3- The Bessel Function:

The general solution of D.E.

x y ( x) + xy ( x) + ( x − n ) y = 0
2 2 2

is
y ( x) = aJ n ( x) + bYn ( x)

Where a & b are constants, J n (x) is the Bessel polynomial of first kind and has
the form
n+2 r

(−1) ( x / 2)
r

J n ( x) = 
r =0 r! n + r + 1

(−1) ( x / 2)
r 2r

at n = 0 → J 0 ( x) =  2
r =0 (r!)
4
x 2 x
= 1 − ( ) + − ......
2 64

Note that: J 0 ( x) → 1 as x → 0 but J n ( x) → 0 as x → 0 for all n  0 also

J n ( x) → 0 as x →  .

Yn (x) is the Bessel polynomial of second kind and has the form

 J n ( x) cos(n ) − J −n ( x)
 n  , n  0,1,2,...
 sin(n )
Yn ( x) = 
 J ( x) cos( p ) − J − p ( x)
lim p n = 0,1,2,.......
 p→n sin( p )

Note that Yn ( x) →  as x → 

Examples:
+
1) Show that J −n ( x) = (−1) J n ( x), n N
n

− n+ 2 r

(−1) ( x / 2)
r

 J −n ( x) = 
r =0 r! − n + r + 1

+
 − m =  m  N and for r = 0 → n − 1
→ −n + r + 1 = −ve → − n + r + 1 = 
then

1
 − n+2 r − n+2 r
(−1) ( x / 2)
n −1 
(−1) ( x / 2)
r r

 J −n ( x) =  +
r =0 r! − n + r + 1 r = n r! − n + r + 1

− n+2 r
(−1) ( x / 2)
 r

=0 +
r = n r! − n + r + 1

Let r = k + n as r = n →  k = 0 → 
then
k +n − n+2( n+k )
(−1) ( x / 2)

 J −n (x) = 
k =0 ( n + k )! − n + n + k + 1

n+2 k
(−1) ( x / 2) k

= (−1) 
n

k =0 ( n + k )! k + 1

n+2 k
(−1) ( x / 2)
 k

= (−1)  = (−1) J n ( x)
n n

k = 0 k! n + k + 1

2) Show that
d n
( x J n ( x)) = x J n−1 ( x)
n

dx
n+ 2 r

(−1) ( x / 2)
r
d n d n
L.H.S. = ( x J n ( x)) = ( x
dx dx

r =0 r! n + r + 1
)

n+2 r 2 n+2 r
d  (−1) (1 / 2)
r
x
= ( )
dx r =0 r! n + r + 1

n+ 2 r 2 n + 2 r −1
(−1) (1 / 2) (2n + 2r ) x
 r

= ( )
r =0 r! n + r + 1

n+ 2 r 2 n + 2 r −1
(−1) (1 / 2) (2n + 2r ) x
 r

= ( )
r =0 r! n + r + 1

n+ 2 r n + 2 r −1
(−1) (1 / 2) 2(n + r ) x
 r x
x
= ( )
r =0 r! (n + r ) n + r

( n −1) + 2 r
(−1) ( x / 2)
 r

= x ( ) = x J n−1 ( x) =R.H.S.
n n

r =0 r! ( n − 1) + r + 1

2
3) Show that
d −n −n
( x J n ( x)) = − x J n+1 ( x)
dx
n+ 2 r
d −n  (−1) ( x / 2)
r
d −n
L.H.S. = ( x J n ( x)) = ( x  )
dx dx r =0 r! n + r + 1

n+ 2 r
d  (−1) (1 / 2)
r 2r
x
= ( )
dx r =0 r! n + r + 1

n+ 2 r 2 r −1

(−1) (1 / 2) (2r ) x
r

= ( )
r =0 r! n + r + 1

n+ 2 r 2 r −1

(−1) (1 / 2) (2r ) x
r

= ( )
r =0 r (r − 1)! n + r + 1

n + 2 r −1 2 r −1+ n − n

(−1) (1 / 2)
r
x
= ( )
r =1 (r − 1)! n + r + 1

Let r = k + 1 as r = 1 →  k = 0 → 

k +1 n + 2 k +1 n + 2 k +1 −n

(−1) (1 / 2) x x
L.H.S. = ( )
k =0 k! n + k + 2

( n +1) + 2 k
(−1) ( x / 2)
 k

= − x (
−n −n
) = − x J n+1 ( x) =R.H.S.
k =0 k! ( n + 1) + k + 1

x
4) Show that (a) J n ( x) = ( J n−1 ( x) + J n+1 ( x))
2n

1
(b) J n ( x) = ( J n−1 ( x) − J n+1 ( x))
2

d n
( x J n ( x)) = x J n−1 ( x)
n
From ex. (2)
dx

n −1
 x J n ( x) + nx J n ( x) = x J n−1 ( x)
n n

1
multiply by n −1
x
 xJ n ( x) + nJ n ( x) = xJ n−1 ( x) (1)

3
 d −n −n
and from ex. (3) ( x J n ( x)) = − x J n+1 ( x)
dx

−n − n −1 −n
 x J n ( x) − nx J n ( x) = − x J n+1 ( x)
1 n +1
multiply by − n −1
=x
x
 xJ n ( x) − nJ n ( x) = − xJ n+1 ( x) (2)

(a) eq.(1) - eq.(2)

2nJ n ( x) = xJ n−1 ( x) + xJ n+1 ( x) = x( J n−1 ( x) + J n+1 ( x))

x
 J n ( x) = ( J n−1 ( x) + J n+1 ( x))
2n
(b) eq.(1) + eq.(2)

2 xJ n ( x) = xJ n−1 ( x) − xJ n+1 ( x)

1
 J n ( x) = ( J n−1 ( x) − J n+1 ( x))
2

2
5) Show that (a) J 1 / 2 ( x) = sin x
x
2
(b) J −1 / 2 ( x) = cos x
x
then find J 3 / 2 ( x) & J −3 / 2 ( x) in terms of powers of x, sin(x) and cos(x).
2 r +1

(−1) x 
(−1) x
r r 2r

(Hint: sin x =  & cos x =  )

r =0 ( 2r + 1)! r =0 (2r )!

1
+2r

(−1) ( x / 2) 2
r

(a) J 1 / 2 ( x) = 
r =0 r! r + 32

1
+2r

(−1) ( x / 2) 2
r
x/2
=
r =0 r! r + 3
2
x/2

2 r +1

(−1) ( x / 2)
r
2
=
x

r =0 r + 1 r + 32

4
 2 r +1

(−1) x
r
2
=
x
2
r =0
2 r +1
r + 1 r + 32

2 n −1
2 n n + 12 =  2n → n = r +1

2 r +1

(−1) x
r
2
 J 1 / 2 ( x) =
x

r =0  2r + 2

2 r +1

(−1) x
r
2 2
=
x

r =0 ( 2r + 1)!
=
x
sin( x)

− 12 + 2 r
(−1) ( x / 2)
 r

(b) J −1 / 2 ( x) = 
r =0 r! r + 12

− 12 + 2 r
(−1) ( x / 2)
 r
x/2
=
r =0 r! r + 12 x/2


(−1) ( x / 2)
r 2r
2
=
x

r =0 r + 1 r + 12


(−1) x
r 2r
2
=
x
2
r =0
2r
(r + 12 ) + 12 r + 12

2 n −1
2 n n + 12 =  2n → n = r + 12


(−1) x
r 2r
2
 J −1 / 2 ( x) =
x
 r =0  2r + 1


(−1) x
r 2r
2 2
=
x

r =0 (2r )!
=
x
cos( x)

x
 J n ( x) = ( J n−1 ( x) + J n+1 ( x))
2n
* Let n = 1 / 2
x
 J 1 / 2 ( x) = ( J −1 / 2 ( x) + J 3 / 2 ( x))
2( 12 )
1 2 sin( x)
 J 3 / 2 ( x) = J 1 / 2 ( x) − J −1 / 2 ( x) = ( − cos( x))
x x x

5
 x
 J n ( x) = ( J n−1 ( x) + J n+1 ( x))
2n
* Let n = −1 / 2
x
 J −1 / 2 ( x) = ( J −3 / 2 ( x) + J 1 / 2 ( x))
2( −21 )
1 2 cos( x)
 J −3 / 2 ( x) = − J −1 / 2 ( x) − J 1 / 2 ( x) = − ( + sin( x))
x x x

6) Show that for the generating function G ( x, t ),

x 1 
(t − )
G ( x, t ) = e = J
2 t n
n ( x)t
n = −


i

(Hint: e = 

)
i =0 i!
x 1 xt x xt −x
(t − ) −
 G ( x, t ) = e 2 t
=e 2 2t
=e e 2 2t

  ( xt / 2) i   (− x / 2t ) k 
=   
 i =0 i!  k =0 k! 

i+k
 
(−1) x
k

= 
i −k
i+k
t
i =0 k =0 2 i!k!

Let n = i − k → i = n + k as 0i   → −  n  

n+2 k
 
(−1) x
k

 G ( x, t ) =  2
n
n+2 k
t
n = − k =0 (n + k )!k!

n+ 2 k
 
(−1) ( x / 2)
k

=  (
n
)t
n = − k =0 k! n + k + 1


= J
n
n ( x) t
n = −


7) Show that: (a) cos( x sin  ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 J 2 m ( x) cos 2m .
m =1

(b) sin( x sin  ) = 2 J 2 m−1 ( x) sin(2m − 1)
m =1

Solution:

6
 x 1 
(t − )
= J
2 t n
e n ( x)t
n = −
i
Let t = e
x i − i 
( e −e )
J
i
e =
2 n
n ( x)(e )
n = −
i − i
e −e 
x( )i
J
in
e 2i
= n ( x )e
n = −

J
x sin i in
e = n ( x )e
n = −


cos( x sin  ) + i sin( x sin  ) = J
n = −
n ( x)(cos n + i sin n )

real part

cos( x sin  ) = J
n = −
n ( x) cos n

−1 
= J
n = −
n ( x) cos n + J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x) cos n
n =1

 
=  (−1) J n ( x) cos n + J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x) cos n
n

n =1 n =1


= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x) cos n (1 + (−1) )
n

n =1


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J n
n = 2 , 4 , 6 ,.....
( x) cos n


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J 2 m ( x) cos 2m
m =1

2 n = 2,4,6,.....
since 1 + (−1) = 
n

0 n = 1,3,5,......
Imaginary Part

sin( x sin  ) = J
n = −
n ( x) sin n

−1 
= J n ( x) sin n + 0 +  J n ( x) sin n
n = − n =1

 
=  (−1) J n ( x)(− sin n ) +  J n ( x) sin n
n

n =1 n =1

7
 
=  J n ( x) sin n (1 − (−1) )
n

n =1


=2 J n
n =1, 3, 5,.....
( x) sin n


= 2 J 2 m−1 ( x) sin(2m − 1)
m =1

0 n = 2,4,6,.....
since 1 − (−1) = 
n

2 n = 1,3,5,......


8) Show that: (a) cos( x cos ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 (−1) J 2 m ( x) cos 2m .
m

m =1

(b) sin( x cos ) = 2 (−1)
m −1
J 2 m−1 ( x) cos(2m − 1)
m =1

Solution:
x 1 
(t − )
= J
2 t n
e n ( x)t
n = −
i
Let t = ie
ix i − i 
( e +e )
J
i
e 2 =
n
n ( x)(ie )
n = −
i − i
e +e 
x( )i
J
in
=
2 n
e n ( x)(i ) e
n = −

−1 

J + J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)(i ) e
x cosi in n in
=
n
e n ( x)(i ) e
n = − n =1

 
=  (−1) J n ( x)(i ) e + J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)(i ) e
n −n −in n in

n =1 n =1


= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)((i ) e
n in −n −in
+ (−1) (i ) e
n
)
n =1


= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)((i ) e
n in −n −in
+ (i ) (i ) e
2 n
)
n =1


= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)((i ) e
n in −in
+ (i ) e
n
)
n =1


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J n ( x)(i ) (e
in −in
+e
n
)/2
n =1


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J n ( x)(i ) cos(n )
n

n =1

8
 
cos( x cos ) + i sin( x cos ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 J ( x)(−1) cos(n )
n/2
n
n = 2 , 4 , 6 ,....

J
( n −1) / 2
+ 2i n ( x)(−1) cos(n )
n =1, 3, 5,...


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J 2 m ( x)(−1) cos(2m )
m

m =1


+ 2i  J 2 m−1 ( x)(−1)
m −1
cos((2m − 1) )
m =1

real part

cos( x cos ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 (−1) J 2 m ( x) cos 2m
m

m =1

Imaginary Part

sin( x cos ) = 2 (−1)
m −1
J 2 m−1 ( x) cos((2m − 1) )
m =1


9) Show that: (a) cos( x cosh  ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 (−1) J 2 m ( x) cosh 2m .
m

m =1

(b) sin( x cosh  ) = 2 (−1)
m −1
J 2 m−1 ( x) cosh(2m − 1)
m =1

Solution:
x 1 
(t − )
= J
2 t n
e n ( x)t
n = −

Let t = ie
ix  − 
( e +e )
J
 n
e 2 = n ( x)(ie )
n = −
 −
e +e 

J
x( )i
n
=
2 n
e n ( x)(i ) e
n = −

−1 

J + J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)(i ) e
x cosh i n n n
=
n
e n ( x)(i ) e
n = − n =1

 
=  (−1) J n ( x)(i ) e + J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)(i ) e
n −n − n n n

n =1 n =1


= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)((i ) e
n n −n − n
+ (−1) (i ) e
n
)
n =1

9
 
= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)((i ) e
n n −n − n
+ (i ) (i ) e
2 n
)
n =1


= J 0 ( x) +  J n ( x)((i ) e
n n − n
+ (i ) e
n
)
n =1


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J n ( x)(i ) (e
n − n
+e
n
)/2
n =1


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J n ( x)(i ) cosh(n )
n

n =1


cos( x cos ) + i sin( x cos ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 J ( x)(−1) cosh(n )
n/2
n
n = 2 , 4 , 6 ,....

J
( n −1) / 2
+ 2i n ( x)(−1) cosh(n )
n =1, 3, 5,...


= J 0 ( x) + 2 J 2 m ( x)(−1) cosh(2m )
m

m =1


+ 2i  J 2 m−1 ( x)(−1)
m −1
cosh((2m − 1) )
m =1

real part

cos( x cosh  ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 (−1) J 2 m ( x) cosh 2m
m

m =1

Imaginary Part

sin( x cosh  ) = 2 (−1)
m −1
J 2 m−1 ( x) cosh((2m − 1) )
m =1


10) Show that: (a) cosh( x sinh  ) = J 0 ( x) + 2 J 2 m ( x) cosh 2m .
m =1

(b) sinh( x sinh  ) = 2 J 2 m−1 ( x) cosh(2m − 1)
m =1

10
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13