1

Cell Structure
Introduction
The cell occupies the same central
position in biology
as the atom in the
sciences. It is the basic unit of
organisation or
physical
of microscopic dimensions structure of all living matter. Being
(very tiny), the cell came under the
only in the 17th century, with the invention of study of scientists
the microscope.
magnify objects, i.e., increase the size of microscope
an instrument used to
A is
image.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), an Italian
painter, used convex lenses to magnify
objects upto ten times. Later, many lenses were combined
compound microscopes, having magnification power ranging from together to formn
times. These microscopes used 300 to 1500
light (generally sunlight) to illuminate the object.
Hence, these came to be known as
light microscopes.
A. V. Leeuwenhoeck A.V Leewenhoeck (1632-1723)
to construct a
(1632-1723).a Dutch cloth merchant, was among the first
microscope. He discovered the minute forms of life such as bacteria Lens
and single-celled animals like Infusoria in a drop of water. The modern
microscope
uses a beam of electrons to scan the object and can magnify upto 2,00,000 times.

Discovery of the Cell

The word cell is derived from the Latin word "cellula" which means "a little room".
It was British botanist Robert Hooke, who in 1665, while examining a slice of bottle
cork under his crude microscope observed its honey-combed or porous structure.
He found it resembling the box-like living quarters or cells of the monks in a
monastery and called the units, cells. Jan Swammerdam in 1658 gave the first
description of the cell in his account of the red blood cells of the frog.

The Cell Theory

All living beings, whether plant or animal, start their life with a single cel. f they Front view Side view
continue to be in this state, they are said to be unicellular e.g., yeast, bacteria,
Leewenhock's Simple Microscope
chlamydomonas, amoeba. If the cell divides and gives rise to organisms with more
than one cell, the organism is termed as multicellular. Each cell is capable of Cork cells
carrying out the various metabolic ife processes such as assimilation, respiration,
reproduction, excretion, etc., that are essential for the survival of the organism.
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, first proposed the idea that all Microscope
plants consist of cells. A year later, Theodor Schwann, a German zoologist,
and animals are made up of cells, thus
independently asserted that all plants
extending the theory to animal life. This joint finding forms the basis of the cell Flame
could be 'grown' or generated in a manner
theory. Schwann believed that cells new material. However, research
similar to crystals which 'grow' by depositing
themselves through a process that
showed that during growth cells duplicate
"cell-division"".
came to be known as

summarized these observations in the Latin phrase,

In 1885, Rudolf Virchow aptly
arise from pre-existing cells). As he explained, Reservoir,dde
Omnis cellulae cellua", (cells the animal
have been a pre-existing cell, just as
"where a cell exists, there must a significant
and the plant only from a plant". Thus, Object
arises only from an animal Hook's Compound Microscope
addition w a s made to the
cell theory.

1
 Cell: Shape and Size
A. To
A cell is a mass of protoplasm having a distinct nucleus and limited by á plasma membrane. Pro
1.
Points to Note
A cell is the smallest living unit which is able to carry out all the 2.
metabolism and reproduction.
basic functions of life: growth, 3.
amoeba) consist of a single celI,
The single largest cell in the world is
Some simple organisms (e.g., of an ostrich
consist of many cells adapted 2.
while most plants and animals The smallcst cells are those of the Mycoplasma.
function. But e v e n in these multicellular
to perform a particular The largest huinan cell is the
cells are capable of growing, feeding female ovum (0.01 mmin
organisms, the individual dianeter).
and reproducing.
4. The smallest human cell is the red blood cell (0.0075
1. Size of a particular cell is dependent on the surface area/ mm
mn
or 7.5 um).
volume relationship. B.
5. In humans, the number of cells is estimated to be ab
A small body possesses a relatively large surface area, and 1000 trillion (10').
vice versa. Since many nutrients enter the cell and wastees
6. An average human cell measures between 0.01 mm t
leave the cell by diffusion, and the rate of diffusion is 0.03 mm.
directly proportional to the area available, a small cell is
more efficient than a larger one. 7. Nerve cells in animals are the longest cells.

Cells generally remain small. A small size offers a larger

The size of the cell ranges from 1/10th to 1/1000th of a surface area which facilitates exchange ofrespiratory gases,
príllimetre. Certain cells, like the nerve cell in elephant, has
been found to measure 1 m. The smallest cells are those of
intake of nutrients, removal of wastes from the cell. by
diffusion.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, (1/10,000th of a millimetre) an
organism intermediate between viruses and bacteria.
2. Shape: The different cells in plants and animals are specialised
to perform definite tasks. A particular cell can do only one
kind of work. For example:

(i) Guard cells in plants control the opening and closing of

the pores (stomata) that allow gaseous exchange. They
also have chloroplasts to harness solar energy for
manufacturing their food by the process of photosynthesis.
Ayoung
(i) Sieve cells in plants transport nutrients in plants. baboon seeks
out ostrich
(ii) The red blood cells in animals transport respiratory eggs for food
gases. Plant guard cell
(iv) The nerve cell carries messages from one part of the Animal fat cell
body to another. Hence, they are very long. Nerve cell

(v) Muscle cells contract and relax to allow movement of Chloroplast

body parts.
(vi) Fat cells store fat permanently, or until needed for
energy.
In general, there is no typical shape for cells. Both plant and
animal cells show varied shapes such as spherical, oval, Animal
muscle cel
rectangular, polygonal, spindle-shaped, rod-shaped or star-

shaped. Some are as irregular as the nerve cells.

Shown alongside, are cells of different shapes designed for
dífferent tasks.

Note: Eggs are giant cells. Whatever their size, they are just single cells. Plant sieve cells Mammalian red bloodcell

2
A. To observe an animal cell under a compound microscope.
Procedure:
1. Run a finger round the inside of the cheek.
2. Smear the fluid thus collected on a clean dry slide.
3. Add a drop of methylene blue solution to the slide.
(Staining is done to bring the nucleus into prominence.)
Allow it to stand for a minute and then drain it away by Nucleus
tilting the slide. The inner lining of the cheek Epithelial cells from the

Now observe the cell under the low power of a is composed of a single layer body cavity of frog.
compound microscope. of flat, cuboidal_epithelial
cells with centrally located
B. To observe a plant cell under a compound microscope. nucleus.

Procedure:
1. Strip the epidermis from the inside of an onion scale.
2. Place a piece of the tissue on a glass slide and add a few
drops of water.

3. A drop of dilute iodine solution may be added to stain

the nuclei light brown or highlight starch grains if
present. (Starch turns blue-black in iodine). Parenchyma cells make up the skin of the onion. The
nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery
Now observe the cell under the low power of a
while the vacuole occupies the central position. The
compound microscope. The skin is one cell thick,
hence, the transparent cells can be seen easily. shape is determined by ihe pressure of the adjoining
cells. If isolated the cells would appear rounded or
Path of Light in a Light Microscope oval.
instrument used magnity ob-
Tube- Eyepiece lenses: A microscope is an to

Magnifies the im- jects. i.e.. increase the size of image.

Body age produced by
Coarse the objective
In addition to magnifying a specimen, a microscope
must produce a clear image of the closely spaced parts
djustment lenses
mob of the object. The ability to provide such an image is
Light called the resolving power of a micrbscope

The best optical microscopes cannot resolve parts of

objects that are closer than about 0.0002 ofa millimetre.
Nose piece Anything smaller in the specimen such as atoms.
molecules and viruses cannot be seen with an optical
Objectivelenses: microscope.
Produces a mag-
nified image of the
Migroscope used for Study of various Structures
specimen Field Structure Method of
Specimen Observation
Anatomy |Organs Eye and simple
lenses
Microscope lamp
Histology Tissues Light microscope
Cytology Cells, bacteria X-ray microscopy
Ultramicroscopic | Cell components| Electron microscope
morphology and viruses

Molecular biology| Arangement X-ray microscopy

Fineadjustment knob
atomic structure of atoms

3
 Cell Structure
The cell, seen under a light
microscope reveals the following: Living parts of a Cell
1. A cell wall made of cellulose (in
plants only) and plasma 1. Cell membrane
membrane which encloses the protoplasm. These
struc
tures help to give the cell its shape and allow various 2. Cytoplasm:
substances to pass through them. a. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Note: A cell of particular shape found in different parts of . Mitochondria
the plant or animal body is according to the role or function
c. Golgi Complex
it has to perform as part of the tissue or
organ system. The
shape of the cell may also vary due to internal or d. Ribosomes
mechanical stress or pressure. e. Lysosomes
2. Cytoplasm: The part of the cell between the
membrane and nuclear plasma f. Centrosome (animals only)
envelope is called the cytoplasm. g. Plastids (plants only)|
The cytoplasm is
composed of the matrix, the organelles Non-iing parts ofa
and non-living inclusions like 3. Nucleus: Cell
vacuoles and granules.
a.The Matrix: It is a a. Nuclear membrane 1. Cell wall (plants only
transparent,
substance. In its active state, ithomogeneous
semi-fluid
remains saturated with b. Nucleoli Cellulose is a fibrous
water. If the water
content is decreased, its vital polysaccharide
activity is also reduced, and may even halt, as in the c. Nucleoplasm
2. Granules
case of dry seeds.
Living cytoplasm is always in a state d. Chromatin fibres 3. Vacuoles
of movement.
b. The
4. Fat droplets
Organelles: Organelles are living parts
of the cell Protoplasm
having definite shape, structure and function. These
tiny chemical factories produce hormones, The protoplasm is atransparent semi-fluid
enzymes granu
and other substances which are released
for the use in lar substance that loses its
the cell and elsewhere in the transparency
on
heating.
body. It responds to external stimulilike
Anclusions: As result of diverse metabolic activities of
a tric shock, chemicals and sudden variation of
pin-pricks, elec
the cell tem-
organelles, a variety of soluble and insoluble perature or light.
chemical products accumulate within the cel. These
are generally found stored in vacuoles
The largest component of protoplasm is
or granules.
Mineral salts and elements oxygen, carbon, water.
(i) Vacuoles: These are clear spaces present in the
hydro-
gen and nitrogen in the form of proteins, fats and
cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane. These contain carbohydrates form the solid components of the
fluid called cell sap in which water soluble nutrients protoplasm.
and pigments are found. Dissolved pigments
impart The portion of
protoplasm that occurs in the nucleus
colour. Vacuoles also help to maintain the osmotic is called the
pressure in a cell. In protozoans like amoeba and nucleoplasm.
paramoecium vacuoles help in osmoregulation. Note: Depending upon their nature, cell
(ii) Granules: These are tiny bodies found in the inclusions are
cyto-
plasm of plants and animal cells. They are not
classified as reserve, secretory or waste product.
bounded by membrane. Reserve Product: Carbohydrates, fats and oils.
yolk (in animals), proteins.
Sometimes pigments may occur as granules in
special cells, glycogen or starch granules may be 2. Secretory: Enzymes, pigments, nectar (in plants).
present as reserve food, or secretory granules may 3. Waste Products (in
accumulate in gland cells. plants): Mineral erystals
gums and resins, latex, alkaloids (e.g., nicotine.
3. Nucleus: It contains one or more dense
bodies called morphine, quinine), tannin and essential oils.
nucleoli and a network of thread-like structures called
chromatin. It bears hereditary characters called Note: Sieve tubes in
and regulates metabolic activities of the genes plants and the mature mamma
cell. lian red blood cells do not have a
nucleus.
 A Typical Animal Cell C
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Centriole

Cell membrane

Smooth O
endoplasmic Nucleolus
reticulumn

NANIU) Nucleus

of a
Ribosomne
only) Mitochondrion
brous
Rough endoplasmic
reticulumn

Nuclear membrane
Golgi
apparatus

ranu- Lysosomee
ating. A Typical Plant Cell
elec
t tem-
Nucleolus
Nucleus5
vater.
Smooth endoplasmic Chloroplast
reticulum Nuclear membrane
ydro-
ts and Golgi Complex
of the

icleus

are
Cell wall

oils. Cell membrane

lants). Rough endoplasmic

reticulum
ystals.
otine.
Is. Vacuole.
Mitochondrion
mma-

Ribosome Cytoplasm
5
 Cell Organelles
definite shape, structure and function.
are living parts of the cell having
Organelles
as under:
observed in cells are
The various organelles
2. Ribosomes
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Peroxisomes
3. Mitochondria
Lysosomes(in animal cells)
6.
5. Golgi Complex
Centrioles (in animal cells) 8. Plastids (in plant cells)
Centrosome and

9. Nucleus

Reticulum: It is a complex tubular membrane Plasma membrane Secretory vesicle

1. Endoplasmic
the intracellular cavity. Some
system which almost fills up
ribosomes.
tubes are studded with spherical bodies called
These are called rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those that
do not bear ribosomes are called smooth endoplasmic Mitochondria
reticulum.

On oneend the E.R. is connected to the outer membrane Goli

of the nucleus and on the other to the plasma membrane. Complen
of the cell.
) t forms the supporting skeletal framework
of nuclear
(i) t provides a pathway for the distribution NucleusS
material from one cell to the other.
and granular
2. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are dense, spherical
matrix or remain a t
particles which o c c u r freely in the
Chemically, the major
tached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Rough endoplasmic reticulun
ribo-nucleic acid (RNA) Ribosome
constituents of ribosomes are the connected to the nucleus
absent. Ribosomes pro-
and proteins. Fats are practically
vide the surface for protein synthesis. Diagram showing the Endoplasmic
reticulum with he
Nucleus and the Golgi complex
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): The mitochondria
3.
rod-shaped,
are bodies of varying shapes (cylindrical,
tiny
to 2 um) distributed in the
spherical) and size (0.2 m
cytoplasm. Each is bounded by a
double membrane enve
(cristae) is thrown into folds.
lope. The inner membrane
the sites of cellular respiration. They
use
Mitochondria are Outer mitochondrial
oxidise the carbohydrates
molecular oxygen from the air to membrane
carbon dioxide and water
and fats present in the cell to
mitochon-
releases energy. Hence, the
vapour. Oxidation
house of the cell.
dria are also known as the power
distribution of mitochondria than
Animal cells have a greater
also produced during photo-
plant cells. In plants, energy is
for the lack of mitochondria.
synthesis. This compensates
mostly in the kidney cells,
and the liver
4. Peroxisomes: Found
microbodies which contain powerful oxi
peroxisomes are
dative enzymes for photorespiration,
hydrogen peroxide Inner mitochondna

uric acid, adenine, gua- Cristae Granule membrane

metabolism, purine (for example,

in the removal of toxic (Oxysomes)
nine) metabolism. It thus, helps
Mitochondrion
substances.

6
 6. Golgi Complex: The Golgi Complex, alsoamed Golgi
Bodies or the Golgi Apparatus (or dictyosomea in plant Scerctory
cells), occurs in all cells with a few exceptions. The main C'isternne vesicles

function of the Golgi Body, is secretory. The synthetic

products of the cell i.e., proteins, hormones and enzymes
are collected by the Golgi vacuoles and secreted into the
cytoplasm
The Golgi Complex
Membrane o
ach Golgi complex consists of the following: Tubule Golgiconplcx
1. Tubules, which are flattened plate-like net-work found
near the nucleus. The Golg Complex
les
2. Vesicles, which are small droplet-like sacs. These remain
attached to the tubule at the distal end, near the plasma
membrane.

3. Golgian vacuoles. which are large, spacious spherical Scale used for measuring cells:
structures.
cm 10 mm
lgi Note: The Golgi complex is absent in bacteria, blue-green
mpley I mm 1000 mierons ()
algae, mature sperms and red blood cells of animals.
6. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are tiny I m 1000 millimicrons(mu
spherical sac-like structures evenly
distributed in the cytoplasm. Occur-
ring mostly in animal cells, irregular-
shaped lysosomes have been lo-
cated in the meristematic tissues of Significance of Lysosomes
ulum
plant roots, e.g., maize.
1. InMetamorphosis (Amphibians, Tunicates)
h the The chief function of the enzymes
The lys0 During the transformation of a tadpole into frog.
secreted by lysosomes is intracellular digestion.
somes digest stored food contents like proteins, fats and the embryonic tissues like gills and tail are
glycogen of the cytoplasm and supply the necessary digested by the lysosome and utilised by other
and
amount of energy to the cell. Lysosomes also digest cells.
remove worn out cells. Cells of leucocytes (WBC) digest
foreign proteins, bacteria and viruses. Hence, lysosomes Young frog Adult frog
control the break down of part of a cell or of foreign with tail

particles.
are also referred to as 'suicide bags'
because
Lysosomes
during cell starvation they slowly digest cell organelles and 2. InFertilisation
destroy the cell.
The lysosomal enzymes of the sperm ells digest
the
7. Centrosome and Centrioles: Just outside the nucleus of the limiting membrane of the ovum (egg). Thus
without
animal cell, there is a small clear area of cytoplasm the sperm is able to enter the ovum and affect
which is
any granules. In this portion of the cytoplasm, fertilisation.
micro-tubular
called the centrosome, one or two tiny
cylindrical structures These are called centrioles.
develop. Ovum

centriole initiates cell division and helps

in spindle
rial The
formetion during cell division in animal cells. Sperm.

7
 o c c u r in most plant
cells and are absent Thylakoid
8. Plastids: Plastids like
Cells of lower non-flowering plants Granum
in animal cells. contain chromato Stroma
bacteria, blue-green
algae and fungi
instead of plastids.
phores
have the
power to
Plastids are self replicating, i.e., they
classes: Pigmented (chlo-
divide. They are grouped in two
non-pigmented (leucoplast).
roplast, chromoplast) and
algae and higher plants, Membrane
a. Chloroplast: Present in green Granum in Matrix
each chloroplast is
bounded by a double membrane. longitudinal section
solar energy and
The green pigment chlorophyll traps Chloroplast
utilises it to manufacture food for the plant.

b. Chromoplast: The variously pigmented plastids by im-

iample of Chromoplast
parting colour to flowers, attract insects for pollination.
c. Leucoplast: These are colourless, rod-shaped or spher- () Carotenoids (insoluble in water): Imparts yello
and orapgecolours. It is contained in carrots,
oid pigments which store food in the form of carbohy-
drates (starch), lipids and proteins. They are found in (Gi) Anthocyanins (soluble): Imparts red and blue
seeds, meristematic cells, sex-cells, ground tissue of colours. It is contained in beetroot.
certain roots and stems.
9. Nucleus

The nucleus has been described as the brain of the cell as Role of Nucleus
it regulates all metabolic and hereditary activities of
the
cell. The nucleus is composed of the following structures. The nucleus controls all metabolic activities ofthe
cell. If the nucleus is removed from a cel. the
a. Nuclear Membrane: It is a selectively permeable enve
protoplasm eventually dries up and dies.
lope-like the nuclear contents which
structure around
separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. 2. Itregulates cell division.

b. The Nucleoplasm: The space within the nuclear enve- 3. Itis concerned with the transmission ofhereditary
lope is filled by a transparent semi-solid, granular traits from parent to offspring.
ground substance or matrix called the nucleoplasm.
4. The nucleolus stores proteins.
The nuclear components such as the nucleolus and
chromatin threads remain suspended in i* Centrioles
C. The Nucleolus: It is a dense spherical granuie contained
within the nucleus. Its size is related to the synthetic
activity of the cell. For example, cells like neurons and
secretory cells which synthesize proteins, have a com-
paratively larger nucleoli than those cells that have no Nucleus
synthetic activity (e.g., sperm cells, muscle celis).

Chromatin fibres Nucleolus

These are very fine thread-like coiled filaments uniformly Chromatin

distributed in the nucleoplasm. At the time of cell division,
the chromatin becomes thick and ribbon-like and are known
as chromosomes.

The chromosomes bear genes whicl are composed of the

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are responsible for the
transmission of hereditary characteristics from one
tion to another. Chromosome number is constant for a
genera
Animal Cell showing the Centrioles contained in
particular species.
Centrosome, Nucleus, Nucleolus and Chromatin ti
8
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Chromosome Number of some Organisms
Prokaryotic cell Round worm 2 7. Sunflower 34
In lower
organisms like the bacteria and 2. Mosquito 8. Garden pea
blue-green algae, the nuclear membrane is 14
absent. As such. the nuclear 3. Frog 26 9.
material is in Maize 20
direct contact with the 4. Rat 42 10. Rice
are called
cytoplasm. Such cells 24
prokaryotic cells. 5. Man 46 11. Onion 16
Eukaryotic cells
6. Gold fish 100 12. Guinea pig 64
In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear
material is
enclosed or bounded by a membrane. Higher
organisms have eucaryotic cells.

Nuclear Genes
membrane
Genes are segments of DNA.
A gene is the functional unit of chromosome ar-
ranged in single, linear order along the chromo-
some. One gene may be responsible for one or
several cell functions or a single function may be
carried out by a set of genes.

Points to Note S P

1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a helically-twisted double

chainpoly-deoxyribonucleotide macromolecule. Adenine
2. Each spiral of the DNA molecule has 10 nucleotides. The Guanine

distance between twonucleotides is 3.4Ä. The diameter of a Thymine

DNA molecule is 20A and its radius is 10A. O cytosine
3. Twotypes ofnitrogenous bases occur in DNA

Purines: adenine (A); guanine(G)

Gi)Pyrimidines: cytosine(C);thymine (T)
4. The two DNA chains are antiparallel to each other and are
held together by hydrogen bonds between their bases.
S P
5. The total molar amount of purines and pyrimidines in an Sugar

/specimen of DNA is always equal, i.e., A+G=T+C. Phosphate

A=Tand G =C, therefore, theratioA/T =1 and GIC =1
6. Base ratio (A + T)/(G+C) may vary from one species to
another, but is constant for a given species. This ratio, called
dissymmetry ratiocan be used to identify the source of DNA
and help in the classification of organisms.

9
 Ready Reckoner

Occurrence Function
Nature
Part of Cell
Non-living, semi-rigid, permeable Plant cells only a. Gives strength and rigidity
1. Cell Wall to the cell.
membrane, composed ofcomplex
polysaccharide called cellulose. b. Allows free passage of 1.
sub.
stances through it.
2.

Living, differentially permeable Plant and animal cells. Regulates entry and exit of suh.
2. Cell Membrane stances in and out of the
(wo-layered membrane, composed cell, .
of fats and protcins.
Plant and animal cells.
Absent in a. Provides a pathway for
3. Endoplasmic-reticulum Living. network of tubular mem- and embryoniccells. tribution of nuclear dis. 4.
brane. Connected at one end to the RBC's material.
nucleus and on the other to the
plasma membrane. May be smooth
b.Provides supporting skclet
framework of the cell.
or rough.
6.
Living, single walled dense, spheri Plant and animal cells. Occur freely Sites for protein synthesis.
4. Ribosomes
cal bodies composed mainly of in the matrix or remain attached to

RNA. ER.
Living, various shapes, double- Plant and animal cells. Absent in Release energy and svnthe.
5. Mitochondria nthesize
walled, inner wall thrown into folds RBC and bacteria. respiratory enzymes.
called cristae. DNA present.

6. Golgi Complex Living, consists of tubules, vesicles

Plant and animal cells. Absent in Secretion of hormones and en-
and vacuoles. mature RBC and sperms; blue- zymes.
green algae and bacteria.

Living, sac-like vesicles with pro- Found mainly in animal cells and Synthesis of digestive enzymes
7. Lysosomes
teinaceous matrix. some plant cells. Provide energy during cell star-
vation. ASsociated with ageing 4

Living, membrane-bound sac. Kidney and liver cells. Removal of toxic substances.
8. Peroxisomes
9. Centrioles Living, micro-tubular structures Animal cells only. Lies just out- Initiates cell division.
found in small clear area of the side the nucleus.
cytoplasm called centrosome.

Living, double-walled structure Plant cells only. a. Chloroplast: Site of photo-

10. Plastids
with a proteinaceous matrix. Con- synthesis.
tains DNA. b. Chromoplast: Impart
colourto flowers and fruits.
c. Leucoplast: Store starch. |
lipids and proteins.

Plant and animal cells. Absent in | a. Regulates growth andrepro

|11. Nucleus Living, contains dense bodies called mature mammalian red blood cells duction of cells.
nucleoli and a network of thread
and sieve tubes in the phloem tis-| b. Chromosomes arebearersof
like structures called chromatin
sue of vascular plants. hereditary characteristics
which contain the DNA.
c. Nucleolus stores proteins.

Store water, miner |

Generally in plant cells. If present| a. excess

12. Vacuoles Non-living part, fluid filled spaces in animal cells, small and tempo- als, food substances Pi
enclosed by membrane. ments and waste products
rary. ce.
b. Gives turgidity to the

Store fats, proteinsand carbohy

Plant and animal cells. Remains
Non-living, not bounded by any
drates.
13. Granules suspended in the cytoplasm.
membrane.

10
 rigidiny
e of sub-
Major differences between Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Animal Cell Plant Cel
1. Cell wall absent. Cellulose in
any form is also absent. Cellulose cell wall is present in plant cells.

Aof sub- 2.
Cytoplasm is
denser, more
granular and occupies most of the Cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery and forms a thin lining
cell space in the cell.
against the cell wall.
3. Vacuoles absent.If present, they are small, temporary and Vacuoles are large and prominent. Maybe one or more.

or dis concerned with excretion or secretion.

naterial. Plastids are absent. Plastids are generally present.

skeletal 5. Centrosome is present with one or two centrioles. Centrosome is absent but two small clear areas called polar caps
are present. These participate in cell division.
6. Prominent and highly complex Golgi bodies present near the Several subunits of Golgi apparatus called dictyosomes present.
is.
nucleus.
7. Reserve food stored in the form of glycogen. Reserve food stored in the form of starch.

thesize Differences between Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
1. Size ranges between 1 10 um. Size ranges between 5 - 100 um.
and en. -

2. Lacks nuclear membrane. Nuclear membrane present.

3. Lacks well defined membrane bound organelles like endo- Organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mito-
zymes
l star- plasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, etc chondria, etc., are present.

geing 4. Singlechromosome. More than one chromosome present.

ces. 5. Tissue formation absent. Tissue formation present in many groups.

6. Cell division by binary fission or budding Cell division is mitotic or meiotic.

Example: Bacteria, Blue-Green algae. Example: Plants ranging from algae to angiosperms.
Animals ranging from protozoa to mammals.
ohoto-
Important nventions and Discoveries
part Scientist Year Invention Discovery
fruits. Jenssen and Hans 1658 Gave the first description of cell.
larch,
Robert Hooke 1665 Named the cell.

A V. Leeuwenhock 1673 Simple Microscope

epro-
Robert Brown 1828 a. Reported Brownian movement in cells.

ers of 1836 b. Described the nucleus as a central feature of plant.

CS.
1838 Described the nucleoli and proposed the "cell theory" along with T. Schwann.
ins. M. J.Schleiden
T. Schwann 1839 Applied cell theory to animals.
iner 1840 Named cell contents as protoplasm.
7. J.E. Purkinje
pig Stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
cts. 8. R Virchow 1855

ell. 1861 Identified cell as living and called the protoplasm "physical basis oflife".
9. Schultze
M. Knoll and E. Ruska 1932 Invented the electron-microscope.
ohy Proposed the double-helixmodelfor theDNA molecule.
I.D. Watson and F.H. C. Crick 1953
11
 Exercise
1 Define a cell.

2. Give one distinguishing feature between the following:

. Cell wall and Cell membrane Cytoplasm and Nucleoplasm

Cell organelle and Cell inclusion

C. Chromoplast and Leucoplast d.

Chloroplast and Chromoplast . Centrosome and Centrioles

Vacuoles and Granules h. Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Chloroplast and Chlorophyll Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell

3. Explein briefly:
(i) Mitochondria are also called the "power house" of the cell
(ii) The nucleus is often referred to as the "brain" of the cell.

(ii) Lysosomes are also called "suicide bags".

(iv) A small cell is
more efficient than a
large cell.
4. State three differences
between a plant cell and an animal cell.
5. Fill in the blanks with
organelle-function associations.
(i) Ribosomes and
(ii) Nucleus and
(ii) and respiratory enzymes.
(iv) Endosplasmic reticulum and
(v) and digestive enzymes.
(vi) and hormones, enzymes.
6. Give two examples of each of the
following types of cell inclusions:
Reserve products (i) Secretory products (ii) laste products in plant cells
7. Name two organisms in which the following srtuctures are absent:
(i) Nucleus
(ii) Golgi complex
8. Label the parts indicated
by guidelines and answer the
questions given below:
1. (i) Is the given diagram that of
an animal cell?
a plant cell or

2.
(i) Mention three evidences visible in the
dia-
gram to support the answer
3. given in (i).
ii) Mention any two functions of the
part
4 labelled (4).

5.

12
 Review Questions
(b) Cell was discovered by
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions are called suicidal bags of cel1
(c)
membrane called
1. Give one word for the following: (d) Nucleus is surrounded by a

(a) The outermost nonliving covering found in a plant

and that
The expanded form of RNA is
.

cell (e)
of DNA is
b) Plastid containing green pigment
are hereditary units.
(c) The organelles called suicide bags of the cell. (
to the contain a green pigment.
(d) The part which provides rigidity and support (g)
is a plastid which stores starch.
plant cell (h)
network of
(e) The structure in the cell that contains a
5. Match the columns.
chromatin material. Column A Column B

Which of cell are concerned with the following. (a) Golgi apparatus (i) Semipermeable
2 parts a

(a) Liberation of energy (b) Mitochondria (ii) Suicide bags

b) Trapping of solar energy (ii) ATP
(c) Lysosomes
Transmission of characters from parents to offspring. (d) Ribosomes (iv) Secretion
(c)
d) Synthesis of
proteins. (e) Cell membrane () Tonoplast
are tue or false. (vi) Protein synthesis
3. State whether the following statements (Vacuole

(a) The term 'cell' was coined by Leeuwenhoek. B. Short Answer Type Questions
and functional unit of life.
(b) The cell is the structural
slice of cork 1. Give reasons for the following:
by Robert Hooke in a
(c) The cells observed suicide bags of the cell.
were living cells. (a) Lysosomes are called
functional unit of lite
to cell theory, new cells arise from pre- (b) Cell is known as structural and
(d) According
existing cells. (c) Cells differ in size and shape.
the cell
a cell wall. (d) Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of
(e) All animal cells possess
Genes a r e located in
chromosomes.
(e) Prokaryotes have simpler cell organisation.
(
words. Give differences between the following:
Blanks with suitable
4. Fill in the unit of
and Cell wall and Cell membrane
Cell is the basic structural
(a)
life.

ICSE BIOLOGY-IX
10
 (b) Nucleus and Nucleolus
E. Application/Skill-baned Questions
Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell
(c)
(d)Chloroplast and Chromoplast 1. Label the parts indicated by guidelines and annwer the
C. questlons glven below
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Give main features of
cell theory? Who formulated It.
2. List any five common features
found both in plant and 2
animal cells.
3. Write about the structure and 3
functions of nucleus.
4. Draw a labelled
diagram to show the structure of a plant
cell.
5. Mention three features found
found only in animal cells.
only in plant cells and one
D.
ww.
Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer.
1. Living part of the cell is called
(a) Cell wall
(b) Cell sap (a) Is the given diagram that of a plant cell or an animal
cell?
() Protoplasm O visible in the
(b) Give three reasons that are diagram to
(d) Cytoplasm support the answer given in (a).
2. Cell sap is found in (c) Mention any two function of the part labelled (4).
(a) Nucleus 2. Observe the figure shown below and answer the
b) Chloroplast following questions:
(c)Vacuole (a) Label the parts marked 1-4.
(d) Golgi bodies (b) What does this figure represent?
3. Animal cell is differentiated from plant cell by (c) Mention the role performed by this structure in the
cell.
(a) Centrosome
(b) Plastids
(c) Vacuole
(d) Golgi bodies
4. An important barrier between the protoplasm and outer
environment in an animal cells is 2
(a) Cell wall
b) Plasma membrane
(c) Nuclear membrane
(d) Tonoplast
5. Organelle connected with protein synthesisn is A

(a) Chloroplast
(b) Ribosome
(c) Pyrenoid
(d) Mitochondria

CELL AUNITOFLIRE 19