78.5
=x 78.5 or 360 − 78.5
78.5
= 78.5 or 281.5
Make the angle with the x-
axis
 Example

Solve sin x = −0.2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360

S A
−1
sin 0.2 = 11.5 

T C

sin is -ve in the 3rd and 4th

quadrants
180 + 11.5 or 360 − 11.5
x=
11.5 11.5
= 191.5 or 348.5

Make the angle with the x-

axis
Example

Solve cos x = −0.3 for −180 ≤ x ≤ 180

S A
−1
cos 0.3 = 72.5 

T C

cos is -ve in the 2nd and 3rd

quadrants
72.5
−180 + 72.5 or 180 − 72.5
x=
72.5
Make the = −107.5 or 107.5
angle with
the x-axis
These questions can even appear in non calc using
exact values
Example

3
Solve cos x = for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360
2

−1 3 S A
cos = 30
2 T C

cos is +ve in the 1st and 4th

quadrants
30 =x 30 or 360 − 30
30
= 30 or 330
Make the angle with the x-
axis
 Example

Solve tan x = − 3 for −180 ≤ x ≤ 180

S A
−1
tan 3 = 60 

T C

tan is -ve in the 2nd and 4th

quadrants
60 −60 or 180 − 60
x=
60 = −60 or 120

Make the angle with the x-

axis
Access Ex 8bQ1
Starter 1: Exact Values
Starter 2
USE ASTC
UISE ASTC
Use ASTC
 Design your own question
for partner.
Solutions must be NASTY!
EX8C Q3 only a-d, careful
of domain
When radians are not nice
multiples of pi Ex 8B Q2
Example Let. X = x+10

Solve ( )
sin x + 10 =
−0.5 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360

S A
−1
sin 0.5 = 30 

T C

sin is -ve in the 3rd and 4th

quadrants
x + 10 = 180 + 30 or 360 − 30
30 30 = 210 or 330
x = 200 or 320 subtract 10

Make the angle with the x-

axis
 Example
Let X = 2x
Solve cos 2 x = 0.6 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360

cos−1 0.6 = 53.13

S A

T C
53.13

53.13 cos is +ve in the 1st and 4th

quadrants

Make the angle with the x-

axis

2 x = 53.13 , 360 − 53.13 , 360 + 53.13 , 720 − 53.13

= = 53.13 , 306.87 , 413.13 , 666.87
x = 26.6 , 153.4 , 206.6 , 333.4 divide by 2
Access Ex8B Q3
Let X=
Example Notice this is not
Solve 3 ( tan x + 1) =
2 for −180 ≤ x ≤ 180
3 ( tan x + 1) = 2
3 tan x + 3 = 2 rather
3 tan x = −1
1
tan x = − S A
3
1 T C
tan−1 = 18.4
3
tan is -ve in the 2nd and 4th
quadrants
18.4 −18.4 or 180 − 18.4
x=
18.4
= −18.4 or 161.6

Make the angle with the x-

axis
Access 8C Q2
Let X=
Radians don’t get Freaked
Ex 8C Q3 e-h
Let X=
Working in radians, but not
nice multiples of pi…..DO
EXAMPLES
First Trig identity

N.B Let
Using Trig Identity
Ex 8D Q7
Example

Solve sin2 x + sin x cos x =

0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360
sin2 x + sin x cos x = 0
sin x ( sin x + cos x ) =
0
either sin x = 0

Note: When sin or cos is equal to -1, 0 or 1 it is better to find the

angles by using the graph.
y
1

y = sin x
x = 0 , 180 or 360
  
0 x
0 90 180 270 360

-1
Remember
or sin x + cos x = 0
sin x = − cos x
sin x
= −1
cos x
tan x = −1 A
S

tan−1 1 = 45 T C

tan is -ve in the 2nd and 4th

quadrants
45 180 − 45 or 360 − 45
x=
45 = 135 or 315
Writing out all the solutions in order

x = 0 , 135 , 180 , 315 or 360

Make the angle with the x-
axis
Example

Solve 6 cos2 x − cos x − 1 =0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360

6 cos2 x − cos x − 1 =0
product = -6
sum = -
1
factors -3, 2

6 cos2 x − 3 cos x + 2cos x − 1 = 0

3 cos x ( 2cos x − 1) + ( 2cos x − 1) =
0

( 3cos x + 1)( 2cos x − 1) =

0
 either 3 cos x + 1 =0
3cos x = −1
1
cos x = −
3

1 −1 S A
cos = 70.5
3
T C

cos is -ve in the 2nd and 3rd

quadrants
70.5
180 − 70.5 or 180 + 70.5
x=
70.5
Make the = 109.5 or 250.5
angle with
the x-axis
 or 2cos x − 1 =0
2cos x = 1
1
cos x =
2

1
−1
S A
cos = 60
2
T C

cos is +ve in the 1st and 4th

quadrants
60
=x 60 or 360 − 60
60 = 60 or 300
Writing out all the solutions in order
Make the angle with the x-
axis x = 60 , 109.5 , 250.5 or 300
Example

Solve 2cos2 x − 3 cos x + 2 =0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360

2cos2 x − 5 cos x + 2 =0
product = 4
sum = -
5
factors -1, -4

2cos2 x − cos x − 4cos x + 2 = 0

cos x ( 2cos x − 1) − 2 ( 2cos x − 1) =
0

( cos x − 2 )( 2cos x − 1) =
0
either cos x − 2 =0
cos x = 2 no Solutions
 or 2cos x − 1 =0
2cos x = 1
1
cos x =
2

1
−1
S A
cos = 60
2
T C

cos is +ve in the 1st and 4th

quadrants
60
=x 60 or 360 − 60
60 = 60 or 300

Make the angle with the x-

axis
 Access
Ex 8C Q1 d,e,f,g (careful in
radians not degrees and
non multiples of pi)
How would the answer in the last slide differ if
theta was obtuse?
Access Ex 8D Q1-6
Ex 8D cont
COMMON MISTAKE
USE ASTC
Korean Academy Trig identity
Example
Solve 2 sin2 x − 3 cos x =0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360
but sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
( )
2 1 − cos2 x − 3 cos x =
0
2 − 2cos2 x − 3 cos x =
0
2cos2 x + 3 cos x − 2 =0
product = -4
sum = 3
factors -1, 4
2cos2 x − cos x + 4 cos x − 2 = 0
cos x ( 2cos x − 1) + 2 ( 2cos x − 1) =
0

( cos x + 2 )( 2cos x − 1) =
0
either cos x + 2 =0
cos x = −2 no Solutions
 or 2cos x − 1 =0
2cos x = 1
1
cos x =
2

1
−1
S A
cos = 60
2
T C

cos is +ve in the 1st and 4th

quadrants
60
=x 60 or 360 − 60
60 = 60 or 300

Make the angle with the x-

axis
 Example
Solve sin 2 x − cos x =0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360
but sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x − cos x = 0
cos x ( 2 sin x − 1) =
0

either sin x = 0

Note: When sin or cos is equal to -1, 0 or 1 it is better to find the

angles by using the graph.
y
1

y = cos x
x = 90 or 270 0
0 90 180 270 360
x

-1
 or 2 sin x − 1 =0
2 sin x = 1
1
sin x =
2

1−1
S A
sin = 30
2
T C

sin is +ve in the 1st and 2nd

quadrants
30 30 
=x 30 or 180 − 30
= 30 or 150
Writing out all the solutions in order
Make the angle with the x-
axis x = 30 , 90 , 150 , 270
Solve for x
USE ASTC
Also Ex 8D Q8- need Korean Academy Trig
identity and form Quad in disguise.
ALSO decimal pi answers!
Ex 8d Q8/9
Access Ex 8E
Proving Trig Id’s
Graphs of trigonometric functions
 y
4
3
=y sin x + 2
2
1
0 x y = sin x
-1 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-2
-3 =y sin x − 3
-4
-5
 y
4

3 y = 3 cos x

1 y = cos x
1
y = cos x
0 2
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 x
-1

-2
y = −2cos x

-3

-4
 y
4
3
2
1 y = 3 sin x
0 x y = sin x
-1 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-2 =y 3 sin x − 2
-3
-4
-5
-6
 y
4

2
y= 2 − cos x
1 y = cos x

0
x
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-1 y = − cos x

-2
 y
1.5

y = sin x
0.5
y = sin 2 x
y = sin3 x
0 x
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 y = sin 4 x
-0.5 1
y = sin x
2
-1

-1.5 360 2π
=If y sin
= kx then the period or
k k
 y
1.5

1
y = cos x
=y cos( x − 30 )
0.5
=y cos( x − 60 )

=xy cos( x − 90 )

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

-0.5

-1

-1.5
( )
Note: y = cos x − 90 = sin x
 y
1.5

0.5

y = sin x
0 x
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

-0.5 y = sin 2 x

-1
= (
y sin 2 x − 30  )
-1.5 = (
y sin 2 x − 60 )
 y
3

2 =y 2cos 2 x + 30 ( )
y = cos x
1
=y cos 2 x + 30 ( )
0 xy = cos 2 x
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-1
(
y 2cos 2 x + 30 − 2
= )
-2

-3

-4

-5
 y

6
5
4
3
2 y = sin x
1 (
y 3cos 2 x − 30 + 2
= )
0 x y = sin 2 x
-1 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
= (
y sin 2 x − 30 )
-2 =y 3 sin 2 x − 30 ( )
-3
-4
 ( )
y 3 sin 2 x − 30 + 2
Sketch a graph of= =y a sin ( bx + c ) + d

y
6
5
4
3
2 (
y 3 sin 2 x − 30 + 2
= )
1
y = sin x
0 x
-1 0 30 60 90
=
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
y sin 2 x − 30 ( )
y = sin 2 x
-2
-3
= (
y 3 sin 2 x − 30 )
-4

360= c
y sin ( bx + c )

y = sin bx period = phase change =− compared with y =
sin bx
b b
y a sin ( bx + c ) amplitude = a = y a sin ( bx + c ) + d vertical shift = d
Ex 8A Q1
Don’t Use GDC…….
use Y=Asin(B(x+C))+D knowledge or cos equivalent.

N.B for tan (questions d and h) used transformation of function knowledge.

Ex 8A Q2 Non calc………………
use analysis and use Y=Asin(B(x+C))+D knowledge or cos equivalent.
Ex 8B Q4-6
Trig Equations/Graphs in real life situations