TABLE OF CONTENT

Certificate

Acknowledgement

Aim of the project

Introduction

Theory

Apparatus required

Law

Conclusion

Bibliography
 AIM

To determine the Faraday’s law

Of Electromagnetic Induction using a
copper wire wound over an iron rod
and a strong magnet
INTRODUCTION

The word electromagnetic Inductor is made up of two

words Electromagnet + Inductor. So let’s understand
the meaning of these two words

Electro Magnet

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the

magnetic field is produced by electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.

Induction

placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is

called induction. So we can define electromagnetic
induction as-It is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is
exposed to a varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic
induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecule in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in a radio transmitter).Finally, it is refers to the
phenomenon where an emf is induced when the
magnetic flux linking a conductor change.

PRINCIPLE

Electromagnetic induction is a process where a

conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a
conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn,
causes an electrical current it is said to induce the
current
 THEORY

Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael

Faraday, published in 1831. It was discovered
independently by Joseph Henry in 1832If magnetic flux
through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be generated
in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained
by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and
1831.Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be
generated either by,(a) moving the coil or the source of
flux relative to each other or by(b) changing the
magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way.
 Faraday’s Experiment

Michael Faraday performed series of experiments and

based on the results he gave law on induction. Magnetic
field is capable of producing current in a conductor
Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
As there is no battery attached therefore there is no
source of current. He brought the magnet near the coil.
When the magnet is moved towards the coil
galvanometer showed defection. Galvanometer even
showed the defection in the opposite direction when
the magnet is taken away from the coil. When magnet
was not moved there was no defection in the
galvanometer. This show current is related to magnet.
Faster the magnet is moved the more is the defection in
the galvanometer. This showed more and more current
flows if the magnet is moved very fast. S ame effect was
observed if the coil is moved and the magnet was not
moved. From this experiment, Faraday concluded that
whenever there is relative motion between a conductor
and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil changes
and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.
Michael Faraday formulated two laws on the basis of
the above experiments. These laws are called Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic induction

Faraday’s First Law

Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying

magnetic field an EMF gets induced across the
conductor (called as induced emf), and in the conductor
is a closed circuit then induced current flows through it.
Magnetic field can be varied by various methods -1. By
moving magnet2. By moving the coil3. By rotating the
coil relative to magnetic field

Faraday’s Second Law

Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction

states that, the magnitude of induced emf is equal to
the rate of change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux
linkages is the product of number of turns and the flux
associated with the coil.
 Applications of Electromagnetic
Induction

Electrical Generator

The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induced on due

to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field
is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators.
When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is
created. If the wire is connected through an electrical
load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is
generated, converging the mechanical energy of
motion on to electrical energy
 BIBLOGRAPHY

 Physics textbook NCERT

 https://aplusphysics.com

 https://en.wikipedia.org/

 google search engines

A electric motor is a device for transforming electrical
energy into mechanical energy; an electric generator
does the reverse, using mechanical energy to generate
electricity. At the heart of both motors and generators
is a wire coil in a magnetic field. In fact, the same device
can be used as a motor or a generator.
When the device is used as a motor, a current is passed
through the coil. The interaction of the magnetic field
with the current causes the coil to spin. To use the
device as a generator, the coil can be spun, inducing a
current in the coil.
An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday's
law of induction, spinning a coil at a constant rate in a
magnetic field to induce an oscillating emf. The coil area
and the magnetic field are kept constant, so, by
Faraday's law, the induced emf is given by:

If the loop spins at a constant rate, . Using calculus,

and taking the derivative of the cosine to get a sine (as
well as bringing out a factor of ), it's easy to show that
the emf can be expressed as:
The combination represents the maximum value of
the generated voltage (i.e., emf) and can be shortened
to . This reduces the expression for the emf to:

In other words, a coil of wire spun in a magnetic field at

a constant rate will produce AC electricity. In North
America, AC electricity from a wall socket has a
frequency of 60 Hz.
A coil turning in a magnetic field can also be used to
generate DC power. A DC generator uses the same kind
of split-ring commutator used in a DC motor. Unlike the
AC generator, the polarity of the voltage generated by a
DC generator is always the same. In a very simple DC
generator with a single rotating loop, the voltage level
would constantly fluctuate. The voltage from many
loops (out of synch with each other) is usually added
together to obtain a relatively steady voltage.
Rather than using a spinning coil in a constant magnetic
field, another way to utilize electromagnetic induction
is to keep the coil stationary and to spin permanent
magnets (providing the magnetic field and flux) around
the coil. A good example of this is the way power is
generated, such as at a hydro-electric power plant. The
energy of falling water is used to spin permanent
magnets around a fixed loop, producing AC power.
BACK EMF IN ELECTRIC MOTORS

You may have noticed that when something like a

refrigerator or an air conditioner first turns on in your
house, the lights dim momentarily. This is because of
the large current required to get the motor inside
these machines up to operating speed. When the
motors are turning, much less current is necessary to
keep them turning
One way to analyse this is to realize that a spinning
motor also acts like a generator. A motor has coils
turning inside magnetic fields, and a coil turning inside
a magnetic field induces an emf. This emf, known as
the back emf, acts against the applied voltage that's
causing the motor to spin in the first place, and
reduces the current flowing through the coils. At
operating speed, enough current flows to overcome
any losses due to friction and to provide the necessary
energy required for the motor to do work. This is
generally much less current than is required to get the
motor spinning in the first place.
If the applied voltage is V, then the initial current
flowing through a motor with coils of resistance R is I =
V / R. When the motor is spinning and generating a
back emf, the current is reduced:

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Faraday's law tells us that a changing magnetic flux will

induce an emf in a coil. The induced emf for a coil with
N loops is:

Picture two coils next to each other, end to end. If the

first coil has a current going through it,a magnetic field
will be produced, and a magnetic flux will pass through
the second coil. Changing the current in the first coil
changes the flux through the second, inducing an emf
in the second coil. This is known as mutual inductance,
inducing an emf in one coil by changing the current
through another. The induced emf is proportional to
the change in flux,which is proportional to the change
in current in the first coil. The induced emf can thus be
written as:
The constant M is the mutual inductance, which
depends on various factors, including the area and
number of turns in coil 2, the distance between the
two coils (the further apart, the less flux passes
through coil 2), the relative orientation of the two coils,
the number of turns / unit length in the first coil
(because that's what the magnetic field produced by
the first coil depends on), and whether the two coils
have cores made from ferromagentic material. In other
words, M is rather complicated. What's far more
important in the equation above is that the emf
induced in the second coil is proportional to the
change in current in the first.
This effect can be put to practical use. One way to use
it is in a transformer, which we'll discuss below.
Another is to use it in an ammeter. Conventional
ammeters are incorporated directly into circuits, but
ammeters don't have to be placed in the current path
for alternating current. If a loop connected to a meter
is placed around a wire with an AC current in it, an emf
will be induced in the loop because of the changing
field from the wire, and that will produce a current in
the loop, and meter, proportional to the current in the
wire.
 SELF INDUCTANCE

Coils can also induce emf's in themselves. If a changing

current is passed through a coil, a changing magnetic
field will be produced, inducing an emf in the coil.
Again, this emf is given by:

As with mutual inductance, the induced emf is

proportional to the change in current. The induced emf
can be written as:

The constant L is known as the inductance of the coil. It

depends on the coil geometry, as well as on whether
the coil has a core of ferromagnetic material.

We've already discussed resistors and capacitors as

circuit elements. Inductors, which are simply wire coils,
often with ferromagnetic cores, are another kind of
circuit element. One of the main differences between
these is what happens to electrical energy in them.
Resistors dissipate electrical energy in the form of
heat; capacitors store the energy in an electric field
between the capacitor plates; and inductors store the
energy in the magnetic field in the coil. The energy
stored in an inductor is:

In general, the energy density (energy per unit volume)

in a magnetic field is:

TRANSFORMERS

Electricity is often generated a long way from where it is

used, and is transmitted long distances through power
lines. Although the resistance of a short length of power
line is relatively low, over a long distance the resistance
can become substantial. A power line of resistance R
causes a power loss of I2R ; this is wasted as heat. By
reducing the current, therefore, the I2R losses can be
minimized.
At the generating station, the power generated is given
by P = VI. To reduce the current while keeping the power
constant, the voltage can be increased. Using AC power,
and Faraday's law of induction, there is a very simple
way to increase voltage and decrease current (or vice
versa), and that is to use a transformer. A transformer is
made up of two coils, each with a different number of
loops, linked by an iron core so the magnetic flux from
one passes through the other. When the flux generated
by one coil changes (as it does continually if the coil is
connected to an AC power source), the flux passing
through the other will change, inducing a voltage in the
second coil. With AC power, the voltage induced in the
second coil will also be AC.
In a standard transformer, the two coils are usually
wrapped around the same iron core, ensuring that the
magnetic flux is the same through both coils. The coil
that provides the flux (i.e., the coil connected to the AC
power source) is known as the primary coil, while the
coil in which voltage is induced is known as the
secondary coil. If the primary coil sets up a changing
flux, the voltage in the secondary coil depends on the
number of turns in the secondary:

Similarly, the relationship for the primary coil is:

Combining these gives the relationship between the

primary and secondary voltage:
Energy (or, equivalently, power) has to be conserved,
so:

If a transformer takes a high primary voltage and

converts it to a low secondary voltage, the current in the
secondary will be higher than that in the primary to
compensate (and vice versa). A transformer in which the
voltage is higher in the primary than the secondary (i.e.,
more turns in the primary than the secondary) is known
as a step-down transformer. A transformer in which the
secondary has more turns (and, therefore, higher
voltage) is known as a step-up transformer.
Power companies use step-up transformers to boost the
voltage to hundreds of kV before it is transmitted down
a power line, reducing the current and minimizing the
power lost in transmission lines. Step-down
transformers are used at the other end, to decrease the
voltage to the 120 or 240 V used in household circuits.
Transformers require a varying flux to work. They are
therefore perfect for AC power, but do not work at all
for DC power, which would keep the flux constant. The
ease with which voltage and current can be tranformed
in an AC circuit is a large part of the reason AC power,
rather than DC, is distributed by the power companies.
Although transformers dramatically reduce the energy
lost to I2R heating in power line, they don't give
something for nothing. Transformers will also dissipate
some energy, in the form of:
1. flux leakage - not all the magnetic flux from the
primary passes through the secondary
2. self-induction - the opposition of the coils to a
changing flux in them
3. heating losses in the coils of the transformer
4. eddy currents
In the iron core of a transformer, electrons would swirl
in cross-sectional planes. This current would heat up the
transformer, wasting power as heat. To minimize power
losses due to eddy currents, the iron core is usually
made up of thin laminated slices, rather than one solid
piece. Current is then confined within each laminated
piece, significantly reducing the swirling tendency as
well as the losses by heating