A word is a collection of sounds that

Simple Sentence: Contains one expresses a certain meaning.

independent clause.

The Concept of a Word Definition and Characteristics of a Word It is the smallest unit of a sentence.
Compound Sentence: Contains two or
more independent clauses linked by
conjunctions. Important aspects to consider: part of
speech, function, and meaning.
Types of Sentences Sentences
Complex Sentence: Contains one main
clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Definite article: "the"
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains Article: Modifies a noun or pronoun.
at least two independent clauses and one
subordinate clause. Indefinite articles: "a," "an"

Common nouns: teacher, chair

Main Clause: Contains the main idea and Overview of the Nine Parts of Speech Proper nouns: Vietnam, New York
can stand alone.
Singular and plural forms:
Noun Clause: Functions as a noun. Types of Clauses Clauses student/students, book/books
Subordinate Clause: Cannot stand alone Noun: Names a person, object, animal, or
Adjective Clause: Modifies a noun. and is dependent on a main clause. idea. Uncountable nouns: happiness, coffee

Adverb Clause: Functions as an adverb. Concrete nouns: chairs, fans

Abstract nouns: freedom, air

Prepositional Phrase: Begins with a
preposition and ends with its object. Collective nouns: class, family
Parts of Speech
Subject of a verb: "An accident happened
Infinitive Phrase: Begins with an infinitive here yesterday."
and can function as a noun, adjective, or
adverb.

Types of Phrases Phrases Object of a verb: "I like football."

Participial Phrase: Begins with a participle
and functions as an adjective. Object of a preposition: "I'll go with my
friends."

Gerund Phrase: Begins with a gerund and

functions as a noun. Subject complement: "I am a teacher."

Object complement: "The manager

Understanding appointed John his assistant."
Action Verbs: walk, eat, run, cry.
Grammar Functions of Nouns
As an adjective: "Can you buy me a table
Stative Verbs: feel, be, know, understand. cloth?"

Intransitive Verbs: do not require an object: Possessive case: "This is Mary's car."
"The bird flies." Types of Verbs

Appositive: "Robert Gihhs, the great plane

Transitive Verbs: require an object: "Mrs. robber, has been caught."
Green bought some fruit."

As an adverb: "He runs 3 kilometers every

Linking Verbs: express a state or condition: morning."
"They are." Verbs
In vocative: "Tom! I'm here!"
Finite Verbs: Limited by subject in person
and number.

Modal Verbs: Express ability, possibility, Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we,
necessity, etc. Use of Verbs they (subject); me, you, him, her, it, us,
them (object).

Non-finite Verbs: Not limited by subject.

Demonstrative Pronouns: This, that, these,
those.

Modifies a noun or pronoun.

Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers,
its, ours, theirs.
Can appear before the noun: "Mary is a
beautiful girl."
Interrogative Pronouns: what, which, who,
Role and Placement of Adjectives Adjectives whom, whose.
After linking verbs as subject
complements: "He gets angry."
Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
After transitive verbs as object Pronouns Types of Pronouns
themselves.
complements: "Keep the room clean."

Emphatic Pronouns: Used for emphasis,

e.g., "Mary herself prepared the meal."

Reciprocal Pronouns: each other, one

another.

Indefinite Pronouns: someone, anybody,

everything, etc.

Relative Pronouns: who, whom, where,

that, whose.