~ti ,a l~Q ~if

/
5
&tnM ~oJ0_roo of O~di~~}i{(, ,~~_/32, f9"'
-A-ri Oydino.ny di((('J1e11lro.1 Cquair'ans ,°!; or !he ro)f'l1

ddJ :: ~ (-x, ~,D.) Whene a' rs A (ot1~lani ~trQ)1rl 's

')I ~
fYleth~ of Successive 0)

1- Aico.nd 's Me-l hod of &u~

l"'v-vvv
op YoX rmo. i ion!-
cce srrve II~
,,-v-vvv rrvv--

Wovkiri,q Rult :-
~ u~
* Let us Consfc/u-, -Jhe (rrdt(l°"':J dtffcntn~ial ev"o~Ton
~ -= t ()(,'j)
~ -,ntial Conc/rlion rs u'1 = uJO I )l : ?lo
* B!j rn1:e8rat1n3 -lhe given £iuaifon blw -the /tmils ")(11
and )( cue iet-

~o
J d~ : f.fr:x, ~) d')(
'){1>

::::) [ 1;1] '1 -=

~o
J+C-:i,y]d><
Yo

[Y-Yo] = ) +C~,~)d1'.

... ~ =
1oj
'io +-r(-x,y) crx l
Jlo j X

FDY -/he .frysf o.pp-YoXimatfofl yr,)= 'do-+"{ .[.'(-x, ~, d,<

roy .fhe ~e£ond appY0Xfma~ro11 'le+ us consPd07 !:Jc,) a.s
rnital ~ V<llue in ~nte9rals-.
~c J) ~ l;/o + j ./-'("ll' 9~ d,._
'>'o - ,. It f- Uf conrrd/J"I i..,Ca) as
FoY -the -fhivd o.pproi1mo:1.1on v
fnr ta/ ~ value in fnte3,-als
!:{3)-= ':lo + .[IC?<, ~<~)) dx
?lo
- - -
J(n):: ':fo I 1[(?1,yn1})d'X
 ,hi5> pyeieJs r~ {orrtfnued till • c.ue Je-t ,1.() 0
~iiccessive o.pp..,otrma-lron~ •
~t~iCMdS
.!..-~ ,r rv,t-1 hod is Consfdenable c,nlu
.1
-lh toyttQI
Value
p"t0blemS
rv...,....,._
}-
dY = I +-xy which pai1er 1,
Jrnd +he So9u.:t·ion ot (1)( llY01,

( 011) j() the intlfYValco,o-s) .Suchiho.t +heva/4( ~·

:J is Co-YYect to +hYee decr°ma/ plQCl5 ./:a.Ire h: 0 .1
G,iven di[(vun-lta/ -fqya-ftol"l ts l+"){J whicli ~
of the fu-Ym 1 ==+h<,';J)
50 f(,c,~) ~ l+'XJ wtfh CJ-= r a-I: )(o =o
:}o 'do:: t ' )(0 ::0

prco.nd '.5 Me +hod o t

6j S~can; v e app"'oY1fn4io,
wt have 'X
Y-=- 'do.+ (+C-x,~} d-x
')(o
~ bJ Yo 11
10
l="ov +he .fi-vsl: o.ppYoi1"rna-l,-on, JJt.p face
trite:,ya.l pOJ1t 1'
I
) ':f ''1 :; Yo + -re~, '10) d)( - Q
:) I jl) ::o
J = ':fo + f Cr+XY0 ) d )<
'><o
~ uie ')(o =D 1 '10 ::. t
"') 'jc,) = '+ 1(,
'}lb
+1<) dx

)l
t+fd)<.+)(dx

r~
-=
lb
-::- I + + -x :JJ )\
){ ;)_ )(o

= 1 -+ (x+~J-o
J.
 '3£concl opp10Xtmlrf iu, 1
pO)d of RJI,; (/,r11 (1)
)(

'do 4 f f(')I, ~c,J) dx

')(o

~ 1~[(1l)l~fl))d'X
11 ~ pc<
~
i-x1
3
,."'
S
',i
IS
-I•• -
4R
r,;)
~
 11
~{3)::: 1-I CO·«) 4-<~·~)~, (o-;,i) 3 1 (o.JJ) (o ~JS ( (h.i JI,
1
3 ~ J '>l I\ <1'11
~( )_ l•.9««S~'l (,v,n{•J
r--fhus .
when')(:: 0·3 L ?l-0•,?' Y /. dR~ { L,,Ao ,J
1
clrii1oq(,

7hen ':/ 1')= 1-i Co-a) ...r(o})~ h-o ,n (!Ji

~c•)= 1- 3lJsoo

u(a) = I+ (o .3)+(03)R I (o,J)'J (o~)Lf

J ~ - ...,
~(;;) = 1. 355013 J ~

</3) :: t+(o-,)+( o,3) ~--1 ( o .3)3+Co, 1 )C.., (o, Jf ( )-'

J - + 3 1 O•J
~ ( 3'\
' = J. 35S-0l3 J J 8 I S" • 41)

[ 71,u S >! ::- O· 3' Ii/ = I• i sse-14]

wh u, 1< = (!) • 1./
Then L/ CJ) = I+ ( O, V) +l~) ~
J . tJ.
l.jl•)-= 1-1..fB
uCa ) ~ I+ (o-~)+(~J ~ +lo-4-) 3.,_ (I). lJ) 'I
J J.- -
.3 8
~la) ::: 4--~ l-5'04533

~(~) ::- ,+ co-~)+ Co,4)~+

J
~(?>);: ,. 50£;301

[1ii~s '){=D•IA 1 '-j-=l•S"05Jol/

whln >l -;; o•S-

Then ~ 11 ) :: I+(o• r )+lo •S ) ~
~l') -:; ,.6 ~ 5' 00 :2

~lJ):: 1+Co-s) ~(o•S-J~ -I- C'o•sJ3 + (o. sJY

~ 3 -
'j{J)= 1·61-1.14~'1 f

lj(3)-= r+Co-s)+~J:l+ (o•s-)3 + (o,si'1 +Co· _Or-1-(0-.rf

~ J 3 ,f' ~
 \

) 0 ~ l-l=1l~7~1
I <\"of ~;'wt ,) 1,/frnuJ"/inl
~

'J I lo
~ I :JJ
I 3S,H~f:3
I Sos
-6=1=,
• il."..!1 'S rru-lh ocl -to appYo'iJmo.. te -the Val,1 of
r~ )(-= 0- ,; , 9iwn +hat ~=- I whtn --X =o, ~.
01.·

bt
f ~ r~) -= I - )( + 'l< :I - -x?, I?, +-x4/~ef-@
C1i1.;tn -x voh.u. is O· ~ c.uhtn -x =- O ~
.fhm ljo) =I+~~) ~(D•~)
a
{ ~ 0· 8:JOO
':I~ ) -:: I- 1 D a) +(o,.;i)~ _(o,.,J-3
- I ~
(J) C, 8 386b ~
J -=- 1- (O·c))-t(O•~)~-Coi.J'o/2 +co.~~ 0·83:/l{oo =
foy -the fovrfJ; o.pptoxi'ma-llon cons1d01. 71ra]af 'f tht!j(y
~(l.~J='do+Jf(),~(aJ)d)( .
X )I~
-: I+ fr)( - (1 -')( +-x~- -,<3/3 +-x lf/d~ )j cl-X
~I -tor (
I>
"I--/ +x-')('Y~')(a/s ,.._ '){4/,l.{)ch

:: I+ t()"X -/-)('Y--1---x36 -"!."/,~)qi.

()

: I+ f•i'ft-X - '11.2>fa +Y.'-1/l;i ~ ?<f/2lo

Q:2:_1_--)( -1-1 ~ --xo/3 +xt//,~ -J<s/~ij- ®

when?< =0·,1
~N) -:: 0-&.3+lt64
ihttS ./ov ")(:: o -~ 1 :: D· 83 :J. ~pfo J decimq ls.
 1111 1"'~
~
u) G,iwn d i((uicn~ lal e~11 ts-~~ =x.--l'j
toliich t{ .fu'rn1 d'j = f ('J/1~) So -(: ()!,~): 'X-/-
a)( . ~
So ~o =I ')/o - 0

1
l3~ picaJ1d 5 me-thod of Succe{Jive O.PfrroXill)otio
lj = ¼ + / -f'h<, y) dx - (.Y 'l

+o'Y ,st J1ep~ce ~ b~ ~o ;n(J)

ipe-ro--1.rmo:tion
y0 J= Yo+ [ (-x-+'fo)dx -) f+ JC)< -f 1Jdx
~o 0
= I+ -xa/~ + x - (v )b .
.fov ~nd app-.,oXtma-t>on :yi_eplace Y ~ ,n ©
~(1

yC~) = '10 + r(-x.+ljr,) )d"A. -:a) I+ (( x + (1 -1-1..~ +){ )dx

lbl 'llo o ~
~ = I + .1..~ + )( +J0 + ')(q
µ<~} :: l-fXf-'X~+l'3/
~ 6
}-@&
6
b~ ~ 6)
for .-/-hird app-Yo')(t'matlon yra)
':!'3)-:- I+ l-x
+( r+-x+)l~+-xs;6 )dx
3
\ ~! ) = I+ 'X4')(J +-x?J/6 +~q/~;+@
C11\.ln 1{=-0•.? when ;t =O· ,2
.!hen ':fl')= l+(o•J)~+(o,.,) ::.1-J:qooo
tfJ}=
(-'\
~l-l-fo.a)+Co•r1JJ -I-Co,~)'J/6 =) l··Ol//333
~ .1 = \+(o•,1){0,,:i)~+(o.3)3j6+co,~)<i/4'C/·)f, d4.l~oo
·-foY u➔h Upp)'t>X)nio. llon
rlj((,).=. l+1<f')(:l t-j;/3 +-x4/1« {Y1S-{1~cf--@
c...,hcn -x =o• a Then
f4) = lt(o.3)f(o•J)~+(o,afl/ +{o.;n"/1:J_
3
i{o,,1//tiiJ
{ ';j(U) :::: I· <i 4 :180 6
~cs-):::. t+ ')(+(1-f-'x-+-x~ +,"!./3 +~Lt/1:i + -x 5/,,ol d"f.
1+1\~/~+,<.t}l~/.2 -t')(?i/s f-)."-/12-+'J.{ri~ +~bfaia
-=-

~ =-1~•~ +((),ol/) +o. ()~66 ~ +o. oo o /3J +o,oooooS"" +0

L~?'j =- I· rD4J8 0 s-7 .
-1-hu~ )(:-O·c1 ~'j'.1•~4ii~ t1plo Cf dedf>IQ~. ◄
 [,,/r,, 's f\Jrllwd ~
..... "
~ 1u
• ~,;; - ( (')( q) I)t I/ 111 IJi'v, 11 ( I,'11t•1(11rtrd
rr 1
,•qtui / t'ons cm'IJ,
(~)\ '
-llir ln'ittal poi",1ls Yu :lo
4: 1h! n 1h (lrJ>"H'ii'n)(ition ·Value J I~ L~ilc,, 1~ni,/J,ocl
•.
':, t.fn . ~n-1 -+ hr (ll,1 ,, ~n-, ) ci1l1u,e Ii ,'5 cons I a.,d
dt"ffe.•,rnlt 11 1 ~ [ Ii Xn "11-1 (

n.,.,ohltmS
~.,,. ~-
2 \, l n ~ : ~ · )( wi-1 h ·/he rnilial coru-ltlrons Y·, at.
1,rx _0
)t ::O
•
f1nd ·Ou
)l
or
LJ ./'o.'Y '){ - · 1
\tal1u

Crt~vtn dif ft..,tni ~o./ tiuation rs cfi< d~ Y-X

:. tf-t x
SD((>. y)-: ~- )(
~+)(

C·i"vo1 that -lhe tnrltal condt /ton rs ~ -=.1 a. -l J. =o

: f "Io =0 'do '= I
6:J fuk.., S Me-I hod ~n:: ~n-1 +I, ~C'>'n.,, 'jn_,)
foy fnf .first opp-roXirna.-1:lon n:: 1
'j, 'io + (it 1 - )1 0 ) f (-Xo, IJo)
-=

Y, = I+ (o-1-o(Cjo-'Xo)
';JD -f )/ 0
«:J, :- I + ro-, )(' -o)
t+o
~' = I + o. I

2 'j, ~ 0J
.foy ~ nd O pp.,.oxrmo:llon n:: ~
<;I., -= lj, + (x: -- -x,) .f(x., ~,)
'::Ja : /. J + ( O· I) ( ~ - O.f)
c~J : ~ J ig 3oo~J
1.r..fo-1

._, app-roY:in1ation n= 3
.foy -/he (i,
r

1
ustnq .fule,,, 5 me-lhocl find an appYoxfmdiori,
o+ 0
corre sponding -1:'o 'X- -== I 9•,ven Jo.,r +ha t ~ iof,

a d'X ~ )/.-1-11
!j -.::. I whe.m. x = o u ••,
Cn~vtn ~~ = x+';j --then +c:"'1~) -=x+y
fni+ial C'ond,•Jton ~= I ~ '),(o =o
i-.-e:. Take h = o. ~

'1
Bcj .fu I01'.s me+Fiod 'dn -=- ~f h ~ C-><1 ~)
'-i, ~ ':lo+ (o.d)[ tJf I]
':11 :: I -1- <>·.;,
j Yr =!·iJ
n=~
';JJ ;:; lj, +CD-t1)()l1 +1:f,)
- /.d +Co•d) (o-&+I-J)
:- l•J + O,~~

' 9a> =- /.~g/

n =3

lj3 :- '1 :t + (o, .R) (" ~-l !ti.)

lJ3 = f•l.l~+{O.J)(o•l/-f-l•q~)
[Y3 = l,gsr:,}
 i I
'i1.1 IJ~ I r, .;, ) { i' l I ';j ,,)

~IJ I~ h ·I '''d}(O G-1 ,.;, ,I,)

~ ;l>J~;;J

'J 5' ;J-1 J':/ ~ -I ~ 9 J'~ ·G' }f ;;, ?, .,-, i')

Jr - ,r,.q-:;{,(,uoj
n. ~

':16 - f.Js C~·-,)(-.1~1~-:)

'j 6 . ,j • 'f:; 'I. u r., + ( ') · J 1 ( 1 + ti , 1 :+ 'b IJ r., 1
-
,
11
6 -:- 3. 1-? q6?, j
~-----~---.,...,,~
,~.
,,
f'Jt1<1i/r, l'
,,,
f't1lr•1 I
//,
I /\Ir /1,,,,I •
1,1r1~, f11 1 1/,r rl,'flr•1111/wl ,,,1,,
1
, r~ ~,, tA•'"' r,,:1,..i1 ,,,11,,1. r 11,,, ''"' ~"/ i,"v'

w:11, ·/ht fnf/;al corirlil,'on -/hat

) GrTvtt1 ,J litll cl~
r/)( '
{oy ){ O· 05 'E(
~ el o I ?1. =o l111d -/he value of ~
")I 0,1 (OYYtC l lo (ouY dufma I pious,

A'j i"nilio. l condt'iio/15 )o q ~o I

G,iw n • "j I Y,

)( (J
r/ I
,
a.or; O·I
')
:>
~

llt.ne h o- u!,
To 6rul Volut of
rr,v ,,.,.r,,rv
'd, ~
, ., ~..,

ro" •/ht 1sl npproi.fmolion

!i,'') ~o I /1 {(?lo, ~o)
I .f fo.o',) l )(•I ~o J
Ii) ,1 ro •O',) r,7
l 11, - ,.or; I
r· lj(.))
l
~Jo I l,{ f<"!•, !lo)/ / (-x,, <J, lJ) I
y/tJ) = I -I (O,o'>){('Xo-l'd0 )~I (oosW
~
1

l•os1
= /+(o 05) ft"!_/} ·I (o,o-s)l(l•OS)
:J ]

{l3~~~= f ,05:J 51 .;)

':J,<1): ':lo+h(f!'Xu,'i1) ~{(><,,':J/~' )]
:: ':lo.., h { (>i':: ~o) j- (")(,+CJ, <,;,J)]
7
a
I +(o,os) fo+1}+_(0-os+ ~-~5.?5 )]
1
=/-os~siiJ :i
r
~

':},<'~) :: 'do + h f C-xo_/Jc1 )_+ [ ()I, V/ 6) ) ] 1

~ ~o-+ hf
"o+!/0 + (){~ -t-lj1l~)JJ ·
. ~ :,
-= 1+co,os-) LlO+I)+ (o,os+ J-os,s6s)] ·
~ lj,Ct.t) ~- ,. 05:JS61.{ I d.

~,.,, l:J.'3) bl lj,{ 11) it iS obscnV( d --!ho. t-

[ ~ 1-os ~6 j upto 4 dufmo.15

,o !ind vo.l"t of 'i:J.

~ ~
=-
foy +he ,~f o.pp-roX.(ma tion tut have
':J,'')-:: «;1, + h lf()(,,~,~ -t<-t.l'¼,41
=- f. os-06 + (o.os) ()( +y,) 1

r--~_I_-l>=S~6 -t (o. OS )(ro,oG) + ( t,os,;b)7

[ f.J:/'1= /. /O={=i30} J
1
<:1J" :: [+<"•,IJ,) ;trx-,,':J/'')}
t.J,+h
= :} , + h r(?l, +y,) 11;> + Y~ +; 11
') ]

-= 1· 0 5~6--1 (o,os)[(o.~+ 1- 0s2.(.)+ ( 0.1 +1. 10-:,=,.ao)j

&~d~ /,/10358~51 ~
~<3J.,, C:J, +n['rr-x,,11,J +:c~~, Y/~))J
 l:J;iO)-= LJ, I hr (')(i-1 ~,) ➔ ~')(d ~ Ida'~)) J
: /· Os;>(, -+(o-os)f"Zb,osJ-t /-osJ(,) +(o.1)+(1-11oi!.8Js)~
c-a) ~7 L,, .._
Cji) -=
I l-1/04~ i1

F<om Y:/~) ~ ~/!i) vo.luts rt is obH.nVtd ..fho.+

[Cd~: I, 1104 ] upio L/ daimQ\S plactt.

B~ Co/lee. i in3 Qfl -1:he .,u.sui l-s we have value oF ~

when )l = o- os- is ~=- /. osa6
~-=
:, 1- llo~ c.u htn "}( =O·/
Q lso+rn d d ':J :: x-+y
d dx
(a;) -== o-os + t-os« 6 = 1. 1o «b
(0•05 )

l ~~ ) :.,_ (O·/)
O· I + I· ti o4 ::: /. a Io 4-

Usin1 mod ifred £1.dcn's method find o. £ olution ot +he

lquation ~~ -= tog(Ji..+'if) c.oiih -!he. rniiial condi-1:ton 'j =l
. <>,)

+
o.: ~=o . .nnd y -fan X-=D·~, o,5

g) USinj modiHed fu/u, 15 me.fhod find a Soluti Of) of- a.

wr+h +ht ,0 n,• t,a.
·I (ondN:ion lJ =- a.t){:-0
fq_n dy - -x+v'y I
ai -
~o. 6 i'fl Sttp S of 0-~
.find lj +o.n OS'){
I• .?W .
0 ., • I,
~ ')
l.., ' .. -:. .. I

3) dy
er-;;:-= ';1--X. 'Xo -= O ':/0 -=1
o. +'){-;: D, I

'd+?<
(n;,un dy _ ioa(-x+u)
c:r;;:. ,.J J
;.e ftx,t11s 109(-xry)
int·tial cor1cl,·J,-on5 1<11 =o Yo =1
Hcne h: o·«
for +he ~Jue we Rnd 'di
~ ~
r
FOY ,st- o.pp.-oi.ima:tlon
~ / >= 'do+ h.f("o,!fo)
1
r
- I~ f O· 1 )1§~0 ./ Yo )'
-= 1+(0-a)103(0+1)
= I +lo•J) l0JC1)
[~,(I} = ,]
y," l. ~. -1 h[ f~ ,,_\/,) ~ {(~., Yi'')]
~ ~o -th C'OJ_{o+-1) +107()(, +y,")J •,
~
:: (t(D•J)['~2(o.«+1)
~
~ I + CO·a) [ ~8( )
fy~d)-:: I• 00 :,.q1"s)
y/~)=- lJo+h r+(lo,~o)+ t("x,,Y?J)7
- J J
- Yo th [ lo;J_(>,+J,)+~•1 (-i, +!J, "JJ}
::- l+-(O•JJf loJ(O·J+l-001q1s)J
G.< 3
) = I• 008 ~ott] 2
4
':J,< ):: ~o+h { 10J(?to+~o)+loJ(''j 1+'1,C0) ) ]
- l+co.J) [109Cr,+1) +101<(0.~)+ 1-003.2.04)]
[~/ti) :: 1. oos'i,l(J ~
from Y/1 ~ Y/'~) it i~ obHn\Jld ·H)(:d-
J ~, = 1-t>o~~ j
To
rvvv-
+ind va.lut of Y"
r,rv'V"'
r
FOY -+he ,st opp-YD 'irmo. tion we ho.Ve
~/')-; Y, +h t Cx,, Y,)
-=- l-008J+(o.3)10J(o.~+l,ooia)
(Yoi")~ l•03d8~~,

~;q)= ~,-t-h {f-l-x,,y,) -f t('X,,,Y/' )]

= ':1, +h f to3Cx,-fli,f+1cj (X?+lJ.:,'') )] ·1:
:1 1, oSJI ,
-.: l-oo8J+ (o. 6) f,03 Co-.?)+ to3 ( 1-o&~~-i 1 )-1-103 ( o.:_0-
g
 Ccc(l/f;'1JC,)j\(0F,'9X,Jj-,]~+-Qf:» ::; (s/h
r; • I .:: ( 'h
~ j ... .., r t')
[ (_!it'+ f·O) + JJ\+0 _(f?,o)+I +~
[ ~IX, :c °6!,+°X JLi+ op,
0
[((l)'h''X.)j-t~(of, 10~Jf,} l.j-+ f, ~ (e,/h
lC. I ; r,,'Pi ]
[ .1-to_](e-o}+I =-
0
[ .6.N-°"-J (e•oJ -t 1 =-
( oh •ox.) J y+ oh :: (IJ'h
uoq-ow_it-oJ...dcto 1 s1 ;41- 10:f
~ ~
1
~ /i pug 1n101 . .J.O_;
. ~F- '"'l.r_ •~ In G~
~ ·o=~ ?~H
'&t, ,(x_ \~ . C 'I-
Q:: )(. +o r::f; dur; IUO!f.'PUOJ J:O!t!u"_1
I' ,,. _!£_ ---
~+x.. ::(ti'~)j ' f]J\+~.::. fip U}l\!~J ,_(O>t
_s~o :zi'K. -I-"() Oh h O ·I :: f;
~-o~x f'O ~foo-/:.'/; s1n/'O/\ 11V bui:;J~l/OJ Fig
[ Qbho ·1 ~ 'E l
.:p"11- pi/\iar90 <;J jJ S.lh/O.I\ \n/ti 3 ('i)'f.h wo.~•
. -· _ _ ~..C~ ~ Jb~Ob hO ·J = (h:h 1
• [ioobilO•/ -t-S•ofto, /· (c>goo•1re:0Jbo1J (f:·O)f~oo•i =
1
[ ( (O·~r;-1·•,:/(.j "'Go,(;' r ·un t- 1X.) bo1J 1-f t h .:: (h/F,
~ Voe ~na·1 =- (oen J
[(sh~i10•1 ·I C.•o)Co,rf-('l'.foo·J •/'t:•o){;oij(f·O)-t·'t?'?OO·/;
e
[ ( ltlfi i,:J(.j-r~~~f( 1~·1- 1><-) bc11,) lf J- 'h ;. ci.th
[rntgno•1 J ,l',"t~ /
 ti~
.or. ~nd vafut '~ ..
-.....-.,.... r--,; ,- J
,- <l"'"'lo\ .-n,aTt'o n
Fe, ~t. ) .
:r. • = ~r.1 hf \, · ~. )
J
'\ /.! (,,: ) f iir+,rq;)
J , \ J)

-= I- (-1- :i )[co. :J ) f {,. ~JDq]

· ) l ·J3£11 +-(0,:ofo.g+-~1]
L½.!') = ,. ~~.,~q~ 1
u..£:) = y, ..!.h { f(~,,'J,)+Ft,a, ~,' 1>)7
·• d 'J
~ f. :30~ ..1- (o,a)[ci11-l-vH", )+ ('X~+if1JJJ)
, i-., ·~ f(, . .,, ('•·.1 i+d~ +c •. q +v,. "1~'1'1, ]
CJ}•)= ,. ~<1UOiJ6 j :, .
'1:'; ) ~ /·,Bo9+Co •J) co a)f~o<t)+ t (0.4+~~ ))
3
~} : J. 5~ S Jq +- :I.

'j; 4
) : l•~;o~;O,J) [co•Jt~~ )+(o,~+IJ1•S~SJ'1:r}
/Y}u) = f. S« SJ 4q l .l •· ·

:J/3
) ~ '1a <1i) clco.n -fha.t
[YJ ~ l- 5a5"fl
f»e. M'ld 'va.(ue lJ; f-
,,,-y,../ ~
~C•) - lj~ ·I hr{( x~i":J,. )
- lJ~ ~h [ x~t-19;]
"l•SJs~, t-(o ~) [[o,q)Jifi:"s:Js~j
}Y311 > :- /.8s.1?.~)
CJ/~)= lf~+h [-f~~,':I~)~ f (1t3, ~~}')))
;J '
,~)
'13 = /.s,s3, (o•;i) f-o-ll-lVJ·S.>sJJ + (o-6 +_y.r 1·8_s«Sob
- ]

f Y.5,:=' '
"l
I• Sca4q o~ ~

~:/l) = 1· S ~ 53 +to·~) {et>· l/ i-~53 J+( O· 6 + ~ 8--;;;;;,.;i ]

Ii c; -
L~J -= I· g 8 60 q 5] J.. · .

yl) = J· s~Sl +(o- a) ('i,. 4+'fGis,·); ( o- 6+ V,_t·-i'8_6_o"l~J

~ ·-~~6138

@3'") =l-8~6138j
y} 3) 1 ~/") obi(.JlV< d tl-ia +-
) ~3 -:: ,. '88,~

Wl Colltcb'or). of vole.a { 'd-=-J,:;301 a.t 'X = O· d.

.
~ 7 l• S" aS=iL/C/ ')(".::O·l( 'j-:: 1·8 ~6/ a.f ")( .:: D-6

G-,~ven d~ = <.J--x ;. e .fr?1.,f)-= <.J-x

-a:; ~+x
!t+"><
initia I ConditJons 'Xo :=o ':lo -:I
c.ue. -And Value '-j'• ){
)lo
'\I.'
D 0. (
foY f he -frst o.pp-YCJ'~imo.lion l,/ I
y,u)-:: y 0 th f('Xot'io)
-=- l+(o,l)[~o -'Xo]
Jo+'Xo

-= I+ (O.i)[:;:]
= I + 0 · I ::. / • I
-) ~-r- =- 0]-,,
(,..---)
-
:tJ 1f

~/u) = l + Co-t) r, + J. 0171608 -o, I 71:)

i/ 11JI(f.() -=- , , 0 q I 60 ~ I / • O',f{.og+o•t

9tl 3) cc; ~,<\.{) obiu,v-ed +hat- ~

/'J = /. O'f{{, 1
•
1~5 ~s .J9.illod ;- •

• •

.•
31,l:2~
~
R~unQe
~
- kuita (R-k) ~d f-
*, f?- k fYltthod
,rv",v"- rv-vv-

9iveS 9Yeatm a.ccuYac'i oVa.l1u

~Fo,rnula [oY R-1< Method of +iYrt O'Yd~ ,5
Y = <:/0 -I k whv,e {"( ~hf (')lo, ~o)
~ Fo,mulo. .foy R-1< fYltthod of Second ovdf.JT 15
~, -= Yo+( k,: k~J whme k, ~ hf ('Xo1 'Jo)
k'a:: h(fc-xo+h l1 'do+k,))
~ r
FcYrnCJla. -toY ~-k 1'Ylt fhod of Thivcl DYdv, is
Y, = ~o +f(I-<, +4 k'J+ks) whV1e k,-= h, ~(1(u,Y0 )
I-<~ ~ h. .{: (ilo+hf« 1 ':/0 +ky'd)
K3-: h, f (')(o+h 1 'da+k.:,_)

¥ foYmula -fuy R-k Me+hod oF -huv+h O'Yden,"s

~, = ':I,, +k, +~I<:+ ~k3 +k4 whene
(,
 k, · h. f('><o1 1:f0 )
k§ ::- h- { ('l- 0 -1 hf:, ,;0 -1- k,f.:1 )
11'3-= h F(-Xo+h/~, lj +k~k) 0

1<4 = h. f (-x 0 +h, ~0 -, \ )

P31ob Iemf ~-
~

1) Appl~ R-1< Me thoc/ 4th ovclv-i to find an opp-Yo'!Jinate

va.lue of y whu1 ')l=D·:l 9ivtn 1h~+- ~-= x+~ Jx~.;;1
when -X -:.co
G,iven di{{. eqn 'is ~ := x+y

So \f (-x, ':I)= x+':J~ (0

.1ntia/ ValtJef {l}le 'X-o -;o, Y -= r 0

ut h =o- ~
&j R-k me.+hoc{ we have
'd-= Yo+ f (1,r, +oil<a +cilk31-k~ )-@whV1e
k, -=- h. t h.o 1Yo)
kJ = h. t(-X0 +h/J 1 ~ 0 +k,J~)
f<3-:h. f ('ll.o+h/J 1 ~ 0 +k1/4)
l<4 ; h, { (~o+h, 'io +k3)
Now
k, ~ h. 'tr ( ?lo, ~o )
== (O,a )[?10+~11]
= (o-~)[o+I]
[ k, ~ ().~]
k«-= h. f[)(oth/3, ~of k,/~J
= (0,J)[-X.o+hl..,-+ ~o+k'if';l]
=- (O·J) [o+(~·d)-1- 1+ Co-a}7
[' ~ )
==Co•J) l D• I+ l-t]
-:: [o ·JJ C,-;l]
E~ =- D·~4]
 11~ ( n l [ o.r l I I tl ' I« )

i :\ l J) l I•~:, l
eJ O· JU!Jj
1

('I•,~~
(o ~)(0,1 l I I OPltl(
~" Co:) f /· :J,:,}
L.., (o•~nlo+J.~.j llo,,111/J
14 ~•~) fo, ~ -t /·JU~)
(O•J) f I. " "I/J
l<u: 0-~ssu
~u b v-1llJc ~ r,, (l l~
~-= I _,_i- [o.~ +.) (o,gq)-f d (0 •21J1JJ + 0, J.33f)
Y-= -f- O liJlS .

[ ] .:._
App u
•
D-k
~(f hoa
10 .find -lhe Vo. fue pt fov 'X o.~
I)
1 ~
• -a;:=x+y
·n Steps~~ 0.1, '~ dy « ojve'n
J
-/hat 'lr:i7tial.
\ia ~is ':1--=• whtn )(=-o
c-,·vcn di(l t1n is~: x+~a
ea -re.,,';!,= 1+y~}-0
~r.ifiol V-:,l~t5 OJlf 'Xo • o, 'io ;:-1
ltih-:(; ,I

8~ P.- ~ Mt-If od u1t hove

'j=
~, uJo +.l.
(. [t, .!Jk:1 -l-Jk~ -I- k4J
wht..'lf J:-1 • ~ f (-xo, Yo)
k~: ',, r ('1o➔ h/, I ~o-f k, ,, )
t3 :. ht ('1o-fh/J, '1 th/, ) 6

~4 = h.f (, "➔ l'I, IJ"➔ t_y )