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Chapter 2 (2)

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9 views14 pages

Chapter 2 (2)

Uploaded by

k62.2314710053
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter

2
Verbs And The Verb
Phrase
1.Types Of Verbs
2.Verbal Forms
3.Morphology Of Lexical Verbs
4.Auxiliaries Do, Have, Be
5.Modal Auxiliaries
6.Finite And Non-finite Verb
Phrases
7.Order In The Complex Verb
Phrase
8.Contrasts Expressed In The
Verb Phrase
1. Types of verbs

Verb Lexical (run, teach,


learn…)
Auxiliary Primary
(do, have, be)

Modal (can, may, shall, will, could,


might, should, would, must, ought to,
used to, need, dare)
2. Verbal forms
1. base (V): - All the present tense except 3rd
person singular
- Imperative
- subjunctive
- bare and to infinitive
2. -s form (V-s) - 3rd person singular present tense
3. past (V-ed1) - past tense
4. -ing participle (V-ing) - progressive aspect
- in -ing participle clauses
5. -ed participle (V-ed2) - perfective aspect
(past participle) - passive voice
- in -ed participle clauses
3. Morphology of lexical verbs
a) Regular lexical verbs
- Forms: V (base)
V-ing (ing participle)
V-s (-s form)
V-ed (past/-ed participle)
- The -ing and -s form
- The past and -ed participle
- Further inflectional spelling rules
+ Doubling consonant
+ Treatment of -y
+ Deletion of -e
b) Irregular lexical verbs (7 classes)
Class 1: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2
Suffixation is used but voicing is variable
Vowel identity in all parts
Class 2: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2
Suffixation is used but voicing is variable
Change of base vowel
Class 3: All three parts V, V-ed1, Ved2 are identical
No suffix or change of the base vowel
Class 4: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2
No suffixation
Change of base vowel
Class 5: V-ed1 is regular
V-ed2 has 2 forms, one regular, the other nasal
Class 6: V-ed1, V-ed2 are irregular
V-ed2 always suffixed and usually with-(e)n.
( there are 5 subclasses)
Class 7: V-ed1 and V-ed2 irregular
No suffixation
Always some vowel change
4. Auxiliaries do, have, be
a) Do
• Past, present form
• Non-negative, uncontracted negative, contracted negative form
b) Have
• Base, -s form, past, -ing form, -ed participle
• Non-negative, uncontracted negative, contracted negative form
c) Be
• Base, -s form, past, -ing form, -ed participle
• Non-negative, uncontracted negative, contracted negative form
Note: - Aren’t I is used as there’s no contracted form for am not
- Lexical verb ‘be’ may have the do-construction in
persuasive imperative sentences
- Lexical verb ‘be’ has the do-construction regularly with
negative imperative
5. Modal auxiliaries
• Forms (see table in 3.21)
Note: ought has the to-infinitive, but has bare
infinitive in negative sentences and questions
in AmE
• Marginal modal auxiliaries
+ Used: no present tense; may take do-
construction
+ Dare and need: constructed either as modal
auxiliaries (with bare inf. and with no inflected
-s form) or as lexical verbs (with to inf. and
with inflected -s form)
Modal Lexical verb
auxiliary construction
construction

Positive He needs to go
now
He doesn’t
Negative He needn’t go
need to go now
now
Does he need
Interrogative Need he go
to go now?
now?
Doesn’t he
Negative- Needn’t he go
need to go
6. Finite and non-finite verb phrases
• finite verb phrases have tense distinction
• finite verb phrases occur as the verb element of a
clause. There is person and number concord between
the S and the finite verb
• finite verb phrases have mood
• the non-finite forms of the verb are the infinitive, the -
ing participle, and the -ed participle. Non-finite verb
phrases consist of one or more such items.
7. Order in the complex verb phrase

• MODAL, always followed by an infinitive


• PERFECTIVE, always followed by an -ed form
• PROGRESSIVE, always followed by an -ing form
• PASSIVE, always followed by an -ed form
8. Contrasts expressed in the verb phrase
• Voice, involving the active-passive relations (this
is dealt with in 7.5 and 12.14-32)
• Questions requiring subject movement involve
the use of an auxiliary as operator. (this topic is
dealt with in 7.44-57)
• Negation makes analogous use of operators
(this is dealt with in 7.33-42)
• Emphasis, which is frequently carried by the
operators, is treated in 14.35
• Imperatives are discussed in 7.58-62
9. Tense, aspect and mood
• Tense and aspect
+ The present and past tenses in relation to the progressive and
perfective aspects
+ The future
• Mood
+ The subjunctive mood: 3 categories of subjunctive:
• The mandative subjunctive in that-clause has only one form,
the base (V).
→ can be used with any verb in subordinate that-clauses when
the main verb contains an expression of recommendation,
resolution, demand, and so on
→ occurs chiefly in formal style (in less formal contexts should
or to-infinitive is used)
• The formulaic subjunctive: consists of the base (V) but is
only used in clauses in certain expressions which have to be
learnt as wholes,
• The subjunctive were: hypothetical in meaning; used in
10. Uses of modal verbs
• Meanings
(see 3.48 to 3.53)
• The tense of modals
Present and past forms
• The modals and aspect

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