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Task B - Runway Incursion Avoidance

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Rohit Jethwani
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19 views5 pages

Task B - Runway Incursion Avoidance

Uploaded by

Rohit Jethwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS: TASK B

RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE

Lesson Objective:
To determine that the student exhibits instructional knowledge of runway incursion
avoidance by describing the following elements:
 Challenges to Taxi Operations
 Cockpit Activities
 Steering and Control
 Hold Short Lines
 ATC Communications
 Pilot Workload
 Planning Procedures
 Situational Awareness
 Controlled Airports
 Uncontrolled Airports
 Night Operations
 Aircraft Lighting
 Low Visibility Operations

Timeframe and Schedule (40-45 min approximately):


 Discuss Lesson Objectives
 Present Lesson and Review Materials
 Answer Student Questions
 Lesson Conclusion and Post Lesson Quiz

Lesson Equipment and Tools:


 Lesson Presentation
 Whiteboard and Markers
 FAA Sources and References

Instructor Actions:
 Present Objectives and Standards
 Teach Lesson from Presentation
 Ask and Answer Student Questions
 Assign Student Homework
 Check Student’s Post Lesson Quiz Results

Student Actions:
 Participate in Lesson and Take Notes
 Ask and Respond to Questions and Scenarios
 Pass the Post Lesson Quiz

Completion Standards:
Student is able to understand and differentiate between the different lesson
elements. Student is further able to apply this acquired knowledge in flight
training/flight operation scenarios effectively and appropriately.
Lesson Sources:
Airplane Flying Handbook – FAA-H-8083-3
Advisory Circular 91-73
Aeronautical Information Manual
FAA Safety Briefing on Land and Hold Short Operations

WHAT IS A RUNWAY INCURSION?


Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft,
vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and
takeoff of aircraft.

 Category A = Serious incident where collision was narrowly avoided.


 Category B = Decreased separation with significant potential for collision.
 Category C = Ample time and/or distance to avoid the collision.
 Category D = An occurrence with no immediate safety consequences.

CHALLENGES TO TAXIING
There are many challenges that are unique to taxiing an aircraft on the surface.
Below are descriptions of some of those challenges.

 Complex Taxiway Layouts


o Ensure that you properly write down and read back all taxi instructions.
Pay close attention to routing and hold short instructions. If you are
ever unsure of a taxi clearance ask ATC for clarification or request
“Progressive Taxi.”
 Low Visibility Taxiing
o If the visibility at the airport falls below a certain value, ATC may use
Low Visibility Taxi charts to simplify aircraft taxiing operations.
 Wind Correction During Taxi
o During taxi it is important to know the wind direction to position the
flight controls appropriately. This will help prevent wind from getting
under the wing and disrupting aircraft control.
 Quartering Headwinds = Aileron up into the direction of the
wind, elevator neutral.
 Quartering Tailwinds = Aileron down into the wind and down
elevator.
 Staying on Centerline
o Ensure you keep the aircraft on the Taxiway Centerline by steering
with the rudder pedals.

LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS


LAHSO stands for “Land and Hold Short Operations.” Essentially, a pilot is cleared to
land on a Runway and must come to a complete stop prior to a crossing runway or
taxiway for other traffic. A pilot must be aware of the required landing distance for
his/her aircraft.

 Are they Mandatory?


o No. Pilots can reject LAHSO clearances but stating “Unable.”
 Can a Pilot Perform a Go-Around after Accepting a LAHSO Clearance?
o Yes. They should avoid all other traffic and inform ATC of their Go-
Around decision.

COCKPIT ACTIVITIES
It is essential that pilots keep their workload to a minimum when taxiing to avoid
possible runway incursions and accidents.

 Sterile Cockpit Principle


o No distractions or unnecessary conversations during critical phases of
flight. Such as: Taxi, Takeoff, Approach, and Landing.
 Prior to Asking for Taxi Clearance
o Have a current copy of the Airport Diagram handy. Review pre-
designated taxi routes. Review the expected and possible routing.
 Reviewing and Briefing the Clearance
o Write down the taxi instructions to prevent mistakes or forgetting. Ask
ATC for help in times of confusion. Always conduct a taxi briefing.
 Noting Hot Spots along the Route
o Hot Spots on Airport Diagrams are areas of common confusion
(amongst pilots) and/or areas of high congestion. Be sure to look for
these and brief your plan to deal with them during the Taxi Briefing.

AIRPORT SIGNS AND MARKINGS


Use the PowerPoint or PDF lesson presentations to show images of airport signs and
markings to your students or Checkride Examiner. Below are some of the key items
to cover:

 Taxiway/Runway Hold Position Sign


 Runway Approach Hold Position Sign
 ILS Critical Area Hold Position Sign
 No Entry Signs
 Taxiway and Runway Location Signs
 Runway Distance Remaining Signs
 Runway Safety Area Boundary
 ILS Critical Area Boundary
 Taxiway Direction Sign
 Outbound and Inbound Destination Sign
 Taxiway Ending Markers
 Taxiway Direction Sign Array
 Hold Short Lines
 Movement vs Non-Movement Areas

TAXI PROCEDURES
It is imperative that pilots control both the speed and direction of their aircraft while
taxiing on the surface.

Steering and Control


 Use the rudder pedals to maintain centerline.
 Never ride the brakes while taxiing.
 Keep the speed to the pace of a brisk walk/jog.
 Only use as much power as needed.
 Test brakes after engine start with power reduced.

After Landing Procedures


 Brief the landing after receiving runway assignment.
 Depart the runway once speed is under control.
 If stopped between parallel runways – do not cross until cleared.
 Ensure the aircraft is completely clear of all hold short lines.
 Do not attempt to exit the runway at high speed.

CONTROLLED VS UNCONTROLLED AIRPORTS


Pilots must be familiar with communication and safety procedures when taxiing on
the surface at both controlled and uncontrolled airports.

Controlled Airports
 Use proper pilot/controller phraseology.
 Write down and review taxi instructions.
 Ask ATC if you are ever unsure.
 Properly readback ATC clearances.
 Follow ATC instructions.

Uncontrolled Airports
 Look for aircraft in the local traffic pattern. Be wary in calm winds.
 Be alert. Communicate intentions clearly.
 Maintain awareness of other aircraft positions.
 Continuously monitor and talk on the CTAF frequency.
 Be aware of possible instrument approaches.

AIRCRAFT LIGHTING AND NIGHT OPERATIONS


Exterior aircraft lights make the aircraft easier to see. It is also important that we
know when to turn these lights on for night operations.

Aircraft Exterior Lighting


 Beacon Light = Prior to engine start.
 Taxi Light = Prior to taxi.
 Position Lights = Prior to Taxi.
 Strobe Lights = Prior to takeoff or when crossing a runway. These may be
turned off as to not blind other pilots operating nearby.
 Landing Light = Prior to takeoff or when crossing a runway.

Taxiing at Night
 Be more cautious due to reduced visibility.
 Maintain situational awareness and stay on your route.
 Taxi at a slower speed.
 Look closely at taxiway and runway markings and signs.
 Use aircraft exterior lights to be visible to other pilots.

LESSON SUMMARY
In this lesson we discussed proper and safe taxi operations, runway signs and
markings, ground operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports, and night
operations. Runway incursions are on the rise and it is important that we
understand these principles and apply them to maintain our situational awareness
when operating on the airport surface.

Click here to take the Lesson Quiz >


(use CTRL+Click)

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