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Inbound 499470555688111450

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Hand-outs in Science 10

Reflection of Light in Mirrors


 Reflection is the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror.
• The light ray which hits the object is called the incident ray.
• The light ray which bounces off is called the reflected ray.
• The normal to a surface is a line that runs perpendicular to the surface.
• The angle between the incident ray and the normal line is known as the
angle of incidence (ϴi).
• The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is known as the angle
of reflection (ϴr).
The Law of Reflection
1. The angle of incidence qi is equal to the angle of reflection qr: qi = qr
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal N all lie in the same plane.
3. The rays are completely reversible.
Types of Reflection
 In specular or regular reflection, the reflected rays are parallel to each other. Occurs when rays strike “shiny” surface
 In diffuse or irregular reflection, the reflected rays scatter. Occurs when rays strike a “rough” surface
Mirror
 It is any surface that is smooth enough to produce regular reflection of light incident upon it.
Types of Mirror
1. Plane Mirror- is one flat surface.
 Ordinary mirror used at homes, where we see the exact image of ourselves. Used by architects or interior designers to
make a room seem bigger.
2. Spherical Mirror- has a reflecting surface taken from the surface of a sphere. It could be a concave or convex.
 Concave Mirror- curves inwards in the direction of the incident rays.
e.g. Hollow part of a shiny spoon, shaving mirrors, make up mirrors and dentist’s mirror.
 Convex Mirror- Bulges outward to the incident rays.
e.g. The opposite side of the hollow part of the spoon, rear view mirrors in cars and the wide range
mirrors in supermarkets
How do images form?
An image is formed at the point where the rays of light leaving a single point on an object either actually intersect or where they
appear to originate from.
Types of Image
1. Real images are formed by actual rays of light. (Real images can be projected on a screen and forms in front of the
mirror.)
2. Virtual images do not really exist, but only seem to be at a location. Virtual images are on the opposite side of the mirror
from the incoming rays (forms at the back of the mirror).
PLANE MIRRORS
The image in a plane mirror: the same size as the object, the same distance as the object, upright/ erect, laterally reversed- (left of
the object becomes the right of the image), and virtual image -formed behind the mirror

Properties of Plane Mirror


1. Mirror Left- Right Reversal- It is mirror effect where left side of the object appears as the right side of the image and the
right side appears as the left. This also explains why the word “AMBULANCE” in an ambulance car is flipped.
2. Multiple Images- formed by the reflection that happens when arranging at least two mirrors.
 The wider the angle of the two plane mirrors, the smaller images forms. The smaller the angle of the two plane
mirrors, the more images it forms.

In plane mirrors, the object distance (p), and the image distance (q) is equal. In plane mirrors, the image appears as if it
behind the mirror but not actually not, so the image is virtual. The value therefore of the image distance is negative. The height of
the image (h’) in plane mirrors is always the same as the height of the object (h), thus its magnification (M) is 1.
Mathematically,

[Prepared by: E. S. Samillano, Jr. | Science 10- Quarter 2- force, motion, and 1
energy ]
h ' −q
M= =
h p

Reflection of Light in Curved Mirrors


 A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its surface is a section of sphere.
 Concave Mirror (converging mirror) converges all parallel light rays at the focal point.
 Convex Mirror (diverging mirror) diverges all parallel light rays at the focal point

Terms used with Curved Mirrors


1. Center of curvature, (C) the center of the sphere of which the
mirror is part.
2. Vertex, (V) the center of the mirror.
3. Radius of curvature (R) radius of the sphere. It is the distance
between C & V.
4. Focal Point/ Principal Focus, (F) the point between the center of
the curvature and vertex. The point where the reflected ray meets
(concave mirror), or point where reflected rays seem to come from
behind (convex mirror)
5. Focal length, (f) distance from the vertex of a mirror to the focal
point. It is one-half of the radius of curvature.
6. Aperture (AB) refers to the width of the mirror
7. Principal axis/ optical axis a straight line joining C and V.

The ‘Four Principal Rays’ in Curved Mirrors


Images formed in a curved mirror can be located and described through ray diagramming. The P – F ray, F – P ray, C – C
ray, and the V ray are the ‘Four Principal Rays’ in curve mirrors. These rays, applied for concave and convex mirrors.

[Prepared by: E. S. Samillano, Jr. | Science 10- Quarter 2- force, motion, and 2
energy ]

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