Lecture 1

Introduction and Structure of a

Program
 Objectives
• Explain the overview of the subject and give an
introduction to C++ language.
• Clarify how to create a program, compile it and
rum the program.
• Explain the structure of a simple C++ program,
including the main function and body of the
function.
• Discuss the use of comments and different ways
of commenting.
• Explain the needs of libraries.
• Know the use of std namespace and its visibility.
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 CPT111 – Introduction to Programming
• To obtain a pass in this subject, students must:
– Submit all assessment components; and
– Obtain a minimum of 50% from the final exam
and
– Obtain a minimum composite mark of 50% from
the subject

• It is a pre-requisite for:
– CPT117 – Visual Basic Programming (DIT & BIT)
– CPT203 – Data Structure and Algorithms (BIT)
– CPT205 – Object Oriented Programming (BIT)
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 Assessment Scheme
Programming Throughout the
10%
Exercises term
Course Dry Run Exam 10% Week 8
Work Practical Exam Week 9
15%
Assignment 15% Week 13
Final 2 hours During Final
50%
Exam Exam weeks

4
Week Lecture Topics
1 Introduction and Structure of a program
2 Basic input and output
3 Variables, constants and data types
4 Type conversions
5 Operators and expressions
6 Decision making and branching
7 Decision making and looping
8 Arrays
9 Preparation of Practical Exam
10 Character sequences
11 Functions I
12 Functions II
13 Name visibility
14 Classes 5
Week Tutorial Topics
1 Exercise on structure of a program
2 Exercise on input and output stamens
3 Exercise on variables, constants and data types
4 Exercise on type conversion
5 Exercise on operators and expressions
6 Exercise on decision making and branching
7 Exercise on decision making and looping
8 Exercise on arrays and Dry Run Exam
9 Practical Exam
10 Exercise on character sequences
11 Exercise on functions I
12 Exercise on functions II
13 Exercise on Name visibility and Work on Assignment
14 Work on assignment and submission of assignment 6
http://gem.mnu.edu.mv/
 History of C++
• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T
Bell Laboratories in Murray Hills, New Jersey,
USA in the 1980s.
• Work of his Ph.D. Thesis.
• Overcame several shortcomings of C language.
• Incorporated object oriented programming.
• C remains a subset of C++
• In mid-2011, the new C++ standard (C++11)
was finished.
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 C++ Language
• Derived from the C and Simula67 languages
– Simula67 is a general purpose language
– C is a higher level language

• OOP features taken from Simula67

– Classes and Objects
– Inheritance
– Function Overloading
– Polymorphism etc...

• Other features taken from C language

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 C++ Names
• C with classes - class was a major addition to
the original C language

• In 1983, the name “C with classes” was

changed to C++.

• Idea came from C increment operator ++

– The ++ operator is an operator for incrementing a
variable by one.

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 Create, Compile and Run a Program
• To create a program
– Open Dev C++ and select File > New > Source
File (Ctrl + N)
– Type the program and save it.
• To compile the program
– Select Execute > Compile (F9)
• To run the program
– Execute > Run (F10)
• To compile and run the program
– Execute > Compile & Run ( F11)
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 Structure of a Program
//First program in this class
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout<<"Welcome to C++ class";
}
• First line with two slashes is a comment line.
• This can be used to give an explanation of the
code.
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 Structure of a Program
• #include <iostream>
• Lines beginning with a hash (#) are directives
read and interpreted by what is known as the
preprocessor.

• A directive is a language construct that specifies

how a compiler should process its input.

• A preprocessor is a program that processes its

input data to produce output that is used as input
to another program.
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 Structure of a Program
• The output is said to be a preprocessed form of
the input data, which is often used by
programs like compilers.

• These lines are interpreted before the

compilation of the program.

• The directive #include <iostream>, instructs

the preprocessor to include header iostream,
that allows to perform standard input and
output operations.
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 Structure of a Program
• int main()
• This line initiates the declaration of main()
function.

• Its definition is introduced with a type int, a name

main() and a pair of parentheses ().

• The main() is a special function in all C++

programs.

• The execution of all C++ programs begins with

the main() function.
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 Structure of a Program
• The open brace { indicates the beginning
of main's function definition, and the closing
brace } indicates its end.

• Everything between these braces is the

function's body.

• All functions use braces to indicate the

beginning and end of their definitions.
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 Structure of a Program
• std::cout << "Welcome to C++ class";

• This is a C++ statement.

• A statement is an expression that can actually

produce some effect.

• Statements are executed in the same order that

they appear within a function's body.
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 Structure of a Program
• std::cout << "Welcome to C++
class";

• This statement has three parts:

1. std::cout - identifies the standard character output
device.
2. The insertion operator << - indicates that what
follows is inserted into std::cout.
3. A string within quotes "welcome to C++ class" -
is the content inserted into the standard output.
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 Program Features
• C++ program is a collection of functions.

• Every C++ program must have a main()

• Execution of the program starts and ends in

main()

• It is a free form language.

• C++ statements terminate with semicolon.

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 Comments
• Comments can be used to document directly
within the source code.

• Comments do not affect the operation of the

program.

• Comments can be inserted in two ways:

– Single line comment starts with double slash (//)
– Block comment starts with /* and ends with */

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 Comments
/*This is the second program in this class.
This is an example of block comment */

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout<<"Welcome";//welcome message
std::cout<<"Learn with fun";//encouraging
}

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 Needs of Libraries
• It provides instructions to the compiler to link
functions from the system library.

• #include<iostream.h> header file for the use

of cin and cout objects.

• #include<math.h> header file for using

mathematical functions.

• The #include<iomanip.h> header file for

using manipulators 23
 Using namespace std
• cout is part of the standard library.
• All the elements in the standard C++ library are
declared within namespace: the namespace std.
• To refer to the elements in the std namespace a
program:
– Qualify each and every use of elements of the library -
std:: cout), or
– Introduce visibility of its components.
• Use declaration to introduce visibility of these
components.
• using namespace std;
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 Using namespace std
• The last example with unqualified use of cout:

/*This is the second program in this

class. This is an example of block
comment */

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Welcome";//welcome message
cout<<"Learn with fun";//encouraging
}
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