Materials Science

& Dr/ Yomna Hassan

Materials Engineering
Material and Biomaterial
Material, Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes
an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter.
Material and Biomaterial
Biomaterials are materials that have been designed to interface with
biological systems, for the treatment, augmentation, or replacement of
biological functions. Generally, it refers to any material that comes into
contact with the body's tissues, fluids, or blood and is intended for use in a
medical or biological context.
Materials Science Vs Materials Eng.
Materials science, the study of the properties of solid materials and how
those properties are determined by a material’s composition and structure.

Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials

in other fields and industries, besides designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
Why Study Materials Sci. & Eng.?
1. To be able to select a material for a given use based on considerations of
cost and performance.
2. To understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties
with use.
3. To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable
properties.
The Four Elements of Materials Sci. And Eng.
 The basis of materials science is studying the interplay between the structure of
materials, the processing methods to make that material, and the resulting material
properties. The complex combination of these produce the performance of a material
in a specific application.
 Experience shows that the properties and phenomena associated with a material are
intimately related to its composition and structure at all levels, including which atoms
are present and how the atoms are arranged in the material, and that this structure is
the result of synthesis and processing. The final material must perform a given task
and must do so in an economical and societally acceptable manner.

Processing Structure Properties Performance

One aspect of Materials Science is the
investigation of relationships that exist
between the processing, structures,
properties, and performance of
materials.
 The performance of a material depends
on its properties
 Properties depend on structure
(ex: hardness vs structure of steel)
 Processing can change structure
 EX:
single  Aluminum oxide may be transparent,
crystal translucent, or opaque depending on
polycrystal: the material’s structure (i.e., single
polycrystal:
no porosity crystal vs. polycrystal, and degree of
some porosity
porosity).
Natural & Synthetic Materials
Natural materials
Natural materials are those that are found in nature and have not been made by
humans. These include organic materials such as wood or wool that come from planets and
animals.
Natural materials include also inorganic materials such as stones (flint, granite, obsidian,
sandstone, sand, gems, etc.), native metal (copper, bronze, iron, gold, silver, etc.),
composites (clay etc.) and other natural materials(soil).
Synthetic materials
Synthetic materials are man-made and cannot be found in nature. Synthetic materials
are made by chemically changing the starting substances to create a material with different
characteristics. Some examples of synthetic materials are synthetic fibers, plastics,
medicines, ceramics, polymers, and new fuels.
The main classes of materials
 The materials are classified into
five main classes which are metals
, composites , advanced materials
, ceramics and polymers.
 New and advanced materials that
are being developed
include nanomaterials, bio
materials, and energy materials.
Classification of Materials
METALS
Metallic bonds
Strong, ductile, resistant to fracture
High thermal & electrical conductivity
Opaque, reflective
Ex: Gold, Silver, Aluminum, Copper, Iron
Classification of Materials
CERAMICS
Ionic bonding
Brittle and glassy
Non-conducting (insulative to the passage of heat
& electricity)
Transparent, translucent, or opaque
Some exhibit magnetic behavior (e.g. Fe3O4)
Ex: Glass, Zirconia, Alumina, Porcelain
Classification of Materials
POLYMERS/PLASTICS
Covalent bonding (sharing of e’s)
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
Thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.
Chemically inert and unreactive
Sensitive to temperature changes
Ex: PMMA, PEEK, Nylon, Polyethylene, Polyester, Teflon, and Epoxy
Classification of Materials
Composites
A composite material is a
combination of two materials
with different physical and
chemical properties
Light, strong, flexible
High costs
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials that are utilized in high-tech
applications
Semiconductors
Semiconductors. Semiconductors are materials
which have a conductivity between conductors
(generally metals) and nonconductors or
insulators (such as most ceramics).
Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as
silicon or germanium or compounds such as
gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.
Ex. Of semiconductor devices :Diode , Light
Emitting Diode (LED), Zener Diode, Transistor,…
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Biomaterials
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological
systems for a medical purpose, either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one.
As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is
called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering.
Biomaterials must be compatible with body tissues
Some specific examples of biomaterials include artificial heart valves, contact
lenses, breast implants, pacemakers, skin grafts, cochlear implants, and joint
replacements.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Smart materials
These materials could sense and respond to
changes in their environments or stimuli (e.g.,
mechanical, chemical, electrical, or magnetic
signals).
TYPES OF SMART MATERIALS:
Piezoelectric materials.
Shape memory materials.
Chromoactive materials.
Magnetorheological materials.
Photoactive materials.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Nanomaterials
 Have structural features on the order of a nanometer, some of which may be designed on
the atomic/molecular level.
 A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter
 Most nanoscale materials are too small to be seen with the naked eye and even with
conventional lab microscopes.
 Nanomaterials can also be added to cement, cloth and other materials to make them
stronger and yet lighter.

Task || Nanomaterial Examples

Alloys
 Alloys are homogenous mixtures
made by melting two or more
elements together, at least one of
them a metal.
 They have properties that
improve those of the constituent
elements, such greater strength or
resistance to corrosion.
 For example: Brass − It is a
mixture of two metals - copper
and zinc.
Alloys