STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND DECLARATION

When submitting evidence for assessment, each student must sign a declaration confirming that the work is their own.

Student name: Assessor name:

S Kumarawadu

Issue date: Formative Assessment Date: Submission date:

20th of August, 2024 3rd of September, 2024 10th of September, 2024

Programme:

Pearson Higher Nationals in Mechanical Engineering / Electrical & Electronic

Engineering Leading to BEng(Hons)
Unit:
Unit 21: Electrical Machines
Assignment number and title:
Assignment 1 of 1: Power transformers, ac motors, power generators, sensors and actuators

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Higher Nationals
Assignment Brief – BTEC (RQF)
Higher National Diploma in Engineering leading to BEng(Hons)
Student Name/ ID Number

Unit Number and Title Unit 21: Electrical Machines

Academic Year 2023 – 24

Unit Assessor S Kumarawadu

Assignment Title Power transformers, ac motors, power generators, transducers and actuators

Issue Date 20th of August, 2024

Submission Date 10th of September, 2024

IV Name Majeed Raheem

Date

Submission Format:
You should present
The assignment working clearly presented with the use of standard technical jargon and fully word-
processed including the text, equations, figures, and tables.
Clearly present the steps of the methods, logic behind the analysis, definitions of the notations used. Use
software where appropriate and show the codes and the results

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Assess the constructional features and applications of transformers
LO2 Analyse the starting methods and applications of the three-phase induction motors and
synchronous machines
LO3 Investigate the types of generators available in the industry by assessing their practical application
LO4 Analyse the operating characteristics of electromagnetic transducers and actuators

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Scenario: As a practicing electrical, electronic and communication or mechanical engineer in the industry,
you may be expected to use your engineering background to perform a range of engineering tasks relating
to a range of sub-disciplines in electrical, electronics, mechatronics, and communication systems. They may
include, analysis and selection of a power transformer, power generator, electric motor, sensors, and
actuators in a range of practical scenarios such as the tasks given herein.

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 Activity
Task Part 1

A 60 kVA, 11 kV/415 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase power transformer is supplying a balanced 3-phase load.
This transformer is designed and manufactured by PowerTransX. Under full-load condition, the load
voltage and power factor are measured to be 402 V and 0.82 lagging. Per-phase line resistance is
0.2 Ω.
What is the power transmission efficiency at full load?
Find the full load power efficiency and the voltage regulation of this transformer.
A transformer designed and manufactured by PowerTransY with the same ratings has full-load
power efficiency 90% and voltage regulation 7%. Which transformer do you recommend to serve a
load where it is expected to operate under full-load conditions more often than not? Explain why?
Transformer per-phase equivalent circuit parameters are given in Table T1.1.
Table T1.1: Per-phase equivalent circuit parameters of 60 kVA, 11 kV/415 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase T/F
Parameters
Symbol Value
(Per-phase circuit parameter)
Primary resistance 𝑅1 6.0 Ω
Secondary resistance 𝑅2 0.03 Ω
Primary leakage resistance 𝑋1 = 𝜔𝐿1 12.0 Ω
Secondary leakage resistance 𝑋2 = 𝜔𝐿2 0.07 Ω
Magnetizing resistance 𝑋𝑚 = 𝜔𝐿𝑚 30 kΩ
Core-loss resistance 𝑅𝐶 300 kΩ

The nameplate of the 60 kVA, 11 kV/415 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase transformer states vector: Dyn.
Further, the winding connection is depicted in the handbook as shown in Fig. T1.1. You are
supposed to discuss the methods of connections in the primary and secondary sides of this 3-
phase transformer with the electrical safety expert of your workplace.

Fig. T1.1: Dyn winding connections in the 3-phase transformer

Instrumentation systems cannot measure medium and high voltages directly. Voltage transformers
(VTs) or potential transformers (PTs) are used to produce a small voltage signal. To produce a

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small voltage signal, capacitor VTs (CVTs) use a capacitor-based voltage divider and a stepdown
transformer. Using suitable diagrams, explain the working principle of different types of PTs.

Task Part 2
2.1] Recommend National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) design class of induction
motor (A, B, C, or D) for the following applications. Justify your recommendation using a brief
discussion based on the torque-speed curves:
1. Load that requires the motor to operate continuously for a long time in a wide range of load
torques. Eg. Injection moulding
2. Load that requires high torque at low speed for short periods. Eg. Cranes, elevators, sheers
3. Load that operates at high speed for long periods. Eg. Fans, pumps
4. Load that operates at high speed for long periods and requires a high starting torque. Eg.
Stirring machines, compressors
2.2] An elevator follows the following velocity profile to travel from a higher flow to the ground flow.
00—12 seconds: It accelerates from 0 m/s to 6 m/s. Acceleration is constant
12—30 seconds: It maintains the velocity 6 m/s
30—42 seconds: It decelerates from 6 m/s to 0 m/s. Deceleration is constant
It follows the same velocity profile to move up to the same vertical position. Mass of the elevator is
150 kg. It carries a load of 300 kg moving down. It moves up with no load. Radius of the coupling
mechanism is 0.3 m.
• Sketch the power [W] versus time [s] profile for the round trip travel. Find the maximum
motor power and maximum motor torque required. Ignore the energy losses in the motor and
the mechanical system.
• Giving reasons recommend a NEMA design class induction motor for this application
• Choose a commercially available motor and recommend the gearbox
• Discuss the advantages of a synchronous motor in place of an induction motor for this
application

Task Part 3

Discuss the construction and operating principles of regular synchronous generator and inverter
generator. Use clearly labelled diagrams.
A 480V, 60Hz, Δ-connected, 4-pole synchronous generator has the OCC (open-circuit
characteristics) as shown in Fig. T3.1. This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1Ω and an
armature resistance of 0.015 Ω. At full load, the machine supplies 1200A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under
full-load conditions, the friction and windage losses are 40kW, and the core losses are 30kW.
Ignore any field circuit losses.

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 Fig.T3.1: OCC of the 480V, 60Hz, Δ-connected, 4-pole synchronous generator

(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?

(b) How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480V at
no load?
(c) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200A at 0.8 PF lagging, how
much field current will be required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480V?
(d) How much power is the gen now supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator by
the prime mover? What is this machine’s overall efficiency?
(e) If the generator’s load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to its
terminal voltage?
(f) Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200A at 0.8 PF leading. How
much field current would be required to keep the terminal voltage at 480V?

Task Part 4
4.1] A magflow meter has been recommended to measure the liquid flowrate in your workplace
application that requires high precision measurements. Two options have been put forward. The
cheaper option does not have a battery level indicator. Other option has but it is found to be
expensive. One of your colleagues argues that magflow maters are active transducers and hence
the dc supply to the mater has to be regulated at a constant value or the flowrate measurements
will be erroneous. Further, it is also emphasized that a battery charge level indicator is a must in
this device. Do you agree? Explain giving reasons. You are encouraged to use a clearly labelled
schematic diagram to explain the principle of operation of the magflow meter to support your
reasoning.
4.2] At the workplace liquid flow system application, malfunctioning of a solenoid valve is believed
to be due to weaker solenoid force. To encounter higher line pressure and larger orifice, it is
recommended to replace the existing direct acting solenoid with an internally piloted solenoid
valve. You are asked by senior management to analyse the operation of the two types and review
the above recommendation. It is always advisable to use a clearly labelled schematic diagrams to
explain the principles of operation in support of your review.
4.3] The vibration sensor in the vibration monitoring system of the engine-gen set (in Task Part 3)
is found to be an electromagnetic type. It is stated that EMI may be significant in the environment

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and hence a sensor type with better EMI resistance should replace the electromagnetic type
sensor. You are asked to compare the electromagnetic vibration sensor and piezoelectric
vibration sensor types in terms of EMI resistance, off-axis sensitivity, mounting orientation and
mechanical durability, and hence make recommendations to improve the operating efficiency of
the vibration monitoring unit. You are encouraged to use a clearly labelled schematic diagrams to
explain the principles of operation of the sensors in support of your arguments

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction

LO1: Assess the P1 Examine the types of M1 Illustrate the D1 Assess the
constructional features transformers available operation of the efficiency of a number of
and applications of transformer, considering available transformers
P2 Discuss suitable
transformers the equivalent circuit and make a
applications for available
recommendation for an
transformers
actual operational
P3 Discuss the different requirement
methods of connections
available for three-phase
Transformers

LO2: Analyse the P4 Analyse the types of M2 Justify the selection of D2 Critically evaluate
starting methods and electrical motors available, a motor for a specific the efficiency of a
applications of the three- discussing suitable industrial application number of available
phase induction motors applications motors and make a
and synchronous recommendation for a
machines P5 Analyse the different specified operational
methods of starting induction requirement
motors and synchronous
machines

LO3: Investigate the P6 Explain the types and M3 Justify the application D3 Assess the
types of generators construction of generators of a specific type of efficiency of a number of
available in the industry generator available generators and
by assessing their P7 Identify a generator for a make a
practical application specific application, recommendation for a
considering their specified operational
characteristics requirement

LO4: Analyse the P8 Analyse the operation, M4 Justify the selection of D4 Analyse the
operating characteristics types and uses of suitable transducers for practical application of
of electromagnetic electromotive transducers specific industrial transducers and
transducers and and actuators, examining Applications actuators in an industrial
actuators features that support their situation and make
suitability for specific recommendations to
applications improve the operating
efficiency of the units in
use

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 Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction

P1 Examine the types of transformers available

P2 Discuss suitable applications for available
transformers
P3 Discuss the different methods of connections
available for three-phase Transformers
P4 Analyse the types of electrical motors available,
discussing suitable applications
P5 Analyse the different methods of starting induction
motors and synchronous machines

P6 Explain the types and construction of generators

P7 Identify a generator for a specific application,

considering their characteristics
P8 Analyse the operation, types and uses of
electromotive transducers and actuators, examining
features that support their suitability for specific
applications
M1 Illustrate the operation of the transformer,
considering the equivalent circuit
M2 Justify the selection of a motor for a specific
industrial application
M3 Justify the application of a specific type of
generator
M4 Justify the selection of suitable transducers for
specific industrial Applications
D1 Assess the efficiency of a number of available
transformers and make a recommendation for an
actual operational requirement
D2 Critically evaluate the efficiency of a number of
available motors and make a recommendation for a
specified operational requirement

D3 Assess the efficiency of a number of available

generators and make a recommendation for a
specified operational requirement

D4 Analyse the practical application of transducers and

actuators in an industrial situation and make
recommendations to improve the operating efficiency
of the units in use

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Higher Nationals –Formative /Summative Assignment Feedback form

Student Name/ID
Unit Title Unit 21: Electrical Machines

Assignment Number 1 of 1 Assessor S Kumarawadu

3rd September 2024
Formative Assessment Date
10th September 2024 Date Received
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submission
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