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CLASSICAL CONDI-WPS Office

Classical conditioning review

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34 views3 pages

CLASSICAL CONDI-WPS Office

Classical conditioning review

Uploaded by

haddymasabpi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory is one of the most famous psychological models for
understanding how organisms learn through associations between stimuli. It was first
discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov during his experiments with dogs in the early
20th century.

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Example: In Pavlov’s experiment, food is the UCS because it naturally causes the dog to salivate.

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

The automatic, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Example: The dog’s salivation in response to the food is the UCR.

NEUTRAL STIMULUS

A stimulus that initially does not trigger any particular response.

Example: Before conditioning, a bell is a neutral stimulus because it does not make the dog
salivate.

CONDITIONED STIMULUS
After repeated association with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a
conditioned stimulus that elicits a learned response.

Example: After conditioning, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus that makes the dog
salivate.

CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Conditioned Response (CR)


The learned response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning has occurred.

Example: The dog salivating in response to the bell, even when no food is present, is the
conditioned response.

IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES

Acquisition-The process by which the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the
unconditioned stimulus, leading to the conditioned response.The speed of acquisition depends
on factors like the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus and the timing between the neutral
and unconditioned stimuli.

Extinction-If the conditioned stimulus (e.g., the bell) is repeatedly presented without the
unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food), the conditioned response (e.g., salivation) will gradually
weaken and disappear.

Spontaneous Recovery-After extinction, if some time has passed and the conditioned stimulus
is presented again, the conditioned response may suddenly reappear, although typically
weaker.

Generalization-The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the
conditioned response.
Example: A dog conditioned to salivate to a bell may also salivate to other similar-sounding
bells.

Discrimination-The ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
that are similar but do not elicit the conditioned response.
Example: The dog learns to salivate only to a specific bell sound and not to other similar sounds.

Applications of the theory

Phobias
Phobias can develop when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a frightening
experience.
Example: A person bitten by a dog (UCS) may develop a fear of dogs (CS) after the traumatic
experience.
Advertising
Classical conditioning is used in marketing to create positive associations between a product
(neutral stimulus) and positive emotions (unconditioned response).
Example: A celebrity (UCS) endorses a product, and the positive feelings towards the celebrity
are transferred to the product (CS).
Taste Aversion
If a person becomes ill after eating a specific food (UCS), they may develop an aversion to that
food (CS), even if the illness was unrelated to the food.
Treatment for Anxiety Disorders
Classical conditioning principles are used in therapies like systematic desensitization to help
individuals unlearn fearful associations and respond more calmly to previously anxiety-inducing
stimuli.
Learning in Animals
Animal trainers use classical conditioning to teach animals specific behaviors by pairing a
neutral stimulus (e.g., a whistle) with a reward (e.g., food).

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