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2102 - Fluid Mechanics L5

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23 views15 pages

2102 - Fluid Mechanics L5

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viksithv
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5.

Flow in Closed Conduits


5.1. General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

5.2. Flow in Closed Conduits


• The transport of a fluid (liquid or gas) in a closed conduit (commonly called a pipe if it is
of round cross section or a duct if it is not round) is extremely important in our daily
operations.
e.g.,
 natural systems of “pipes” that carry blood throughout our body and air into and out
of our lungs
 the water pipes in our homes and the distribution system that delivers the water from
the city well to the house
 numerous hoses and pipes carry hydraulic fluid or other fluids to various components
of vehicles and machines

Parameters Involved in the Study of Flow Through Closed Conduits


 pressure gradient
 the pipe diameter or hydraulic mean diameter
 the fluid properties (e.g. viscosity, density)
 the pipe roughness
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Boundary Layer Concept

 When fluids flow over surfaces, the molecules near the surface are brought to rest due to
the viscosity of the fluid.
 The adjacent layers also slow down, but to a lower and lower extent.
 This slowing down is found limited to a thin layer near the surface.
 The fluid beyond this layer is not affected by the presence of the surface.
 The fluid layer near the surface in which there is a general slowing down is defined as
boundary layer.
 The velocity of flow in this layer increases from zero at the surface to free stream velocity
at the edge of the boundary layer.
 Pressure drop in fluid flow is to overcome the viscous shear force which depends on the
velocity gradient at the surface.
 The fluid layer near the surface in which there is a general slowing down is defined as
boundary layer.
 The velocity of flow in this layer increases from zero at the surface to free stream velocity
at the edge of the boundary layer.

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Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

In non-fully developed flow regions, such as the entrance region of a pipe, the fluid accelerates or
decelerates as it flows (the velocity profile changes from a uniform profile at the entrance of the
pipe to its fully developed profile at the end of the entrance region). Thus, in the entrance region
there is a balance between pressure, viscous, and inertia (acceleration) forces.

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Fully Developed Laminar Flow

• In fully developed laminar flow, there is no acceleration present, every part of the fluid merely
flows along its streamline parallel to the pipe walls with constant velocity, although
neighboring particles have slightly different velocities.
• The velocity varies from one pathline to the next. This velocity variation, combined with the
fluid viscosity, produces the shear stress.
• If gravitational effects are neglected, the pressure is constant across any vertical cross section
of the pipe, although it varies along the pipe from one section to the next.
• The pressure variation from section (1) to (2) = ∆𝑃 (where ∆𝑃 > 0)
• A shear stress, 𝜏 acts on the surface of the cylinder of fluid. This viscous stress is a function of
the radius of the cylinder 𝜏 = 𝜏(𝑟).

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Newtonian fluid, the shear stress is simply proportional to the velocity gradient,

Since the flow is axisymmetric about the centerline, the velocity is constant on small area elements
consisting of rings of radius 𝑟 and thickness 𝑑𝑟,then the flowrate is,

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For a nonhorizontal pipe,

The pressure drop in the horizontal pipe can be expressed in the form of,

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Apply the Bernoulli's Equation,

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The head loss considering shear stress at the wall (which is directly related to the viscosity and the
shear stress throughout the fluid),

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5.3. Losses in Pipe Flow
The total head loss in a pipe flow,

5.3.1. Major Losses


The pressure drop (∆𝑃), for steady, incompressible turbulent flow in a horizontal round pipe of
diameter 𝐷 can be written in functional form as,

The energy equation for steady incompressible flow is,

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Assumptions:
 The pipe is having a constant diameter (𝐷1 = 𝐷2 𝑜𝑟 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 )
 The flow is horizontal (𝑧1 = 𝑧2 )
 The flow is fully developed (𝛼1 = 𝛼2 )

The equation reduces to,

5.3.2. Minor Losses


• Other than the major losses, the additional components (valves, bends, tees, and the like)
add to the overall head loss of the system.
• Such losses are generally termed minor losses.
• Losses due to pipe system components are given in terms of loss coefficients (𝐾𝐿 ).

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• Minor losses are sometimes given in terms of an equivalent length, 𝑙𝑒𝑞 .
• In this terminology, the head loss through a component is given in terms of the equivalent
length of pipe that would produce the same head loss as the component.
• That is,

Vena contracta region:

• Flow entrance from reservoir to a pipe through any number of differently shaped entrance
regions associate to its loss coefficient.

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• A vena contracta region may result in these situations because the fluid cannot turn a sharp
right-angle corner. The flow is said to separate from the sharp corner.
• The maximum velocity at section (2) is greater than that in the pipe at section (3), and the
pressure there is lower.

• If this high-speed fluid could slow down efficiently, the kinetic energy could be converted into
pressure (the Bernoulli effect).
• The head loss for the entrance would be essentially zero.

5.3.3. Multiple Pipe Systems

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5.3.4. Fluid Power Transmission Through Pipes
• High head and medium head hydal plants convey water from a high level to the power
house through pressure pipe called penstock pipes.
• The choices of the pipe diameter depends on the expected efficiency of transmission and
also on the economical aspect of the cost of pipe.
• Higher efficiencies can be obtained by the use of larger diameter pipes, but this will prove
to be costly.
• Consider that the head available is ℎ and the frictional loss is ℎ𝑓 (neglecting minor losses)
left the pipe diameter be 𝐷 and the flow velocity be 𝑢.
Net head available= ℎ − ℎ𝑓

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𝜋𝐷2
The quantity of flow = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑢
4
𝑙 𝑢2
The major losses, ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝐷) 2𝑔
The power,
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 × 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅
Power,

To find the maximum power, differentiating above equation with respective to 𝑢,

Equating to zero,

For maximum power generation frictional loss will equal one third of available head and the
corresponding transmission efficiency is 66.67%.

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