 Introduction

When a particle moves through space, it carries energy and momentum with itself. Wherever the particle
goes, the energy goes with it. This is one of the way of transport energy from one place to another place.
There is another way i.e., wave motion to transport energy from one part of space to other without any
bulk motion of material together with it. Sound is transmitted in air in this manner.
A wave is a disturbance that propagates in space, transports energy and momentum from one point to
another without the transport of matter.
 Classification of Waves
Wave according to

Necessity of medium Propagation of energy Dimension Vibration of particle

(i) Elastic or mechanical (i) Progressive or travelling (i) One dimensional (i)Transverse
wave wave
(ii) Electromagnetic (ii) Stationary (ii) Two dimensional (ii) Longitudinal
or non-mechanical wave (iii) Three dimensional wave
 Transverse Wave Motion
Mechanical transverse waves produce in such type of medium which have shearing property, so they are
known as shcar wave or S-wave. Shearing is the property of a body by which it changes its shape on
application of force. Mechanical transverse waves are generated only in solids and surface of liquids.
In transverse wave motion individual particles of the medium execute SHM about their mean position in
a direction to the direction of propagation of wave motion.

The disturbance along the rope travels in form of crests and troughs.
A crest (C) is a portion of the medium, which is raised temporarily above the normal position of rest of
particles of the medium, when a transverse wave passes.

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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 2 ADVAIT EDUCATION
A trough (T) is a portion of the medium, which is depressed temporarily below the normal position of
rest of particles of the medium, when a transverse wave passes.
 Longitudinal Wave Motion
In this type of waves, oscillatory motion of the particles of the medium produces regions of compression
'C' (high pressure) and rarefaction 'R' (low pressure) which propagated in space with time.

Waves There is of high particle density are called compressions (c) and regions of low particle density are
called rarefactions (R). The propagation of sound waves in air is visualised as the stations are of the order
of Pa, where atmospheric pressure is 105 Pa.
 Displacement Relation in A Progressive Wave
A harmonic wave travelling along negative direction of X-axis.
y( x, t )  Asin(t  kx  0 )

Phase, Phase Difference and Path Difference Phase: Phase is a quantity which contains all information
related to any vibrating particle in a wave.
For equation y = sin (t  kx) , (t  kx) is the phase
Phase difference and path difference: At any instant, t, if  1 and 2 are the phase of two particles whose
distances from the origin are x1 and x2 respectively, then
1  (t  kx1 ) and 2  (t  kx2 )
 1  2  k ( x2  x1 )
2
 Phase difference  = (path difference x )

Relation between phase difference, path difference and time period :
  T
 
2  T

 Path difference =   Phase difference
 2 
 Equation of A Plane Progressive Wave

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ADVAIT EDUCATION 3 Wave
If on the propagation of wave in a medium the particles of the medium perform simple harmonic motion
then the wave is called progressive wave.
 t x
Y = a sin   
T  
This is the equation of a simple harmonic wave ravelling along + x direction. If the wave is travelling
along the direction then
 t x
Y = a sin 2   
T  
If  be the phase difference between the above wave travelling along the + x direction and another wave,
then the equation of that we will be
  t x 
y  a sin 2      
 T   
Speed of Transvers wave
Speed of transverse wave in any wire
T
v
m
Where T = tension in the wire, m = mass per unit length
 r2  d
m or m =  r 2

Where d = density of matter

T T
V =  r2  A
 r 2d Ad
 Effect of Various Quantities on The Speed of Sound
(1) Effect of temperature: For a gas  and Mw is constant
1/2
 t 
1 
 273 
By applying Binomial theorem.
(i) For any gas medium.
 t 
vt  v0 1 
 256 
(ii) For air v0 = 332 m/sec.
vt  v0 + 0.61 t m/sec
(2) Effect of relative humidity. With increase in humidity density decreases.
And we know that
v p / p
We conclude that with rise in humidity velocity of sound
(3) Effect of pressure. As velocity of sound

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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 4 ADVAIT EDUCATION

E p  RT
V  
  M
So pressure has to effect on velocity of sound in a gas as long as temperature remain constant.
(4) Effect of motion of air : If air is blowing then the speed of sound changes. If the actual speed of sound
is v and the speed of air is within the speed of wood in the direction in which air is blowing will be (v +
w), and in the opposite direction it will be (v-w).
(5) Effect of frequency : There is no effect of frequency on the speed of wound
 Beats
when two sound waves of nearly same frequency are produced simultaneously, then the intensity of
resultant sound wave increases and decreases with time. This change in the intensity of sound is called as
the phenomenon of ‘beats’.
The time interval between two successive beats is called beat period and the number of beats per second
is called the beat frequencies
If f1 and f 2 are frequencies ( f1  f 2 ) of the two waves, then the beat frequency
b  f1  f
 Doppler Effect
Acoustic Doppler effect (Doppler effect for sound waves) :
The apparent change in the frequency of sound when the source of sound the observer and the medium
are in relative motion is called Doppler effect.
While deriving the expressions for apparent frequency we make the following assumptions:
(i) The velocity of the source, the observer and the medium are along the line joining the position of the
source and the observer.
(ii) The velocity of the source and the observer is less than velocity of sound.
Case I : When source is moving and observer and medium are at rest:
(i) When source is moving towards stationary observer:
Apparent wavelength
v  vs
'
n
Apparent frequency,
v v  v 
n'    n 
  v  vs   v  vs 
 n 
 
So, apparent frequency n' becomes less than actual frequency n (n '  n)
Cash II: When observers is moving and source and medium are at rest :
(i) When observers is moving towards stationary source:
Apparent frequency,
n’ = actual waves (n) + additional waves (n)
v  v0
v v0  v  v0   v
n'    n =    
  (v / n)  v   n
Hence apparent frequency is greater than actual frequency (n '  n)

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ADVAIT EDUCATION 5 Wave

 Assignment Questions (A) y = A sin t

Q.1 The velocity of sound in any w depends upon. (B) y = A cos Kx
(A) Wavelength of wand only (C) y = A sin (at  bx  c)
(B) Density and elasticity of gas (D) y = A (t  Kx)
(C) Intensity of sound was only Q.9 Which of the following to represent a wave?
(D) Amplitude and frequency of sound (A) Amplitude A/2, frequency 2n and
Q.2 With the propagation of a longitudinal wave wavelength  / 2
through a material medium, the quantities (B) Amplitude frequency A/2 frequency 2n
transmitted in the direction of propagation is and wavelength 
are. (C) Amplitude A. frequency 2n and
(A) Energy momentum and mass wavelength 2 
(B) Energy (D) Amplitude A, frequency n and
(C) Energy and mass wavelength 
(D) Energy and linear mentum Q.10 A5.5 meter long string has a mass of 0.035 kg.
Q.3 The temperature at which the speed of sound If the tension in the string in 77 N the speed of
becomes double as was at 27C is. a wave on the string is.
(A) 273C (B) 0C (A) 110 ms-1 (B) 165 ms-1
(C) 927C (D) 1027C (C) 77 ms-1 (D) 102 ms-1
Q.4 What is the effect of humidity on sound waves Q.11 A stretched string resonates with tuning fork
when humidity increases? frequency 512 Hz when length of the string is
(A) Speed of sound waves is more 0.5 m. The length of the string required to
(B) Speed of sound waves is less vibrate resonantly with a tuning fork of
(C) Speed of sound waves remain same frequency 256 256 Hz would be.
(D) Speed of sound wave becomes zero (A) 0.25 m (B) 0.5 m
Q.5 The velocity of sound is greatest in (C) 1 m (D) 2 m
(A) water (B) Air Q.12 A stretched wire 60cm long is vibrating with
(C) vacuum (D) steel is fundamental frequency of 256 Hz. In length
Q.6 Velocity of sound measured in hydrogen and of the wire is decreased to 15 cm and the
oxygen gas at a given temperature will be in tension is the same. Then the fundamental
the ratio of. frequency of the vibration of the wire will be.
(A) 1:1 (B) 2:1 (A) 1024 (B) 572
(C) 1: 4 (D) 4: 1 (C) 256 (D) 64
Q.7 A standing wave is represented by y = A sin Q.13 The wavelength two waves are 50 and 51 cm
(100t) cos (0.01x), where y and A are in respectively If the temperature of the room is
millimeter, t in seconds and x is in metre. 20C then what will be the number of beats
Velocity of wave is produced per second by these waves, when the
(A) 104 m/s speed of sound at 0C is 332 m/s ?
(B) 1 m/s (A) 24 (B) 14
(C) 10 (D) None of these
(C) 104
Q.14 A of sound of frequency 5001 moving
(D) not derivable from above data
towards a stationary observere with velocity
Q.8 Which of the following equations represent a
wave?
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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 6 ADVAIT EDUCATION
30 m/s. The speed of sound is 330'm/s. The Q.6 A source producing sound of frequency 170
frequency heard by the observer will be . Hz is approaching a stationary observer with
(A) 545 Hz (B) 580 Hz a velocity 17 ms-1 The apparent change in the
(C) 458.3 Hz (D) 550 Hz wavelength of sound heard by the observer is
(speed of sound in air = 340 ms-1)
 Practice Questions
(A) 0.1 m (B) 0.2 m
Q.1 Two white A and B produce one of (C) 0.4 m (D) 0.5 m
frequencies 660 Hz and 596 Hz respectively.
Q.7 A tuning fork of froggy 512 Hz makes 4 beats
There is a listener at the mid-point of the line
per second with the vibrating string of a piano.
joining them. Now the whistle and the listener
The best frequency decreases to 2 beats per
start moving with speed 30 m/s away from the
sec when tension in the piano string is slightly
whistle A. If speed of sound be 330 m/s, how
increased. The frequency of the piano string
many that will be heard by the listener ?
here increasing the tension was?
(A) 2 (B) 4
(A) 510 Hz (B) 514 Hz
(C) 6 (D) 8
(C) 516 Hz (D) 508 Hz
Q.2 The amplitude of two waves are in the ratio of
Q.8 Two waves are represented by the equations,
5:2. If all other conditions for the two waves
are same, then what is the race of their energy y1 = a sin (t  Kx  0.57) m and y2 = a cos
densities. (t  Kx) m, where x is in meter and t in see.
(A) 5 : 2 (B) 10 : 4 The phase difference between them is?
(C) 2.5 : 1 (D) 25 : 4 (A) 1.0 radian (B) 1.25 radian
Q.3 If the amplitude of sound is doubled and the (C) 1.57 radian (D) 0.57 radian
frequency reduced to one fourth, the intensity Q.9 Sound waves travel at 350 m/s through a
of sound at the same point will be . warm air and at 3500 m/s through brass. The
(A) Increasing by a factor of 2 wavelength of a 700 Hz acoustic wave as it
(B) Decreasing by a factor of 2 enters bass from warm air?
(C) Decreasing by a factor of 4 (A) Decreases by a factor 10
(D) unchanged (B) Increases by a factor 20
Q.4 Due to Doppler effect, the shit in wavelength (C) Increases by a factor 10
observed is 0.1 Å, for at producing (D) Decreases by a factor 20
wavelength 6000 Å. The velocity of recession Q.10 Two travelling waves y1 = A sin [K (x- ct)] y2
of star will be.
=A sin and [K (x + ct)] are superimposed on
(A) 2.5 km/s (B) 10 km/s
string. The distance between adjacent nodes is
(C) 5 km/s (D) 20 km/s
(A) ct/  (B) ct/2 
Q.5 Two trains are moving towards each other
(C)  /2K (D)  /K
with speeds of 20m/s and 15m/s relative to the
ground. The first train Sound a whistle of Q.11 Velocity of sound wave in air, is 330 m/s. For
frequency 600 Hz. The frequency of the a particular sound wave in air a path
whistle beard by a passenger in the second difference of 40 cm is equivalent to phase
train before the train meets, is (the speed of difference of 1.6  . The frequency of this
sound in air is 340 m/s) wave is?
(A) 600Hz (B) 585 Hz (A) 165 Hz (B) 150 Hz
(C) 645Hz (D) 666 Hz (C) 660 Hz (D) 330 Hz

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ADVAIT EDUCATION 7 Wave
Q.12 A source of sound waves in air is 330 m/s. For (A) 77m/s (B) 102 m/s
a particular sound wave in air, a path (C) 110 m/s (D) 165 m/s
difference of 40 cm is equivalent to phase Q.14 Two viewing tuning Sales producing wave
difference of 1.6  The frequency of this wave given by y1 = 27 sin 600 are held near the car
is ? of a person, how many beats will be heard in
(A) 545 Hz (B) 580 Hz three seconds by him?
(C) 458.3 Hz (D) 550Hz (A) 4 (B) 2
Q.13 A string of 7 m length has a masso.035 kg If (C) 6 (D) 12
tension in the string is 60.5 N, then spend of
wave on the string is?
 Answer Key
Assignment Questions
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D
6. D 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. A
11. D 12. A 13. B 14. D
Practice Questions
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. D
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. C

 Explanation
Assignment Questions : v0 H 1 1
   
Sol.1 (B) vH 0 16 4
Velocity of sound in any gas depends upon density vH 1
and elasticity of gas.  
v0 4
Sol.2 (B)
Sol.7 (A)
With the propagation of a longitudinal wave, energy
The wave equation is y = A sin (t ) cos
alone is propagated.
(Kx) c =  / K = 100/0.01 = 104 m/s.
Sol.3 (C)
Sol.8 (C)
Use C  T
y = A sin (at – bx + c) represents a wave, where a may
Sol.4 (A)
correspond to  and b may correspond to K.
 RT Sol.12 (A)
Velocity of sound =
M L0  60cm v0  256Hz
When water vapour are present in air average
1 T
molecular weight of air decreases and hence velocity v
increases. 2L m
Sol.5 (D) 1 v1 L0
 v 
The velocity of sound is greatest in steel as it has L v0 L1
greatest elasticity. L0 60
v1 = v0 = 256  = 1024 Hz
Sol.6 (D) L1 15

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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 8 ADVAIT EDUCATION

Sol.14 (D) v 330

F=  = 660 Hz
 v  330  0.5
v'   v   500  110  5  550 Hz
 v  vs  330  30 Sol.12 (D)
 v  330
Practice Questions : v'    v=  500
 v  vs  330  30
Sol.2 (D)
Sol.13 (C)
Energy density  (amplitude)2
Given : Length (l) = 7m
Sol.3 (C)
Mass (M) = 0.035 kg and tension (T) = 60.5 N. we
Intensity  (amplitude)2and also intensity 
know that mass of string per unit length (m)
(frequency)2
0.035
22 1 = = 0.005 Kg/m and speed of
Therefore, intensity becomes 2  th 7
4 4
T 60.5
Sol.5 (C) Wave =  = 110 m/s.
m 0.005
 v  vD 
v’ = v   Sol.14 (C)
 v  vs  1  600 2  604
Here, v = 600 Hz, vD = 15 m/s
f1  300Hz f 2  302Hz
vs = 20 m/s, v= 340 m/s
Beat frequency, f1  f 2 = 302 Hz.
  355  
v’ = 600    666 Hz Number of beats in three seconds = 6
 320 
Sol.6 (D) 
The frequency of the piano string = 512  4 = 516 or
508. When the tension is increased beat frequency
decreases to 2, it means that frequency of the string is
508 as frequency of string increases with tension.
Sol.9 (C)
We have, v = n 
 v   (as n remains constant)
Thus as v increases 10 times,  also increases 10
times.
Sol.10 (D)

The distance between adjacent nodes x 
2
2 
Also, K = Hence x =
 K
Sol.11 (C)

From, x  
2
x 2 (0.4)
  2  = 0.5 m
 1.6

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