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Test / Exam Name: Class Standard: 11TH SCIENCE Subject: PHYSICS

Student Name: Section: Roll No.:

Questions: 13 Time: 60 Mins Marks: 30

Q 1. What is meant by Steady state heat flow by conduction in case of a thick copper bar with its two ends 3 Marks
maintained at two different temperatures? On what factors does the amount of heat flowing through the bar
depends? Define thermal conductivity and draw labelled diagram of Searl's apparatus for determination of
thermal conductivity.

Q 2. 3 Marks
a. What is meant by thermal conductivity? What are the SI unit and CGS unit of coefficient of thermal

conductivity?

b. Mention three applications of thermal conductivity in daily life.

Q 3. State and explain Newton's law of cooling. Calculate the increase in the temperature of water which 3 Marks
falls from a height of 100m. Assume that 90% of the energy due to fall is converted into heat and is retained
by water. J = 4.2J/ Cal-1.
Q 4. Show that the coefficient of volume expansion for a solid substance is three times its coefficient of 3 Marks
linear expansion.
Q 5. Distinguish clearly between the three modes of heat transmission. 2 Marks
Q 6. The ratio of thermal conductivities of two different metals is 5 : 3. In order to have the same thermal 2 Marks
resistance in these metals of equal thickness, what should be the ratio of their lengths?
Q 7. Two rods of the same area of cross-section, but of lengths l, and l, and conductivities K, and K, are 2 Marks
joined in series. Show that the combination is equivalent of a material of conductivity
l1 ​+ l2 ​ ​
K=
l ​ l ​
( 1 ​​) + ( 2 ​​)
K1 l2
Q 8. Derive Newton's law of cooling from Stefan-Boltzman law. 2 Marks
Q 9. State Kirchhoff's law of black body radiations. 2 Marks
Q 10. What is a black body? How was such a body designed by Fery? 2 Marks
Q 11. Why rooms are provided with the ventilators near the roof? 2 Marks
Q 12. There are two spheres of same radius and material at same temperature but one being solid while the 2 Marks
other hollow. Which sphere will expand more if:

i. They are heated to the same temperature.

ii. Same amount of heat is given to each of them?

Q 13. What is calorimetry? What is the principle of calorimetry? 2 Marks

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INSPIRATIONS ACADEMY
.

Test / Exam Name: Class Standard: 11th Science Subject: Physics

Student Name: Section: Roll No.:
Questions: 13 Time: 01:00 hh:mm Marks: 30

Q1.What is meant by Steady state heat flow by conduction in case of a thick copper bar with its two ends 3 Marks
maintained at two different temperatures? On what factors does the amount of heat flowing through the
bar depends? Define thermal conductivity and draw labelled diagram of Searl's apparatus for
determination of thermal conductivity.

Ans: Steady state heat flow by conduction means a flow which is undisturbed having a constant temperature gradient
without any further rise in temperature at any point. Rate of flow Q/t is same in this case. It depends on the cross-
sesional area A, difference in temperature do, nature of the substance (K) and the length of the conductor l between
the temperatures identified.
Thermal conductivity is defined as heat energy transferred in unit time from unit area having a difference in
temperature of unity over unit length. It is expressed in.
1 −1o −1 −1
J m C or W m K1 .

Diagram: Searl's apparatus for determining thermal conductivity.

Q2. 1. What is meant by thermal conductivity? What are the SI unit and CGS unit of coefficient of thermal 3 Marks
conductivity?
2. Mention three applications of thermal conductivity in daily life.

Ans: 1. Thermal conductivity of a solid is a measure of the ability of the solid to conduct the heat through it. Substances
differ considerably from one other in this respect. For example, copper, silver etc. are very good conductors of heat
whereas glass, wood etc. are bad conductors. Let us consider a rectangular bar of the solid in steady state. Let two
opposite faces of a section of the rod be maintained at a temperature difference (ΔT).

FigΔQ= Small amount of heat conducted through the solid in small time Δt.
ΔQ ΔT ΔQ ΔT
A ⇒ = KA . . . . (i)
Δt Δx Δt Δx

Where K is a constant of proportionality and is called coefficient of thermal conductivity of the solid.
Coefficient of thermal conductivity of a solid is equal to rate of flow of heat per unit area per unit temperature
gradient across the solid.
ΔQ

Δt
K = AΔT

Δx

From (i),∴
joule sec −1 −1 −1 −1 −1
SI units of K are = Js m K or Wm K
2
m K/m

−1 −1o −1
and c. g. s. units of K are cal s cm c

2.
1. Cooking utensils are provided with wooden handles, because wood is a poor conductor of heat. The hot utensils
can be easily handled from the wooden handles and our hands are saved from burning.
2. In winter, metallic handles of a wooden door appear colder, because it is a good conductor and the heat flows from
our body to the handle.
3. Sawdust is a poor conductor of heat than the wood of which is made. This is again due to air trapped in the
sawdust.
Q3.State and explain Newton's law of cooling. Calculate the increase in the temperature of water which falls 3 Marks
from a height of 100m. Assume that 90% of the energy due to fall is converted into heat and is retained
by water. J = 4.2J/ Cal-1.

Ans:
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Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of loss of heat of a body is directly proportional to the difference in
temperature of the body and the surroundings, provided the difference in temperature is small, not more than 40°C.
The rate of loss of heat by a body through radiation also depends upon:
1. Nature of the radiating surface,
2. Area of the radiating surface.
Let a body of mass m, specific heat s at temperature T be kept at a place and temperature of surroundings be T0,
where T > T0. There will be loss of heat by the body. Let dθ be the amount of heat lost by the body in time dt.
According to Newton's law of cooling,
∝ (T − T ) or −
dθ dθ
− = K(T − T ) 0 0
dt dt

where K is a constant of proportionality.

Heat in the body, Q = msT
d
∴ − (msT) = K(T − T0 )
dt

or − dT

dt
=
k

ms
(T − T0 ) or − dT

dt
= K(T − T0 )

where ms
k
= K = another constant and,
−
dT

dt
= rate of fall of the temperature of the body.
From eqn. (i) − dT

dt
∝ (T − T0 )

Thus, Newton's law of cooling also states that the rate of fall of temperature of a body is directly proportional to the
difference of temperature between the body and the surroundings, provided, the temperature difference is not more
than 40°C.
Numerical:
Here, h = 100m.
m(kg) = mass of water,
∴ Its P.E. at a height h = mgh

Energy of fall retained by water i.e., useful work done, W = 90% of mgh
90
= mgh
100
90
= × m × 9.8 × 100 = 882m/ J.
100

Heat retained, Q =
W m×882J
∴ = −1
= m × 210cal
J
4.2J/ cal

Specific heat of water, C = 10 cal/ Kg ( C) 3 −1 ∘ −1

Let Δθ C be the rise in the temperature of water,

∘

∴ Heat gained, Q = mc Δθ = m × 10 × Δθ
3

3
= m × Δθ × 10 cal

From eqn. (i) and (ii), we get

m × 210 = m × Δθ × 10
3
or Δθ = 210
3
= 0.21 C.
∘

10

Q4.Show that the coefficient of volume expansion for a solid substance is three times its coefficient of linear 3 Marks
expansion.

Ans: Consider a solid in the form of a rectangular parallelopiped of sides a, b and c respectively so that its volume V = abc.
If the solid is heated so that its temperature rises by ΔT, T, then increase in its sides will be,
Δa = a. α. ΔT, Δb = b. α. ΔT and Δc = c. α. ΔT

or α = a + Δa = a(1 + α. ΔT)
′

′
b = b + Δb = b(1 + α. ΔT)

and c = c + Δc = c(1 + a. ΔT)

′

∵ New volume, V = V + ΔV = a b c
′ ′ ′ ′

3
= abc(1 + α. ΔT)

∴ Increase in volume,
′ 3
ΔV = V − V = [abc(1 + α. ΔT) − abc]

∴ Coefficient of volume expansion,

3
abc(1+α.ΔT) −abc
ΔV
γ = =
V.ΔT abc.ΔT
3
(1+α.ΔT) −1
∴ γ =
ΔT
2 3 3
(1+3α.ΔT.ΔT +α .ΔT )−1
=
ΔT

2 3 2
= 3α + 3α ΔT + α . ΔT .

However, as a has an extremely small value for solids, hence terms containing higher powers of a may be neglected.
Therefore, we obtain the relation γ = 3α.
i.e. coefficient of volume expansion of a solid is three times of its coefficient of linear expansion.
Q5.Distinguish clearly between the three modes of heat transmission. 2 Marks

Ans:

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Three modes of heat transmission are conduction, convection and radiation. Their main points of distinction are as
follows:
S.
N Conduction Convection Radiation
o
There is no bodily motion of medium parti Heat is transferred from on
Medium has no role as therm
cles. Medium particles vibrate to and fro a e part of system to another
1. al radiation are transmitted w
bout their mean positions and pass on the by the actual motion of the
ithout any material medium.
rmal energy to the neighbouring particles. particles of the system.
Question of formation of conv
Convection currents are for
2. No convection currents are formed. ection currents does not aris
med.
e.
Radiant energy directly flows
Conduction of heat takes place in solids a Convection of heat takes pl
from heat source to the given
3. nd few liquids like mercury and molten m ace in fluids i.e., liquids as
body at a speed of 3 × 10m8/
etals. well as gases.
s as electromagnetic waves.

Q6.The ratio of thermal conductivities of two different metals is 5 : 3. In order to have the same thermal 2 Marks
resistance in these metals of equal thickness, what should be the ratio of their lengths?

Ans: Thermal resistance,

l1
RM1 =
K1 A1

and R
l2
M2 =
K2 A2

Since R
l1 l2
M1 = RM ⇒ =
2 K1 A1 K2 A2

They have equal thickness]

l1 l2
⇒ = [∵
K1 K2

l1 K1 5
∴ = =
l2 K2 3

Q7.Two rods of the same area of cross-section, but of lengths l, and l, and conductivities K, and K, are joined 2 Marks
in series. Show that the combination is equivalent of a material of conductivity
l1 +l2
K = l l
1 2
( )+( )
K l
1 2

Ans: Since they are in series, the rate of flow of heat energy is the same. But the sum of the difference in temperatures is
the difference across their free ends.

∴ (θ − θ) + (θ − θ) = (θ1 − θ2 )

Q Q (l1 +l2 )
i.e.
l1
. + .
t K1 A t Keq A

l1 l2 l1 +l2 l1 +l2
⇒ + = ∴ Keq = l l
K2 K2 Keq 1 2
( + )
K K
2 2

Q8.Derive Newton's law of cooling from Stefan-Boltzman law. 2 Marks

Ans: For a non-black body at temperature T surrounded by an enclosure T0 (where T > T0), we have
4 4
E = eσ(T − T0 )

where e is a constant, and its value depends upon the physical nature of the emitting surface.
2 2 2 2
∴ E = eσ(T + T0 )(T − T0 )
2 2
= eσ(T + T0 )(T + T0 )(T − T0 )

Q9.State Kirchhoff's law of black body radiations. 2 Marks

Ans: For any given temperature and wavelength, the ratio of the emissive power to the absorptive power is the same for all
substances and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body at the same temperature.
Q10.What is a black body? How was such a body designed by Fery? 2 Marks

Ans: A perfectly black body is that which absorbs completely the radiations of all wavelengths incident on it.
As a perfectly black body neither reflects nor transmits any radiation, therefore the absorbance or absorbing power of
a perfectly black body is unity.
We know that the colour of an opaque body is the colour (i.e., wavelength) of radiation reflected by it. As a blackbody
reflects no wavelength, it appears black whatever be the colour of radiation incident on it.
When a perfectly black body is heated to a suitable high temperature, it emits radiations of all possible wavelengths.
The radiations given out by a perfectly blackbody are called plain body radiations or full radiations or total radiations.

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It consists of a hollow double walled metallic sphere having a narrow opening 0 on the side and a conical projection P
inside just opposite to it. The inside of the sphere is coated with lamp black. Any radiation entering the sphere
through the opening O suffers multiple reflections at its inner walls and about 97% of it is absorbed by lamp black at
each reflection. Therefore, after a few reflections, almost entire radiation is absorbed. The projection helps in avoiding
any direct reflection which even otherwise is hardly possible because of the small size of the opening O. When this
body is placed in a bath at fixed temperature, the heat radiations come out of the hole. The opening thus acts as a
black body radiator. It should be remembered that only the opening (and not the walls) acts as a black body radiator.
Q11.Why rooms are provided with the ventilators near the roof? 2 Marks

Ans: It is done so to remove the harmful impure air and to replace it by the cool fresh air. The air we breath out is warm
and so it is lighter. It rises upwards and can go out through the ventilator provided near the roof. The cold fresh air
from outside enters the room through the doors and windows. Thus, the convection current is set up in the air.
Q12.There are two spheres of same radius and material at same temperature but one being solid while the 2 Marks
other hollow. Which sphere will expand more if:
1. They are heated to the same temperature.
2. Same amount of heat is given to each of them?

Ans: 1. As thermal expansion of isotropic solids is similar to true photographic enlargement, the expansion of a cavity is
same as if it were a solid body of the same material i.e. ΔV = γVΔT. As here V, γ and ΔT are same for both
solid and hollow spheres, so the expansions of both will be equal.
2. If same amount of heat is given to the two spheres, then due to lesser mass, rise in temperature of hollow sphere
Q
will be more (as ΔT = Mc
) and hence the expansion will be more as ΔV = γV, ΔT.
Q13.What is calorimetry? What is the principle of calorimetry? 2 Marks

Ans: Calorimetry deals with the measurement of heat. The vessel which is largely used in such a measurement is called a
calorimeter.
The principle of calorimetry is,
Heat Gained = Heat Lost

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