10/6/2024

Understanding Strain in
Strength of Materials
How Materials Deform Under Load

Engr. Renzo C. Ramirez

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Understanding Stress-Strain
Diagram

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𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Stress =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Restoring Force Restoring Force

Deforming Force Deforming Force

Deformation/ Elongation Caused = Strain

The relationship between the stress and the strain for a given material
can be found experimentally

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TAKE THIS SPRING AS AN

EXAMPLE!!!

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Now, change the

force applied, and
note the change in the
length of the spring.

Strain
Force Applied

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STRESS STRAIN CURVE

a) From the origin O to the point called proportional
limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line.
The stress is directly proportional to strain, which
means Hooke’s law is obeyed.

STRESS STRAIN CURVE

a) It still regains its original dimension when the applied
force is removed. In this region, known as elastic region,
the solid behaved as an “elastic body”.

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WHAT IF I INCREASE
THE LOAD/ THE
FORCE TO BE
APPLIED?

STRESS STRAIN CURVE

b) The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the
material will no longer go back to its original shape
when the load is removed.

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SO, THE BODY WILL

NOT REGAIN ITS
ORIGINAL FORM,
THEN.

AND IT WILL HAVE

PERMANENT
DEFORMATION.

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STRESS STRAIN CURVE

c) The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is
called the elastic range. The region from P to R is
called the plastic range.
d) Yield point is the point at which the material will
have an appreciable elongation or yielding without
any increase in load.

WHAT IF I STILL
WANNA ADD MORE
LOAD?

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STRESS STRAIN CURVE

e) The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is
the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
f) Rapture strength is the strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

STRESS STRAIN CURVE

a) From the origin O to the point called proportional
limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line.
The stress is directly proportional to strain.
b) The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the
material will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed, or it is the
maximum stress that may developed such that there
is no permanent or residual deformation when the
load is entirely removed.
c) The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is
called the elastic range. The region from P to R is
called the plastic range.
d) Yield point is the point at which the material will
have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.
e) The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is
the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
f) Rapture strength is the strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.

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01
What is a strain?
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of
the change in length caused by the applied force, to the
original length.

𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿

where δ is the deformation and L is the original length,

thus ε is dimensionless.

Definition of Strain

Linear Strain Shear Strain Volumetric Strain

Change in length per unit original Change in angle per unit angle Change in volume per unit original
length along the direction of the along the plane of the force applied volume under uniform stress
force applied

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Importance of Understanding Strain

Predicting material behavior Designing structures Quality control

Strain helps in predicting how Understanding strain is crucial for Strain analysis is essential for
materials deform under load. designing structures that can quality control in manufacturing
withstand various forces. processes.

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Types of Strain

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Normal/ Axial Strain

Tensile Strain Compressive Strain

Elongation of a material due to tensile stress. Shortening of a material due to compressive stress.
Positive strain, as the material elongates. Negative strain, as the material shortens.

where 𝐿 is the final length after stretching. 𝐿 refers to the original length of a material before any force
is applied to it.

Example 1: Tensile Strain

in a Steel Rod

l Definition
Tensile strain is the ratio of the change in length to the original
length of the steel rod when subjected to tensile stress.

l What is Tensile Testing?

Tensile testing helps ensure that a weld meets the required
levels of strength and ductility.

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Example 2: Compressive Strain in a Concrete Column

If the compressive strain exceeds the elastic limit, concrete columns undergo plastic
deformation, resulting in permanent deformation.

EXAMPLES
Practical Applications of Strain

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EXAMPLE NO. 1
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the
lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2 ,find
the total elongation of the rod.

EXAMPLE NO. 2
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is
horizontal before the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if
its magnitude is 50 kN.

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EXAMPLE NO. 3
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling.

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