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1. Remote sensing reading data from afar

2. Atmosphere is the gaseous envel-

op that surrounds the
Earth's surface

3. -Nitrogen (78.08%) Gaseous composition

-Oxygen (20.95%) of the Earth's atmos-
-Argon (0.93%) phere
-Carbon Dioxide (0.04%)
-Ozone (0.00000004%)

4. Energy Interactions radiation from the en-

ergy source passes
through some distance
of atmosphere

5. Scattering And Absorption the incoming solar ra-

diation passes through
the atmosphere, it may
come in contact with
atmospheric particles
and gases

6. Absorption Bands gases absorb the Elec-

tromagnetic radiation
at specific wavelengths

7. Atmospheric Windows transparent windows

that absorb a little radi-
ation

8. 0.3-1 apprx. Wavelength band of

Upper ultraviolet, Vis-
ible and photographic
IR

9. 1.3, 1.6, 2.2 Wavelength Band of

Reflected Infrared

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10. 3.0-5.0 Wavelength Bands of
8.0-14.0 Thermal Infrared

11. >5000 Wavelength band of

microwave

12. Absorption the process in which

incident energy is re-
tained by particles in
the atmosphere

13. Absorbing medium will not only absorb a

portion of the total en-
ergy, but will also re-
flect, refract or scatter
the energy

14. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone most efficient ab-
sorbers of solar radia-
tion

15. Selective Absorbers Gaseous components

of the atmosphere

16. Scattering happens when ener-

gy hits object and
bounces off in all direc-
tions unpredictably

17. sun most important energy

18. Size of the particles the larger the particles

= more scattering

19. Wavelength of EMR more scattering in

shorter wavelengths
most in blue wave-
length

20. Path length

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more path length of at-
mosphere = more scat-
tering

21. Abundance of atmospheric particles more particles = more

scattering

22. Rayleigh Scattering only occurs with very

small particles

23. Selective scattering means the shorter the

wavelength the more
scatter there is

24. -Atmospheric science Application of Rayleigh

-Remote Sensing Scattering
-Climate Studies
-Communication System
-Medical Imaging

25. Atmospheric Science color of the sky

26. Remote Sensing used to correct the in-

fluence of the atmos-
phere on the light de-
tected sensors

27. Climate Studies used in climate models

to study how light inter-
acts with atmosphere
particles

28. Communication system affects signal transmis-

sion specially in mobile

29. Medical Imaging plays a role in non -

invasive imaging tech-
niques

30. Mie Scattering

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atmospheric particles
have the same size

31. Dust , smoke and water vapor common causes of Mie

scattering which ends
to affect longer wave-
lengths

32. -Clouds Examples of Mie scat-

-Fog tering
-Aerosols
-Pollution
-Optical filters

33. -Climate Studies Application of Mie

-Radiative Transfer Models Scattering
-Pollution Tracking

34. Climate Studies study the larger atmos-

pheric particles

35. Radiative Transfer Models incorporated into radia-

tive transfer models to
simulate how lights in-
teracts

36. Pollution Tracking track and monitor pollu-

tion levels in urban ar-
eas

37. Non-selective Scattering when particles is much

larger than wavelength
of radiation

38. -Weather and climate studies Application of Non-Se-

-Remote Sensing lective scattering
-Environmental monitoring
-Food and Beverage industry

39. Weather and climate studies

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helps in weather fore-
casting

40. Remote Sensing non- selective scat-

tering by clouds and
aerosols affects satel-
lite

41. Environmental monitoring Pollution monitoring

42. Food and Beverage industry the whiteness of milk

and other dairy prod-
ucts

43. Energy Source or Illumination foundation of remote

sensing is the availabil-
ity of an energy source

44. Radiation and the Atmosphere As the energy travels

from its source to the
target, it will come in
contact with and in-
teract with the atmos-
phere

45. Interaction with the Object energy from a remote

sensing source inter-
acts with an object on
Earth

46. Absorption occurs when radiation

is
absorbed into the tar-
get

47. Transmission occurs when radiation

passes through a tar-
get

48. Reflection
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occurs when radiation
"bounces off the target
and is redirected

49. Recording of Energy by the Sensor Sensor is required to

collect and record elec-
tromagnetic energy

50. Passive Sensor Detects natural energy

that is emitted by ob-
jects

51. Active Sensor Emit their own energy

52. Transmission, Reception and Processing transmitted to ground

stations where it is
processed, analyzed,
and interpreted

53. -Vegetation Health (NDVI) Application of Interpre-

-Urban Growth tation and Analysis
-Flood Detection
-Deforestation Monitoring
-Water Body Mapping (NDWI)

54. Vegetation Health (NDVI) used to calculate the

NDVI

55. High NVDI indicates a healthy

vegetation

56. Low NVDI signals poor vegetation

or bare soil

57. Urban Growth By classifying satellite

images from different
years

58. Flood Detection Radar images taken

before and after a flood
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59. Deforestation Monitoring helps track deforesta-

tion over years

60. Water Body Mapping (NDWI) used to detect changes

in water bodies

61. Application final element of remote

sensing process

62. -Topographic Mapping Examples of Applica-

-Boundary Delineation tion in Remote Sensing
-Deformation Monitoring
-Environmental Monitoring:
-Urban Planning

63. Topographic Mapping Creating Detailed ele-

vation models and ac-
curate maps.

64. Boundary Delineation Identifying natural and

man-made boundaries

65. Deformation Monitoring Detecting ground

movements like subsi-
dence or tectonic shifts

66. Environmental Monitoring Tracking changes

in landscapes, like
coastal erosion or flood
impacts

67. Urban Planning Developing 3D models

of cities for planning
and infrastructure

68. Energy interaction process by which elec-

tromagnetic energy in-
teracts with Earth sur-
face

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69. Reflection electromagnetic radia-
tion (light) bounces off
the surface of an object

70. Reflected Energy what remote sensors

detect and record

71. -Specular Reflection Types of Reflection

-Diffuse Reflection

72. Specular Reflection occurs when a surface

is smooth

73. Diffuse Reflection happens when the sur-

face is rough

74. Absorption Costing where energy of a pho-

ton is taken up by mat-
ter

75. Attenuation reduction in intensity of

a light wave

76. Transmission occurs when light hits

an object that is trans-
parent

77. -Direct transmission Types of Transmission

-Diffuse transmission

78. Direct transmission when light rays go

through
the material with no
change

79. Diffuse transmission when light rays are

widely spread

80. Spectral Signature the pattern of spectral

reflectance
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81. Spectral Reflectance ratio of the amount of

electromagnetic radia-
tion

82. Spectral Reflectance combination of re-

flected, absorbed and
transmitted

83. -Absorption in blue Green vegetation has a

-Reflection in green distinctive reflectance
-Absorption in red curve
-Strong reflection in NIR

84. Visible Pigmentation domi-

nates the spectral re-
sponse

85. Near Infrared Drastic increase in re-

flectance in passing
from the visible to NIR
portion

86. -Very high reflectance (45-50%) If vegetation is healthy

-Very high transmittance (45-50%)
-Very low absorptance (<5%)

87. MIR Dominated by strong

water absorption
bands (1.4, 1.9, 2.7um)

88. Red Edge Refers to the

region of rapid
change in
reflectance of
vegetation

89. Blue shift shift of red edge of leaf

reflectance

90. Vegetation Indices

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mathematical combi-
nations of spectral
bands

91. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index most widely used veg-

etation index

92. Water absorbs strongly at

NIR wavelengths

93. -depth of water three most important

-materials within the water factors of spectral sig-
-turbidity nature of water

94. Rock/minerals reflectance completely indepen-

dent of organic matter
content

95. Diagnostic Absorption Features Differences between

high reflectance min-
erals occur at specific
wavelengths

96. -Moisture Content spectral signature of

-Amount of Organic Matter soil is influenced by
-Amount of Iron Oxide
-Soil Texture
-Roughness Characteristics of Soil Surface

97. -Vegetation Analysis and Health Monitoring SOME APPLICA-

TIONS OF SPECTRAL
SIGNATURE IN RE-
MOTE SENSING

98. -Vegetation Analysis and Health Monitoring used in Vegetation In-

-Soil and Land Cover Classification dex Calculation and
-Water Quality Assessment Crop Monitoring
-Mineral Exploration

99. NDVI
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Allows one to display
greenness of vegeta-
tion

100. Soil and Land Cover Classification useful in soil composi-

tion analysis

101. Spectral Classes group of pixels that ae

uniform

102. Informational Classes categories of interest

to users

103. Image classification the process of group-

ing spectral classes

104. Water Quality Assessment helpful in detection of

water constituents

105. Mineral Exploration identification of mineral

deposits is more con-
venient

106. MagSat A specialist satel-

lite designed for tak-
ing magnetic measure-
ments

107. Energy recorded by remote

sensing systems un-
dergoes fundamental
interactions

108. Remote Sensing uses electromagnetic

energy to identify fea-
tures

109. electromagnetic radiation the energy waves that

are produced by the
oscillation
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110. electromagnetic radiation can be arranged in a

spectrum

111. -Visible Light Forms of electromag-

-Heat netic energy
-Ultraviolet and X-rays
-Radio waves

112. -Electrical Field Two Components of

-Magnetic Field EM Radiation

113. Electrical Field varies in magnitude in

a direction perpendic-
ular to the direction of
propagation

114. Magnetic Field at right angle to the

electrical field

115. -Wavelength Three Properties of EM

-Frequency Energy
-Amplitude

116. Wavelength linear distance be-

tween two successive
wave

117. Frequency number of wave crests

or troughs

118. Amplitude height of each peak

119. electromagnetic waves categorized by their

wavelength location
within the electromag-
netic spectrum

120. Electromagnetic Spectrum total range of wave-

length is commonly re-
ferred to as
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121. Radiation energy that moves

through space from
one object

122. energy into radiation Radiation sources are

generally collections of
matter or devices that
convert other forms of
_____ into ______

123. Photons or Quanta EM radiation is com-

posed of many discrete
units called

124. Photon tiny particle that com-

prises waves

125. Blackbody one which absorbs to-

tally all the radiation of
any wavelength

126. Blackbody Radiations one which absorbs to-

tally all the radiation of
any wavelength

127. Wilhelm Wien Wien's displacement

law, was formulated by

128. Wien's displacement law finding the peak wave-

length of light emitted
by a hot object

129. Max Planck Planck's radiation law,

was formulated

130. Planck's Law understanding how ob-

jects emit light based
on their temperature

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131. Stefan and Boltzmann who both made sig-
nificant contributions to
our understanding of
heat and light

132. Stefan-Boltzmann Law thermal energy radiat-

ed by a blackbody ra-
diator per second per
unit area

133. Remote Sensing recording information

about the earths sur-
face by the use of sen-
sors

134. Active Remote Sensing involves the emission

and subsequent recep-
tion of radiation from a
source

135. Radio Detection and Ranging RADAR

136. Light Detection and Ranging LiDAR

137. Sound Navigation and Ranging SONAR

138. -RADAR Examples of Remote

-LIDAR Sensing
-SONAR

139. Passive Remote Sensing use of sensors that de-

tect natural energy

140. -Landsat series Examples of passive

-IRS-series sensors
-SPOT series
-IKONOS
-Quick bird

141. Active Data

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data in the form of im-
ages that represent the
backscatter

142. Passive Data data in the form of radi-

ance

143. -Not dependent on sunlight Advantages of Active

-Can penetrate through clouds

144. -Requires more energy and can be more complex Disadvantages of Ac-
and expensive. tive

145. -Lower cost, simpler technology and can cover Advantages of Passive
large areas quickly

146. -Limited to daylight and clear weather conditions Disadvantages of Pas-

sive

147. -Can operate day or night through clouds, fog Application of Active
and other atmospheric conditions.
-Commonly used in topographic, mapping, mon-
itoring deforestation and analyzing soil moisture

148. -Best used in clear, daylight conditions for cap- Applications of Passive
turing images and data related to vegetation and
surface temperatures.
-Widely used in weather forecasting and environ-
mental monitoring.

149. Platform stage where sensor or

camera is mounted

150. vehicles or mechanisms used to capture Remote Sensing Plat-

form

151. -Ground-based platforms Types of platforms

-Airborne platforms
-Space-borne platform

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152. Space-borne platforms form of satellites are
the most common re-
mote sensing plat-
forms

153. -Satellite Spaceborne Platforms:

-Rockets

154. Satellite most well known re-

mote sensing plat-
forms

155. Rockets are used for capturing

data in the upper at-
mosphere

156. -Large area coverage; Space borne remote

-Frequent and repetitive coverage of an area of sensing provides the
interest; following advantages:
-Quantitative measurement of ground features
using radio metrically calibrated sensors;
-Semi automated computerized processing and
analysis;
-Relatively lower cost per unit area of coverage.

157. -Mobile Hydraulic Platforms Ground-Based Plat-

-Portable Mast forms:
-Towers
-Weather surveillance Radar
-Cherry Pickers
-Ground Based Lidar Systems

158. Ground Observation Platforms used to record detailed

information about the
objects of features of
the earth's surface

159. Ground-based Platforms are mainly used to col-

lect spectral informa-
tion
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160. -Short Range Systems(50-100 m) Ground based plat-

-Medium Range Systems ( 150-250 m) forms can also be clas-
-Long Range Systems (up to 1 km) sified according to op-
erational range:

161. Short range systems Operate at ranges of

50-100m

162. Medium range systems Operate at distances of

150-250m

163. Long range systems Can measure at dis-

tances of up to 1km

164. Mobile Hydraulic Platforms Carried on vehicles

165. -Spectral reflectance meters At the top of the

-Photographic systems Mobile Hydraulic Plat-
-IR or Microwave scanners forms there are:

166. Portable Mast Used to support cam-

eras
and scanners

167. Towers Can be dismantled and

moved from one place
to another

168. Weather Surveillance Radar long range type which

detects and tracks ty-
phoons

169. Cherry Pickers used for ground investi-

gation

170. Lidar Systems used on the ground

for applications like
forestry

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171. Aerial platforms primarily stable-wing
aircraft

172. -Balloons Airborne Platforms:

-Aircraft
-Drone
-Kites

173. Airborne sensor platforms may be a kite, heli-

copters, or aircraft.

174. Aircraft data over virtually any

portion of the Earth's
surface at any time

175. Balloons not expensive

like aircraft

176. Aircraft used to take aerial pho-

tographs at different al-
titudes

177. Aircraft Measure wind velocity,

temperature, pressure.

178. -High spatial resolution (20 cm or less) Advantages of Aircraft

-Analog photography is possible (analog photo
gives high resolution)
-Easily change their schedule to avoid weather
problems
-Sensor maintenance and repair is easy

179. -Permission to intrude into foreign airspace is Disadvantages of Air-

required craft
-Many passes to cover larger area
-Swath is much less compare to satellite
High cost per unit area

180. Drone miniature remotely pi-

loted aircraft
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181. UAVs becoming increasingly

popular for capturing
remote sensing data

182. Kites Camera carried aloft by

large kites

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