SYNERGY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

SEMINAR TOPIC
On
IMPACT OF QUANTUM COMPUTER IN FUTURE
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Award of The Degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
Under The Guidance of
PROF BISWARANJAN SARANGI

SUBMITTED BY

ASLAM KHAN

REG:-2101335018

BRANCH:-CSE

1
 SYNERGY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following student along with their University Registration Number, of
(7th Semester) Computer Science Engineering Branch, Synergy Institute of Technology BBSR

have successfully and dedicatedly completed their SEMINER Project on IMPACT OF

QUANTUM COMPUTER IN FUTURE .
Name BPUT Registration Number
ASLAM KHAN 2101335018

Professor & HOD Department

COMPUTER SCIENCE
ENGINEERING,
PROF BISWARANJAN SARANGI
Synergy Institute Of Technology, Bhubaneswar

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to deliver our gratitude and happiness to those people whose
wholehearted cooperation, needful guidance and all-time encouragement to us has made it all
possible crown our hard efforts to SUCCESS.

We are very grateful and overwhelmed to our guide MR. BISWARANJAN SARANGI Professor HOD
Dept. of CSE, for his impartial, constant guidance and innovative suggestions.
We are indebted to the faculty members of the COMPUTER SCIENCE Department for their
kind cooperation and encouragement to go deeper into the concept of the project.

I am grateful to Dr. Jogeswari Rout Principal, for her support in making this project work a success.

Last, but not the least, our respected parents and family members for their blessings and
support in all aspects. Nothing can replace their efforts and favours they have done to us and the
way they helped us in bringing out this report. We will always remain indebted and blessed.

ASLAM KHAN

REG:2101335018

7TH Semester, Computer Science Engineering Department SIT,

BBSR

3
 Table of Contents
SL.NO. Titles and Page NO.
1. INTRODUTION 5
2.Differences between quantum and 6-7
traditional computing
3. O p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f a q u a n t u m 8
computer
4. How do Quantum computer works 9
5. Quantum Computer in real world application 10-11
6. Quantum Computing Challenges 12-13
7. Why Quantum Computing Is Important 14
8. Quantum Computing Can Transform Cryptography 15
9. The Future of Quantum Computing 15
10. Quantum Computing and AI 16
11. Quantum Computing and Hacking 17
12. Quantum Hacking: an Impending Doom 17
13. How Quantum Hacking Works 18
14. Conclusion 19

4
1. Introduction

Quantum computing is poised to transform the field of computation by solving problems that are
currently intractable for classical computers. The principles of quantum mechanics allow for processing
vast amounts of information simultaneously, potentially revolutionizing fields such as cryptography,
materials science, and complex system simulations. This report aims to provide an in-depth
understanding of quantum computing, covering its theoretical underpinnings, key algorithms, current
technologies, and future prospects.

Quantum computing is built upon the principles of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics that
describes the behaviour of particles at the smallest scales. Key concepts include superposition, where
quantum systems can exist in multiple states at once, and entanglement, a phenomenon where particles
become interlinked in such a way that the state of one particle instantly affects the state of another,
regardless of distance.

Quantum bits, or qubits, are the fundamental units of quantum information. Unlike classical bits, which
can be either 0 or 1, qubits can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously due to superposition. This
property allows quantum computers to perform many calculations at once. Quantum gates manipulate
qubits, and quantum circuits are constructed by applying these gates in sequence to perform complex
computations.

Key Quantum Algorithms

Shor’s Algorithm, developed by Peter Shor, allows for the efficient factoring of large integers, a task
that is computationally intensive for classical computers. This algorithm has significant implications for
cryptography, particularly for systems based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers.

Grover’s Algorithm, designed by Lov Grover, provides a quadratic speedup for searching unsorted
databases. While it does not provide exponential speedup, it still offers substantial improvements over
classical algorithms for certain types of search problems.

Quantum simulation involves using quantum computers to simulate quantum systems, which is
challenging for classical computers. This capability has applications in understanding molecular
structures, materials science, and other fields where quantum effects are significant.

Superconducting qubits are based on superconducting circuits that can carry electrical currents without
resistance. Companies like IBM and Google have made significant progress with this technology.
Trapped ions use electromagnetic fields to trap ions, which are then manipulated using lasers. IonQ and
Honeywell are notable players in this area. Topological qubits are based on anyons, exotic particles that
can be used to perform quantum computations. Microsoft is heavily invested in this technology.

5
Differences between quantum and traditional computing

Quantum and traditional computing are two parallel worlds with some similarities
and many differences, such as the use of qubits rather than bits. Let's take a look at
three of the most significant:
Programming language: -
Quantum computing does not have its own programming code and requires the
development and implementation of very specific algorithms. However, traditional
computing has standardised languages like Java, SQL and Python, to name but a
few.
Functionality: -
Quantum computers are not intended for widespread, everyday use, unlike
personal computers (PC). These supercomputers are so complex that they can only
be used in the corporate, scientific and technological fields.
Architecture: -
Quantum computers have a simpler architecture than conventional computers and
they have no memory or processor. The equipment consists solely of a set of qubits
that makes it run.

6
7
Operating conditions of a quantum computer

These computers are extremely sensitive and require very specific pressure and
temperature conditions and insulation to operate correctly. When these machines
interact with external particles, measurement errors and the erasure of state
overlaps occur, which is why they are sealed and have to be operated using
conventional computers.

Quantum computers must have almost no atmospheric pressure, an ambient

temperature close to absolute zero (-273°C) and insulation from the earth's
magnetic field to prevent the atoms from moving, colliding with each other, or
interacting with the environment. In addition, these systems only operate for very short
intervals of time, so that the information becomes damaged and cannot be stored,
making it even more difficult to recover the data.

What Are Qubits?

Quantum bits, or qubits, are the basic unit of information in quantum computing. Sort of
like a traditional binary bit in traditional computing.

Qubits use superposition to be in multiple states at one time. Binary bits can only
represent 0 or 1. Qubits can be 0 or 1, as well as any part of 0 and 1 in superposition of
both states.

What are qubits made of? The answer depends on the architecture of quantum systems,
as some require extremely cold temperatures to function properly. Qubits can be made
from trapped ions, photons, artificial or real atoms or quasiparticles, while binary bits are
often silicon-based chips.

What Is Superposition?

To explain superposition, some people evoke Schrödinger’s cat, while others point to the
moments a coin is in the air during a coin toss. Quantum superposition is a mode when
quantum particles are a combination of all possible states. The particles continue to
fluctuate and move while the quantum computer measures and observes each particle.

The more interesting fact about superposition is the ability to look at quantum states in
multiple ways, and ask it different questions, said John Donohue, scientific outreach
8
manager at the University of Waterloo’s Institute for Quantum Computing. That is,
rather than having to perform tasks sequentially, like a traditional computer, quantum
computers can run vast numbers of parallel computations.

How Do Quantum Computers Work?

Qubits and Computational Algorithms

Quantum computers process information in a fundamentally different way than classical

computers. Traditional computers operate on binary bits but quantum computers transmit
information via qubits. The qubit’s ability to remain in superposition is the heart of
quantum’s potential for exponentially greater computational power.

Quantum computers use a variety of algorithms to conduct measurements and

observations. After a user inputs these algorithms, the computer creates a
multidimensional space where patterns and individual data points are housed. For
example, if a user wants to solve a protein folding problem to discover the least amount
of energy to use, the quantum computer would measure the combinations of folds; this
combination is the answer to the problem.

Quantum-Specific Computer Infrastructure

The physical build of a true quantum computer consists mainly of three parts:

1. A traditional computer and infrastructure that runs programming and sends

instructions to the qubits.
2. A method to transfer signals from the computer to the qubits.
3. A storage unit for the qubits. It must be able to stabilize the qubits and certain
requirements have to be met (which range from needing to be near zero degrees or
the housing of a vacuum chamber).

Physical Isolation and Cooling Mechanisms

Any number of simple actions or variables can send error-prone qubits falling into
decoherence, or the loss of a quantum state. Things that can cause a quantum computer
to crash include measuring qubits and running operations. In other words: using it. Even
small vibrations and temperature shifts will cause qubits to decohere.

That’s why quantum computers are kept isolated, and the ones that run on
superconducting circuits — the most prominent method, favored by Google and IBM —
have to be kept at near-absolute zero (a cool -460 degrees Fahrenheit).

9
Quantum Computing Real-World Applications
Quantum computing can optimize problem-solving by using quantum computers to run
quantum-inspired algorithms. With this technology, there will be new discoveries in how
to manage air traffic control, package deliveries, energy storage and more.

Climate and Energy Optimization

Quantum computing can help with modeling and researching solvents and absorbents —
substances that can aid in carbon capture to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate
change. In addition, quantum computing could be used to optimize electrical grids. A
pilot program between Iberdrola and Multiverse Computing found some quantum-
powered algorithms outperformed their classical counterparts in managing grids’ energy
usage.

Investment Banking and Trading

Investment banks could use the broader capacity of quantum computing to simulate
various scenarios and test the risks and outcomes of certain market conditions. When it
comes to measuring macroconditions, quantum computing could even be used to
generate digital twins to represent a bank in different positions under a range of
conditions.

Data Encryption

The arrival of quantum computing technology could signal a new era of cybersecurity,
where companies must grapple with quantum computers that can easily get past today’s
encryption systems. This has further accelerated innovation within the digital security
sector as companies like Apple develop post-quantum encryption systems to prepare for
the next wave of advanced cyber attacks.

Logistics and Route Efficiency

Because of its ability to complete billions of computations simultaneously, quantum

computing can consider different travel routes and quickly determine the fastest route
available. Not only does this benefit logistics teams, but it also addresses traffic issues.
In 2019, Volkswagen used a quantum computer to calculate the most efficient routes for
public transport buses, shortening passengers’ commutes and facilitating better traffic
flow.

10
Drug Development

In a potential turning point for quantum chemistry, researchers from the University of
Melbourne leveraged the exascale computing power of the Frontier supercomputer to
conduct simulations of biological systems. This will allow teams to model how drugs
behave and how patients could react when taking them, resulting in faster and more
accurate drug development.

Space Exploration

Quantum computers thrive in sub-zero temperatures, making them the perfect

technology to deploy in space. As space exploration ramps up, quantum computers can
handle the expansive data sets collected from telescopes and aid in complex tasks like
analyzing black holes. Research teams could also use quantum computing to design
models for different scenarios and develop forecasts for space trips.

Supply Chain Performance

Media and telecommunication companies can harness the computational power of

quantum computers to monitor entire supply chain networks. With this ability, these
businesses can make informed decisions on how to organize their supply chains
according to data based on geography, sales and other factors. Teams can also monitor
their equipment and better execute predictive maintenance with the help of quantum
computing.

Molecular Modelling

One quantum computing breakthrough came in 2017, when researchers at IBM modeled
beryllium hydride, the largest molecule simulated on a quantum computer to date.
Another key step arrived in 2019, when IonQ researchers used quantum computing to
simulate a water molecule, helping advance computational chemistry.

11
Quantum Computing Challenges
Quantum Noise Disruptions

We’re still in what’s known as the Noisy, Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era.
Quantum noise refers to any disturbances that affect the state of qubits, which can
disrupt superposition, entanglement and the overall accuracy of quantum systems. This
noise can be caused by factors like temperature, electromagnetic or mechanical
fluctuations, making quantum computers incredibly difficult to keep in a proper quantum
state. As such, NISQ computers can’t be trusted to make decisions of major commercial
consequence and are currently used primarily for research and education.

Scaling Difficulties
While quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems, its operational
output and level of qubits required to actually complete these tasks are demanding, and
the technology has yet to scale to be able to support these needs.

With qubits in particular, the challenge is two-fold, according to Jonathan Carter, a

scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. First, individual physical qubits
need to have better fidelity. That would conceivably happen either through better
engineering, discovering optimal circuit layout, and finding the optimal combination of
components. Second, we have to arrange them to form logical qubits.

“Estimates range from hundreds to thousands to tens of thousands of physical qubits

required to form one fault-tolerant qubit,” Carter said. “I think it’s safe to say that none
of the technology we have at the moment could scale out to those levels.”

For example, researchers would need millions of qubits alone to compute “the chemical
properties of a novel substance,” theoretical physicist Sabine Hossenfelder noted in the
Guardian. Plus, the fragility of large-scale quantum systems make it difficult for current
technologies to properly stabilize them long enough to even function.

12
Algorithmic Limitations
The challenges that quantum computing faces aren’t strictly hardware-related. The
“magic” of quantum computing also resides in algorithmic advances, “not speed,”
explained Greg Kuperberg, a mathematician at the University of California at Davis.

“If you come up with a new algorithm, for a question that it fits, things can be
exponentially faster,” he said.

Uncertainty Around Quantum Computing Standards

Another open question: Which method of quantum computing will become standard?
While superconducting has borne the most fruit so far, researchers are exploring
alternative methods that involve trapped ions, quantum annealing or so-called
topological qubits. In Donohue’s view, it’s not necessarily a question of which
technology is better so much as one of finding the best approach for different
applications. For instance, superconducting chips naturally dovetail with the magnetic
field technology that underpins neuroimaging.

Lack of Quantum Computing Expertise

One roadblock for quantum computing, according to Rebecca Krauthamer, CEO of
quantum computing consultancy Quantum Thought, is general lack of expertise.
“There’s just not enough people working at the software level or at the algorithmic level
in the field,” she said. Tech entrepreneur Jack Hidarity’s team set out to count the
number of people working in quantum computing and found only about 800 to 850
people, according to Krauthamer. “That’s a bigger problem to focus on, even more than
the hardware,” she said. “Because the people will [need to] bring that innovation.”

13
Why Quantum Computing Is Important
Quantum Computers Can Review Classical Computer Results
Quantum computers’ research and development practicality is demonstrable, if decidedly
small-scale. Donohue cites the molecular modeling of lithium hydrogen. That’s a small
enough molecule that it can also be simulated using a supercomputer, but the quantum
simulation provides an important opportunity to “check our answers” after a classical
computer simulation.

These are generally still small problems that can be checked using classical simulation
methods. “But it’s building toward things that will be difficult to check without actually
building a large particle physics experiment, which can get very expensive,” Donohue
said.

Quantum Computing Can Transform Cryptography

The cryptosystem known as RSA provides the safety structure for a host of privacy and
communication protocols, from email to internet retail transactions. Current standards
rely on the fact that no one has the computing power to test every possible way to de-
scramble your data once encrypted, but a mature quantum computer could try every
option within a matter of hours. Thankfully, the technology is still a ways away — and
the experts are on it.

“What we hear from the academic community and from companies like IBM and
Microsoft is that a 2026-to-2030 timeframe is what we typically use from a planning
perspective in terms of getting systems ready,” said Mike Brown, CTO and co-founder
of quantum-focused cryptography company ISARA Corporation.

Cryptographers from ISARA are among several contingents that have taken part in
the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization project, a contest of quantum-resistant
encryption schemes that was launched in 2016 by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology. The aim is to standardize algorithms that can resist attacks levied by large-
scale quantum computers.

The level of complexity and stability required of a quantum computer to launch the
much-discussed RSA attack is extreme. Even granting that timelines in quantum
computing — particularly in terms of scalability — are points of contention.

14
The Future of Quantum Computing
Quantum computers are being used right now, but they are not presently “solving”
climate change, turbocharging financial forecasting probabilities or performing other
similarly lofty tasks that get bandied about in reference to quantum computing’s
potential.

“The technology just isn’t quite there yet to provide a computational advantage over
what could be done with other methods of computation at the moment,” Dohonue said.
“Most [commercial] interest is from a long-term perspective. [Companies] are getting
used to the technology so that when it does catch up — and that timeline is a subject of
fierce debate — they’re ready for it.”

Though quantum computing still has a ways to go before a wide-scale commercial debut,
users can operate small-scale quantum processors via the cloud through IBM’s online Q
Experience and its open-source software Quiskit. Microsoft and Amazon both now have
similar platforms, dubbed Azure Quantum and Amazon Braket. There are also over 60
algorithms listed and over 400 papers cited at Quantum Algorithm Zoo, an online
catalog of quantum algorithms compiled by Microsoft quantum researcher Stephen
Jordan.

“That’s one of the cool things about quantum computing today,” Krauthamer said. “We
can all get on and play with it.”

As the technology matures, it will be crucial to keep abreast of developments in

quantum computing. It is very important to identify these use cases early on, as well
as to clarify the challenges involved in managing expectations. They can be proven to
work on a small scale and, as quantum computers grow in qubits, the same
algorithms can be run on larger amounts of data. The growth of quantum capacity
is exponential, so every computer that gets one more qubit will double its
computational capacity.

15
Quantum Computing and AI
As we have discussed previously, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize
many fields, and the marriage of quantum computing and artificial intelligence is
particularly promising.

Although we are still in the early stages of understanding the implementation of AI with
quantum technology, numerous potential benefits and innovations can arise from this
synergy, including significant advances in AI capabilities.

According to Capitol Technology University, some of the areas in which quantum

computing could enhance AI include:

• Parallelism and quantum acceleration: Quantum computers exploit the

principles of superposition and entanglement, allowing them to perform multiple
computations simultaneously. This parallelism could lead to a significant
acceleration of AI algorithms, especially for tasks that involve processing large
datasets or solving complex optimization problems.
• Optimization and ML: Quantum computing is very useful for solving
optimization problems prevalent in Machine Learning. Quantum algorithms (such
as QAOA) could be used to improve the optimization tasks involved in training
ML models, making the processes faster and more efficient.
• Improved data processing: Quantum computers excel at handling and processing
large amounts of data due to their inherent parallelism. This capability could
benefit AI applications that require extensive data processing, such as PLN, image
recognition, and recommender systems.
• Enhanced encryption and security: Quantum technology also poses a potential
threat to current encryption methods, but can also be used to enhance security in
AI applications. One example is using quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques
to safeguard sensitive data, ensuring the privacy and security of AI systems.
• Exploring quantum neural networks: Quantum neural networks are an area of
research that aims to combine the principles of quantum computing with neural
network architectures. These could offer new ways of modeling and representing
complex data, which could lead to more robust and expressive AI models.
• Simulation of quantum systems: Quantum computers are adept at simulating
quantum systems, which could be beneficial for AI applications related to
quantum chemistry, materials science, and drug discovery. This capability could
lead to advances in understanding complex molecular interactions and the design
of new materials.
• Energy efficiency: this type of computing has the potential to solve problems
with far fewer steps than classical computers, which could lead to more energy-

16
 efficient AI algorithms, especially for tasks that currently require extensive
computational resources.

As for the possible challenges and the future of quantum-powered AI, they are the same
as computing itself, such as scalability, error correction or software and programming.

Quantum Computing and HACKING

Quantum Hacking: an Impending Doom

In the constantly evolving world of cybersecurity, a new and formidable challenge has
emerged: ‘Quantum Hacking’. Known as the ‘doomsday of cyberspace,’ quantum
hacking could pose a serious challenge to our digital safety. The potential danger of
quantum computers being able to easily break the encryption techniques that currently
protect our digital communications and sensitive data is (quite rightly) a significant
cause for concern.

Arthur Herman, a senior fellow, and director of the Quantum Alliance Initiative at the
Hudson Institute, highlighted the danger of quantum hacking in the financial sector in
his call-to-action article in Forbes. His analysis showed that quantum attacks on the
financial sector can lead to massive losses, significantly impacting banking assets and
even countries’ annual GDPs. It’s imperative that we adopt post-quantum cryptography
standards, actively engage in the Quantum Security Summit, and swiftly implement
more robust quantum security measures.
17
How Quantum Hacking Works
The term ‘quantum hacking’ describes the theoretical capability of using
powerful quantum computers to exploit weaknesses in today’s cryptography
systems. Quantum hacking encompasses various techniques that pose a
significant threat to the security of modern cryptographic systems, some of
which are:

• Quantum cryptanalysis — this threatens the viability of popular

encryption techniques like RSA and ECC by utilising cutting-edge
quantum algorithms, such as Shor’s algorithm, which Peter Shor first
developed in 1994.
•
• Side-channel attacks — these exploit unintentional signals emitted by
cryptographic systems, in order to gain insight into secret encryption
keys.
• Quantum brute force — this takes advantage of the exceptional
processing power of quantum computers to rapidly test every possible
encryption key, giving cyber criminals access to confidential
information.

These methods, along with the immense power of quantum computers,

highlight the need for the development and implementation of post-quantum
cryptography and quantum-resistant technologies, in order to ensure long-
term security in the face of quantum hacking.
Here’s what you need to know about Q-Day:

Cryptographic algorithms protect our privacy, confirm our identities,

and secure our online transactions. The large-scale data breaches
have happened (Yahoo!, eBay, or LinkedIn), but the underlying
cryptographic algorithms have remained intact and effective. Even
the world’s best supercomputers cannot hack cryptographic
algorithm codes–or if they can, the chances occupy the farthest
margins of possibility.

18
Conclusion
Quantum computing represents a transformative leap in the realm of
computation, offering profound advancements over classical methods.
By harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics—such as
superposition and entanglement—quantum computers have the
potential to solve complex problems that are currently intractable for
classical systems. This capability could revolutionize fields ranging from
cryptography and drug discovery to artificial intelligence and
optimization.

Despite its promising future, quantum computing is still in its nascent

stages, facing significant technical and practical challenges. Issues such as
quantum error correction, qubit stability, and system scalability remain
major obstacles. The development of robust and scalable quantum
computers will require continued research and innovation.

As we move forward, the collaborative efforts of researchers, engineers,

and technologists will be crucial in overcoming these hurdles. The
anticipated breakthroughs in quantum computing are not only expected
to advance scientific knowledge but also to spur economic growth and
address some of the world’s most pressing problems.

In summary, while quantum computing is not yet a ubiquitous

technology, its potential is enormous. As we continue to explore and
develop this cutting-edge field, it holds the promise of reshaping our
understanding of computation and unlocking new possibilities for the
future. The journey of quantum computing is just beginning, and its
trajectory will likely define the next era of technological innovation.

19