Maintenance and Testing of Electrical Machines

Week 01 Lecture 02

Phasor diagram for transformers

Objectives

 To understand the emf equation of transformer

 To understand the phasor diagram of ideal transformer

 To understand the phasor diagram of practical transformer under no load and load.

EMF Equation of Transformer

Figure 1: Sinusoidal waveform

Let,

NA= Number of turns in primary

NB= Number of turns in secondary

Φmax= Maximum flux in the core in webers = Bmax x A

f = Frequency of AC input in HZ
As shown in figure above, the core flux increases from its zero value to maximum value Φmax in

one quarter of the cycle , that is in frequency second.

Therefore, average rate of change of flux = 4 f Φmax wb/s

Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced electro motive force in volts.

Therefore, average electro-motive force induced/turn = 4 f Φmax volt

If Φ varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced e.m.f is obtained by multiplying the average

value with form factor.

Form Factor = r.m.s. value/average value = 1.11

Therefore, r.m.s value of e.m.f/turn = 1.11 x 4 f Φmax = 4.44 f Φmax

Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole of primary winding

= (induced e.m.f./turn) x Number of primary turns

Therefore,

EA = 4.44 f NA Ømax = 4.44 f NA Bm A

Similarly, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in secondary is

EB = 4.44 f NB Ømax = 4.44 f NB Bm A

In an ideal transformer on no load,

VA = EA and VB = EB, where VB is the terminal voltage

Voltage Transformation ratio

From the above equations we get

EB / EA = VB / VA = NB / NA = K

This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.

(1) If NB > NA, that is K > 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer.

(2) If NB < 1, that is K < 1, then transformer is known as step-down transformer.

Input VA = Output VA

VA IA = VB IB

Or, IB / IA = VA / VB = 1 / K

Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of the (voltage) transformation ratio.

Ideal Transformer

An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which has the following properties:

 The resistance of its primary and secondary winding is negligible.

 The permeability (µ) of the core of an ideal transformer is infinite, so that negligible mmf

(magneto motive force) is required to establish the flux in the core.

 The leakage flux and leakage inductances of an Ideal transformer are zero. It means the

entire flux is confined to the core and links both windings.

 The losses due to resistance, hysteresis and eddy current are negligible. Hence the

efficiency is 100 %.

An ideal iron-core transformer is shown in the figure 2 given below. It consists of two

coils wound in the same direction on a common magnetic core. The winding connected to the

supply, V1, is called primary and the winding connected to the load, ZL, is called the secondary.

The number of turns in primary and secondary windings is T1 and T2 respectively. The flux

generated Φm is linked with both the windings as shown in figure below.

Since, the ideal transformer has zero primary and zero secondary impedance, the voltage induced

in the primary E1 is equal to the applied voltage V1. Similarly, the secondary voltage V2 is equal

to the secondary induced voltage E2. Current I1 is drawn from the supply which is sufficient

enough to produce mutual flux Φm. This current I1 also produce the required magneto motive

force I1T1, which is also known as magnetizing mmf, to overcome the demagnetizing effect of

the secondary mmf I2T2 as a result of connect load.

Let us take Φm as reference phasor given by

(1)

Emf E1 and E2 is induced by flux Φm are given by

(2)

(3)

Where, E1m and E2m are the maximum value of induced EMF E1 and E2 respectively.

Now, from Eq.(2) and Eq.(3) we can see that, primary induced emf E1 and secondary induced

emf E2 lags Φm by 90o. By Lenz’s law, E1 is equal and opposite to V1 (i.e. E1 = –V1).

Since E1 and E2 both are induced by same mutual flux Φm. Hence, E1 and E2 both are in same
direction and opposite to V1. As there is no losses in an ideal transformer, therefore total primary

current I1 is used to magnetize the iron-core without any loss due to resistance, hysteresis and

eddy currents. So, I1 is equal to the magnetizing current Iµ which lags V1 by 90o and produces

mutual flux Φm in phase with Iµ. V2 is equal in magnitude to E2 and is opposite to V1.

Figure 3: Ideal transformer phasor diagram

For an ideal transformer, if

a = transformation ratio = turn ratio

Then, a = T1 T2 = E1 E2 = V1 V2 = I2 I1 (4)

Therefore, I1 T1 = I2 T2 (5)

Equation (5), states that demagnetizing ampere-turns of the secondary are equal and opposite to

the magnetizing mmf of the primary of an ideal transformer.

From equation (4) we get

E1 I1 = E2 I2 = S1 = S2 (6)

V1 I1 = V2 I2 = S1 = S2 (7)
Equation (6), shows that the voltamperes (apparent power) drawn from the primary supply, is

equal to the voltamperes (apparent power) transferred to the secondary without any loss, in an

ideal transformer. In other words,

Input voltamperes = Output voltamperes

Also, (V1 I1)/1000 = (V2 I2)/1000

(kVA)1 = (kVA)2 (8)

Input kilovoltamperes = Output kilovoltamperes

We can say that kVA input of an ideal transformer is equal to the kVA output i.e. kVA is same on

both sides of the transformer.

No Load Transformer

Under no-load conditions, the supply voltage is applied to the highly inductive primary winding.

DC would cause a larger current to flow probably burning out the transformer in a very short

time. The AC current, however, produces a self-induced voltage V1′, only slightly less than the

applied voltage and in opposition to the applied voltage. The only losses are that required to

produce the magnetic field and the current flowing through the resistance of the primary

winding.

The no-load or excitation current is typically very small compared to the full-load current. In

many cases the excitation current can be as low as 1 to 3 per cent of the full-load current.

The excitation current causes an alternating flux, called the ‘mutual flux’, to be set up in the core

linking both primary and secondary windings. The mutual flux causes a voltage to be induced in

the secondary winding, the secondary voltage V2′, but no current can flow until a load is

connected. The excitation current can be resolved into two rectangular components called the
energy and magnetizing components, as shown in the phasor diagram of a non-loaded

transformer in Figure 4.

Figure 4: No load phasor diagram

On Load Transformer

A practical or actual transformer will have winding resistance and leakage reactance both on the

primary and secondary sides. When the secondary of the transformer is connected to the load

terminals, the transformer is said to be on load. The load can be resistive, inductive, or

capacitive.

Let us consider a practical transformer as shown below, which has primary and secondary

windings of resistances R1 and R2 and reactance X1 and X2 respectively.

In the above circuit, V1 and I1 are the primary voltage and current respectively, E1 is the induced

emf in the primary winding and N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding. Similarly,

N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding, E2 is the induced emf in the secondary

winding, V2 is the terminal voltage and I2 is the load current in the secondary winding. The

impedance of primary winding and secondary winding is given by,

Z1 = R1 + jX1

Z2 = R2 + jX2

Resistive Load

(9)

(10)

(11)

Using transformation ratio E1 = E2 / K

Inductive Load

Figure 7: Inductive load

(13)
 (14)

Capacitive Load

Figure 8: Capacitive load

(15)

(16)

Summary

After the completion of lecture the learners will be able to explain the emf equation, and phasor

diagram of the transformers.