KOLHAPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S,

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), KOLHAPUR

DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Faculty of Mathematics
First Year B.Tech. (SEM - II) 2020-2021
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- II (UBSH0201)

Unit 3: Special Functions

In this topic we define and study properties of two special functions namely Gamma
function and Beta function. These functions play important role in applied mathematics
especially for evaluation of improper integrals.
Properties of Definite Integration (Revision)
b a a a
1.  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx 2.  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx
a b 0 0
a a/2 a/2 a a
3.  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 4.  f ( x)dx  2  f ( x)dx if f(x) is even
0 0 0 a 0
=0 if f(x) is odd
1. Gamma Function:

Definition: For any real number n > 0, the gamma function n is defined as,


n   e  x x n 1dx
0

x n
Gamma Function may also be remembered as e x dx  n  1
0

For e.g .  e  x x 4 dx  5
0

Properties:

1
1. 1  1 2. 0   3.  
2

4. n  (n  1)! if n is positive integer and e.g. 5  (5  1)! 4! 24

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 1

 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1 15
5. n  (n  1) n  1 Or n 1 n n e.g.     
2 2 2 22 2 222 2 8

n 1
6. for negative fraction n we use, n 
n
5  3 2  3  3 1 9 1
e.g.           
3  5  3  5   2  3 10 3

 1 1 3
7. n 1  n  For 0 < n < 1 e.g. If n  then  2
sin n 4 4 4

1 1 2 2 1 1 5
e.g. If n  then  e.g. If n  then  2
3 3 3 3 6 6 6
 n
m  ax
Type I: Examples of type x e dx then put ax n  t
0
Evaluate the following integrals:

n 1  kx
1)  x e dx
0

Answer: Let I   x n 1e  kxdx
0
t dt
Put k x  t x  dx  x 0 
k k t 0 
n 1

t  t  dt 1   t n 1
n 
I  e   I  e t dt
0 k k k 0

n
I 
kn

h2 x 2
2)  e dx
0
2 2 
Answer: Let I   e  h x dx
0
1
t1 / 2 
 dx  t 1 / 2 dt
1 x 0
Put h 2 x 2  t  hx  t 2 x
h 2h t 0 

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 2

 
 I   e t
1 1 / 2
t dt
0
2h

1   t 1 / 2  1 1
I   e t dt
2h 0
 n  1    n  
 2 2

1
2 
I  I 
2h 2h
 2
7 2 x
3) x e dx
0
 2
Answer: Let I   x 7 e  2 x dx
0

Put 2 x 2  t  2 x t

t1 / 2
t 1 / 2 dt
1
x  dx  x 0 
21/ 2 1/ 2
2* 2 t 0 

 7
 t1 / 2 
 I   e t  t 1 / 2 dt
 1
 21 / 2  2* 21 / 2
0  

1  t 3
n  1  3  n  4
5 
I  e t dt
2 0

4 3! 6 3
I  I  I  
25 32 32 16
 3
4)  x e  x dx
0
 3
Answer: Let I   x e  x dx
0

Put x1 / 3  t  x  t3  dx  3t 2 dt x 0 
t 0 


 1/ 2 2
 I   e t t 3 3t dt
0

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 3

 
 9
 I  3  e  t t 7 / 2 dt
7
 n  1   n  
0  2 2

9 9 7 7 75 5 753 3 7531 1
I  3     
2 2 2 2 22 2 222 2 2222 2

7531 1
I  3
2222 2

315
I  
16
 
 x8 5 x 8
5)  xe dx  x e dx
0 0
 
 x8 8
5 x
Answer: Let I   xe dx  x e dx
0 0
 I  I1  I 2 ......(1 )
 8
 I1   xe  x dx
0

Put x8  t  x  t1 / 8

 dx  t  7 / 8 dt
1 X 0 
8 T 0 

 I1   e  t t1 / 8 t  7 / 8 dt
1
0
8

1  t 3 / 4  3 1
 I1   e t dt  n  1    n  
80  4 4

1 1
 I1 
8 4
 8
5 x
and I 2   x e dx
0

 
 5 1 7 / 8
 I 2   e  t t1 / 8 t dt
0
8

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 4

 1   t 1 / 4  1 3
 I2   e t dt  n  1    n  
80  4 4

1 3
 I2 
8 4

From equation (1)

1 11 3
 I  I1  I 2 
8 48 4

1 1 3   
I   n 1  n  
64 4 4  sin n 

 2
I 
64
 1
6)  cos ax n dx
0
 1
Answer: Let I   cos ax n dx
0

tn n t n 1 x 0 
Put a x1 / n  t  a n x  t n  x   dx  dt
a n
a n t 0 

n t n 1
 I   cos t dt
n
0 a

n 
cos t t n 1dt
n 
I 
a 0

But we know that ei  cos  i sin  also e  i  cos  i sin 

i.e. real part (e i )  cos And imaginary part (e i )   sin 

n   it n 1 n   it n 1 
I   R.P(e )t dt I  R.P   e t dt 
n n
a 0 a  0 

  it n 1   n 
   e  kx x n 1dx 
n
I  R.P   e t dt 
a n
 0   k n 
0

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 5

 n  n nn 1
I  R.P   I  R.P  
an  i n  an in 

 
n
nn n  
nn 
I  R.P i I  R.P cos  i sin 
a n
an  2 2

nn   
I  R.P cos n  i sin n 
an  2 2

nn 
I  cos n
an 2

1
2n n 
2
7) Show that,  1.3.5.......(2n  1)

1  1 1
Answer: n  n   n   n  (n  1) n  1
2  2 2

1  1 3 3
n  n   n   n 
2  2 2 2

1  1 3  5 5
n  n   n   n   n 
2  2 2  2 2

1  1 3  5 5 31 1
n  n   n    n   n  .............
2  2 2  2 2 22 2

1  2n  1   2n  3   2n  5  31
n   . . ........... 
2  2   2  2  22

1 (2n  1) (2n  3) (2n  5)......3.1

n  
2 2n

1
 2n n   1.3.5.......(2n  1) 
2

1
2n n 
2
Hence,  1.3.5.......(2n  1)


Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 6

Examples for Practice:
x2
  
 x3
1)  e 4 dx 2)  x e dx
0 0
 
3 2 3 x n 1  h 2 x 2
3)  x e dx 4)  x e dxx
0 0
 
2n 1  ax 2  x
5)  x e dx 6)  4 x e dx
0 0
 
3  y2  x 2 2n 1
7)  y e dy 8)  e x dx
0 0
 
2 h2 x2  x2 4
9) x e dx 10)  e x dx
0 0
 
 x2 y 1/ n
11)  e dx 12)  e dy
0 0
 
h2 x2 n x m
13) e dx 14)  x e dx
 0
3
 e x   6
15)  x e
2 3 x
dx 16)  dx   y 4 e y dy
0 0 x 0
  
 x8 4
17)  xe dx  xe x dx 18)  x
m 1
cos ax dx
0 0 0
 
m 1 n 1  ax
19)  x sin ax dx 20)  x e cos bx dx
0 0

2 
 tan  2 x 2
21)  4 tan  e sec 2  d 22)  ( x  4)e
2
dx
0 0

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 7

  xa
x t
Type II: Examples of type  x
dx and put a  e
0 a
Evaluate the following integrals:
 xa
1)  x dx
0a
 a
x
Answer: Let I   x
dx
0a

Put a x  et  a  x  e t
Taking log on both sides,
t dt
 x log a  t  x   dx  x 0 
log a log a t 0 
 a
t  t  dt
I  e  
0  log a  log a

1 t a
a 1 
I  e t dt
(log a ) 0

a 1
I 
(log a) a 1

aa
I 
(log a) a 1
 
4x2 1
2)  a dx OR  dx
2
0 0 a4x
 2
Answer: Let I   a  4 x dx
0
2
Put a  4 x  e  t
Taking log on both sides,
t
  4 x 2 log a   t  x2 
4 log a

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 8

 t1 / 2
t 1 / 2 dt
1
x  dx  x 0 
2 log a 4 log a t 0 

 I   e t t 1 / 2 dt
1
0 4 log a


e  t t 1 / 2 dt
1
I  
4 log a 0

1
2
I 
4 log a


I 
4 log a


I 
16 log a

Examples for Practice:

 4
x  x5  x m 1
1)  dx 2)  x dx 3)  dx
04
x
05 0 ( m  1) x

  
4 x2 4x2 1
4)  7 dx 5)  5 dx 6)  2
dx
0 0 0 34 x

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 9

 1
 x log x  dx
m n 1
Type III: Examples of type and put log x   t or log t
0
x

Evaluate the following integrals:

1
1)  x
m
log x n dx
0
1
Answer: Let I   x m log x n dx
0

Put log x   t  x  e t  dx   e  t dt x 0 1
t  0

 et m  t n  et dt

0
I 


  
n  ( m 1)t n  e  kx x n 1dx  n 
 I  (1)  e t dt

0 0 k n 

(1) n n  1
I 
(m  1) n 1
1
2)  x log x 3 dx
0
1 1
Answer: Let I    x log x  dx 3
I   x 3 (log x) 3dx
0 0

Put log x   t  x  e t  dx   e  t dt x 0 1
t  0

 et 3  t 3  et dt b 

0 a
 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
 
I 

 a b 
  
3  4t 3  e  kx x n 1dx  n 
 I  (1)  e t dt

0 0 k n 

(1) 4
I  n  (n  1)!
(4) 4
(1) 3! (1) 6 3
I  I  I  
256 256 128

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 10

 1
3)  log x 6 dx
0
1
Answer: Let I   log x 6 dx
0

Put log x   t  x  e t  dx   e  t dt x 0 1
t  0

 e dt b 
0 a
t
  t   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
6
 
I 

 a b 

I   e  t t 6 dt I  7 n  (n  1)!
0
 I  6!  I  720
n
m
1
1
4)  x  log  dx
0  x
1 n
1 m
Answer: Let I   x  log  dx
0  x

 x  e t  dx   e  t dt
1 1
Put log t   et x 0 1
x x t  0

 e   e dt
0
t m t
b a 
I  t 
n  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
  
 a b 
  n 
 ( m 1)t n   kx n 1
I   e t dt  e

x dx 
0 0 k n 

n 1
I 
(m  1) n 1
4
3
1
1
5)  x  log  dx
0  x
1 4
1 3
Answer: Let I   x  log  dx
0 
x

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 11

  x  e t  dx   e  t dt
1 1
Put log t   et x 0 1
x x t  0

 e  t   e dt
0
t 3 t
b a 
4  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
 
I 

 a b 
  n 
 4t 4   kx n 1
I   e t dt  e

x dx 
0 0 k n 

5
I   n  (n  1)!
45
4! 24 3
I  I  I 
1024 1024 128
1
1
6)  x log( 1 / x )
dx
0
1
1
Answer: Let I   dx
0 x log( 1 / x )

1 1 / 2
 1
 I    x log  dx
0
x

1 1 / 2
1 / 2  1
 I   x   log  dx
0  x

 x  e t  dx   e  t dt
1 1 x 0 1
Put log t   et
x x t  0

 e  t 1 / 2  e  t dt
0
 t 1 / 2
b a 
 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
 
I 

 a b 
  n 
I   e  t / 2 1 / 2
t dt    e  kx x n 1dx 
 k n 
0 0
1
2 1 
I      
(1/ 2)1 / 2 2 
I  2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 12

 1
x
7)  log(1 / x) dx
0
1
x
Answer: Let I   dx
0 log( 1 / x )

1 1 / 2
 1
 I   x   log  dx
0  x

 x  e t  dx   e  t dt
1 1 x 0 1
Put log t   et
x x t  0

 e t   e dt
0
t 1 / 2 t
b a 
 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
 
I 

 a b 
  n 
I   e  2t 1 / 2
t dt    e  kx x n 1dx 
 k n 
0 0

1
2 1 
I      
(2)1 / 2 2 
 
I  I 
2 2
Examples for Practice:
1 1
 log x  dx 2)  log x 4 dx
n
1)
0 0
1 n 1 1 10
 1   1 
3) Show that   log( )  dx  n 4)   log( )  dx
0
x  0
x 

1 p 1 1 6
q 1 1  5
1
5) x  log( ) 
 x 
dx 6)  x  log  dx
0 
0
x

1 1
1 1
7)  dx 8)  x log dx
0
x log x 0
x

1 1
1 1
9)  3 log dx 10)  dx
0
x 0
 log x

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 13

2. Beta Functions:
Definition: The functions of m and n (m, n > 0) defined by the integral,
1
m 1
x (1  x)n 1 dx is called the beta functions and it is denoted by Bm, n  .
0
1
Hence, Bm, n    x m 1 (1  x) n 1 dx
0
1
Beta Function may also be remembered as  x m (1  x) n dx  B (m  1, n  1)
0
1
For e.g .  x 3 (1  x) 4 dx  B(4, 5)
0
Properties
1. Bm, n   Bn, m  For e.g. B3,4   B4,3

mn
2. Relation between Beta and Gamma Function: B(m, n) 
mn

3 4 2!  3! 2  6 1
For e.g. B (3,4)    
7 6! 720 60

3 5 1 1 31 1 1 31
  
3 5 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 
For e.g . B  ,     
2 2 5 4! 24 64

 /2
3. Another Form of Beta Function: B (m, n)  2  sin 2m 1  cos 2n 1  d
0

4. By putting 2m  1  p & 2n  1  q, result (3) can be written as,

 /2
1  p  1 q  1
 sin p  cos q  d  B , 
0
2  2 2 


2 1
For example  sin 5  cos 3  d  B  3, 2 
0
2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 14

 
x m 1
5. Another Form of Beta Function: Bm, n    dx
mn
0 1  x 

1 
m m   2m
6. Duplication formula of Gamma Functions: 2 2 2m 1

Type I: Examples based on definition of Beta functions:

Evaluate the following integrals:

 10 dx
1
1)  x 5 1  x 3
0

 10 dx
1
Answer: Let I   x 5 1  x 3
0

 dx  t  2 / 3dt
1 x 0 1
Put x 3  t  x  t1 / 3
3 t 0 1

 
1 5
 I   t1 / 3  1  t 10 t  2 / 3dt
1
0
3

11
 I   t 1  t 10 dt
30

1
I  B ( 2 , 11 )
3

1 2 11
I  
3

 n  (n  1)! 
13

1 1!  10!
I  
3 12!
1
I 
132
1
1
2)  3 3
dx
0 1 x
1
1
Answer: Let I   dx
3 3
0 1 x

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 15

  1/ 3dx
1
 I   1  x3
0

 dx  t  2 / 3dt
1 x 0 1
Put x 3  t  x  t1 / 3
3 t 0 1
1
 I    1  t 1 / 3
1 2 / 3
t dt
0
3

1 1 2 / 3
I  t 1  t 1 / 3 dt
30

1 1 2
I  B , 
3 3 3

1 2
13 3   
I   1  1 and n 1  n  
3 1  sin n 

1 
I 
3 sin 
3
1  2 2
I   I 
3 3/2 3 3 3 3
1
3)  1  x 4 dx
0
1
Answer: Let I   1  x 4 dx
0

 1/ 2dx
1
 I   1  x4
0

1 3 / 4 x 0 1
Put x 4  t  x  t1 / 4  dx  t dt
4 t 0 1
1
1 3 / 4
 I    1  t 1 / 2 t dt
0
4

1 1 3 / 4
I  t 1  t 1 / 2 dt
40

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 16

 1 1 3
I  B , 
4 4 2

1 3

I 
1 4 2



7 3
 n 1 n n   1
3 3

4 7  4 4 4 4 
4

1 1 1
1 4 2 2
I 
4 3 3
4 4

1

1 4
I 
6 3
4

1 1
1 4 4 1 3 
I     2
6 1 3 4 4 
 
4 4

1 1
1 4 4
I  
6  2
2
1 
 
4 
I   
6 2
a
4)  x 2 (a 2  x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx
0
a
Answer: Let I   x 2 (a 2  x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx
0

a 1 / 2 x 0 a
Put x 2  a 2 t  x  a t1 / 2  dx  t dt
2 t 0 1
1
a 1 / 2
 I   a 2 t ( a 2  a 2t ) 3 / 2 t dt
0
2
Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 17
 1
a 1 / 2
 I   a 2 t (a 2 ) 3 / 2 (1  t ) 3 / 2 t dt
0
2

a6 1 1/ 2
I   t (1  t ) 3 / 2 dt
2 0

a6  3 5 
I  B , 
2 2 2

3 5

I 
a6 2 2
2 4
 n  (n  1)! 
a6 1 1 3 1 1 1 
I      
2 (3!) 2 2 2 2 2 2 

a 6
I 
32
2

5)  x 16  x
7

4 10
dx
0

 10 dx
2
Answer: Let I   x 7 16  x 4
0

1 3 / 4 x 0 2
Put x 4  16 t  x  2 t1 / 4  dx  t dt
2 t 0 1
1
1 3 / 4
 I   (2 t1 / 4 ) 7 (16  16t )10 t dt
0
2

1
 I   2 7 t 7 / 4 (16)10 (1  t )10 t  3 / 4 dt
1
 (16)10  (24 )10
0
2

1
46
I  2 t (1  t )10 dt
0

 I  2 46 B ( 2, 11 )

I  2 46

2 11

 n  (n  1)! 
13

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 18

 1! 10!
 I  2 46 
12!

2 46
I 
132
a
dx 
6) P.T   cos ec( / n) .
n n 1/ n
0 (a  x )
n

a
dx
Answer: Let I  
n n 1/ n
0 (a  x )
a
 I   (a n  x n ) 1 / n dx
0
1
a 1
Put x n  a n t  x  a t1 / n  dx  t n dt x 0 a
n t 0 1
1
1
a 1
 I   (a n  a 2t ) 1 / n t n dt
0
n

1
1
a 1
 I   (a n ) 1 / n (1  t ) 1 / n t n dt
0
n

1
1 1 n 1
I   t (1  t ) 1 / n dt
n0

1 1 1
I  B  ,1  
n n n

1 1
1
1 n n   
I   1  1 and n 1  n  
n 1  sin n 

1 
I 
n sin 
n
 
I  cos ec
n n

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 19

 2a
7)  x2 2ax  x 2 dx
0
2a
Answer: Let I   x2 2ax  x 2 dx
0
2a
I   x 2 (2ax  x 2 )1 / 2 dx
0
2a
I   x 2 x1 / 2 (2a  x)1 / 2 dx
0
2a
I   x 5 / 2 (2a  x)1 / 2 dx
0
x 0 2a
Put x  2a t  dx  2adt t 0 1
1
 I   (2a t ) 5 / 2 (2a  2at )1 / 2 2a dt
0
1
4 5/ 2
 I  ( 2a ) t (1  t )1 / 2 dt
0

7 3
 I  16 a 4 B  , 
2 2
7 3

 I  16a 4
2
5
2
 n  (n  1)! 
16 a 4 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 
I      
4! 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
5
 I  a 4
8
3 1
x3 / 2 1
8)  dx  dx
0 3  x 0 1 x
1/ 4

3 1
x3 / 2 1
Answer: Let I   dx  dx
0 3  x 0 1 x
1/ 4

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 20

  I  I1  I 2 ......(1 )
3 1
x3 / 2 1
I1   dx I2   dx
0 3  x 0 1 x
1/ 4

3
I1   x 3 / 2 (3  x) 1 / 2 dx
0
x 0 3
Put x  3 t  dx  3dt t 0 1
1
 I1   (3t ) 3 / 2 (3  3t ) 1 / 2 3 dt
0
1
 I1  3 2
 (t )
3/ 2
(1  t ) 1 / 2 dt
0

5 1
 I1  9 B  , 
2 2
5 1

 I1  9
2
3
2
 n  (n  1)! 
9 31 1 1 1 
 I1       
2! 2 2 2 2 2 
27
 I1 
8
1
I 2   (1  x1 / 4 ) 1 / 2 dx
0

Put x1 / 4  t  x  t4  dx  4 t 3 dt x 0 2
t 0 1
1
 I 2   (1  t ) 1 / 2 4t 3 dt
0
1
 I 2  4  t 3 (1  t ) 1 / 2 dt
0

 1
I2  4 B  4 , 
 2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 21

 1
4
 I2  4
9
2
 n  (n  1)! 
2

1
2 128
 I 2  (4  3!)  I2 
753 1 1 35
222 2 2

From equation (1)

27 128
 I  I1  I 2  
8 35
432
I  
35

 m dx  (mm!nn!)!
1
9) P.T  1  n x
0

 m dx
1
Answer: Let I   1  n x
0
1
 I   (1  x1 / n ) m dx
0

Put x1 / n  t  x  t n  dx  n t n 1 dt x 0 1
t 0 1
1
 I   (1  t ) m n t n 1 dt
0
1
 I  n  t n 1 (1  t ) m dt  I  n B n , m  1
0

n m 1
I  n   n  (n  1)! and 
n  1  n!
n  m 1

n (n  1)!m! n! m!
I  I 
(m  n)! (m  n)!

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 22

Miscellaneous Examples:
1
10)  x 5 sin 1 xdx
0
Answer: Integrating by parts, we have
1 1
1
1
 1 x 6  1 x6
5  
x sin xdx  sin x
 6 

2 6
dx
0  0 0 1  x
1 1
5 1  1 1 6 2 1 / 2
x sin xdx      x (1  x )
 2 6 60
dx
0
1
1  11 6
x
5
sin xdx    x (1  x 2 ) 1 / 2 dx.........(1 )
0
12 6 0

1
Let I   x 6 (1  x 2 ) 1 / 2 dx
0

1 1 / 2
Put x 2  t  x  t1 / 2  dx  t dt x 0 1
2 t 0 1
1
 I   t 3 (1  t ) 1 / 2
1 1 / 2
t dt
0
2

1 1 5/ 2
I   t (1  t ) 1 / 2 dt
20

1 7 1
I  B , 
2 2 2

7 1

I 
1 2 2
2 4
 n  (n  1)! 
1 531 1 1 5 1 
I        
2  3! 2 2 2 2 2 32 2 
1
 1  5  11
From equation (1)   x 5 sin 1 xdx     
0
12 6  32  192

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 23

 
x  17 dx
11) 
1 x12

x  17 dx
Answer: Let I  
1 x12
7
7
1
 x 1  
 x
I   dx
1 x12
 7
1  1
I   1   dx
5 x
1 x
 5 7
1  1
 I     1   dx
1  
x x

1 1 1
Put t x  dx   dt x 1 
x t t2 t 1 0
0
1 b a 
 I   t  1  t  ()
5 7  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 
 
dt
t2 
1 a b 
1
 I   t 3 1  t 7 dt
0
 I  B ( 4, 8 )

I 
4 8

 n  (n  1)! 
12

3!  7!
I 
11!
1
I 
1320

1
x 2n (2n)! 
12) Prove that  dx 
0 1 x
2 2 2n (n!) 2 2
1
x 2n
Answer: Let I   dx
2
0 1 x

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 24

  1/ 2 dx
1
 I   x 2n 1  x 2
0

1 1 / 2 x 0 1
Put x 2  t  x  t1 / 2  dx  t dt
2 t 0 1
1
 I   t n (1  t ) 1 / 2
1 1 / 2
t dt
0
2

1 1 n 1 / 2
I  t (1  t ) 1 / 2 dt
20

1  1 1
I  B n  , 
2  2 2

1 1
n
I 
1
2 n 1
2 2
 n  1  n!   12  
 
 

1
n 
1 2
I  ............( 1 )
2 n!

1 
By Duplication formula of Gamma Functions: n n  2  2n 1 2n
2

1
n 
 2n
2 2 2n 1 n

 n  (n  1)! 
1  (2n  1)!
n 
2 2 2n 1 (n  1)!

1  2n (2n  1)!
n 
2 2 2n 1 2n (n  1)!

1  2n !
n 
2 2 2n n !

1   2n !
From equation (1) I 
2 n ! 2 2n n !
2n ! 
I 
2 2n (n !) 2 2
Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 25
  2  1
2
d 1  
13) Prove that  
4   4
0 1
1  sin 2   
2
 2  2
d d
Answer: Let I   1
I   1
0 1  sin 2  0 1  (1  cos 2  )
2 2
 2  2
d d
I   1 1
I   1 1
0 1   cos 2  0  cos 2 
2 2 2 2
 2  2
d 2 d
I   I  
0 1
(1  cos 2  ) 0 1  cos 2 
2
1
Put cos 2   t  2 cos ( sin  )d  dt  d  dt
2 cos sin 
1   /2
 d  dt 0
2 t 1 t t 1 0
0
2 1
I   dt
1 1  t 2 t 1  t

1 1 1 1
I  
2 0 1 t t 1 t
dt

1 1 1
I  
20 t 2
dt
(1  t )

I 
1 1 1 / 2

20
(t ) 1  t 2 1 / 2

dt 
1 1 / 2 t 0 1
Put t 2  x  t  x1 / 2  dt  x dx
2 x 0 1

1 1 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 1 / 2
I   ( x ) 1  x  x dx
20 2

1 1 3 / 4
I   x 1  x 1 / 2 dx
2 20

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 26

 1 1
1
I  B , 
2 2 4 2

1 1
1 4 2 1 
I      
2 2 3 2 
4

1 1
1 4 4 1 3 
I     2
2 2 1 4 4 
3  
4 4

1 1
1 4 4
I  
2 2  2
2
1 
 
4 
I   
4 
Examples for Practice:
1
1  m 1  m 1
1)  x (1  x ) dx
m n p
Answer:  p  1  p 1

n n 
0  n
1
1
2)  x (1  x ) dx
3 5
Answer:
0 5148
1
3 1 / 2 1 1 1 5
3)  (1  x ) dx Answer:  
0 3  3 2 6 
1
1
4)  x (1  x ) dx
4 5
Answer:
0 15015
1 1
2 2 4
5)  x (1  x ) dx 6)  x 5 (1  x 3 )10 dx
0 0
1 1
m 1 2 n 1 xm
7)  x (1  x ) dx 8)  dx
2
0 0 1 x

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 27

 1 1
xm 1
9)  5
dx 10) n n
dx
0 1 x 0 1 x
1 1 dx
1
11)  dx 12) 
0 1 x
8 0 1  x4
1 1
1 2 1 x
13) P.T  dx  B ,   1  x 8 dx
 
14)
0 1 x
5 5 5 2 0

1 1
6
15)  1  x dx 16)  1  x m dx
0 0
1 1
dx   1 m  2


9/2
17)  (1  x ) dx 18) Answer:
0 0 1  xm m  m 2m 

n
n  p 1
n 1 p 1
19)  x (n  x) dx
n p
Answer: n
0 n p2

1 2
1 2 
a
1
20)  (a  6
x 6 ) 6 dx Answer: a   12
0  6 3
4
21)  x (4  x) 3 / 2 dx Answer: 4
0
2
22)  x 3 2  x dx Answer: 512 2
315
0
8
4 1 / 3 85  2 
23)  y (8  y ) dy Answer: B  5, 
0
2  3

1 1/ 2
24)  1  x dx  2 y  4 y 2 dy Answer: 
30
0 0
9
729
25)  x 3 / 2 (9  x)1 / 2 dx Answer: 
0
16

3
405
26)  x 5 / 2 (3  x)1 / 2 dx Answer: 
0
128

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 28

 a 2
3
27)  x 4 a 2  x 2 dx 28)  x 8  x 3 dx
0 0
a 2
2 2 3 3/ 2
29)  x (a  x ) dx 30)  x 2 (2  x) 7 / 2 dx
0 0
2a 2
x9 / 2
31)  dx 32)  x 2 x  x 2 dx
0 2ax  x 2 0

x4
2 2a x3
33)  dx 34)  dx
0 2  x 0 2ax  x 2

4 2a
35)  x
2
4 x  x dx 2
36)  x 2ax  x 2 dx
0 0
1
37)  x 4 cos 1 xdx
0

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 29

 
2 1  p  1 q  1
Type II: Examples based on  sin p  cos q  d  B  , 
0
2  2 2 

Evaluate the following integrals:

1
1) Prove that  
2

2 1  p  1 q  1
 sin  cos  d  2 B  2 , 2 
p q
Answer: We know that
0
Put p  0 and q  0

2 1 1 1
  (1) d  B  , 
0
2 2 2

1 1
1 2 2
  0 / 2   11
2 1

2
1  1 

  
2 2  2 

2
1 
   
2 
1 
    
2 
1 
m m   2m
2) Duplication formula of Gamma Functions: 2 2 2m 1

2 1  p  1 q  1
 sin  cos  d  2 B  2 , 2 
p q
Answer: We know that
0

 p 1 q 1
2 1 2 2
  sin p  cos q  d 
0
2 pq2
2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 30

 Put p  q

 p 1 p 1
2 1 2 2
  sin p  cos p  d 
0
2 p p2
2
2
  p  1
 
2 1 2 
1
2 sin  cos  d 
p p p 
p 

2 0 2 p 1

2
  p  1
 
2 1 2 
1
sin 2 d 
p 
  p 1
2p 0 2

t dt  0  /2
Put 2  t    d 
2 2 t 0 
2
 p  1
 
  2   2a a 
1 p dt 1   f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx if f (2a  x)  f ( x) 
  sin t 2  2 p  1   
2p 0 0 0 
2
  p  1
 
2  2 
1 p  
p 
 2 sin t dt 
2 0 p 1

2
p 1 1  p  1 p 1
 
 2  

2 1 2 2
   
1

2
2p 2 p  2 p 1 2p p  2 p 1
2 2

p 1
Put  m  p  2m  1
2

1  m
 
2 2m 1 1 2m
m
2

1 
m m  2m
2 2 2m 1

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 31

 
6
3)  sin 2 6 cos 6 3 d
0

6
Answer: Let I   sin 2 6 cos 6 3 d
0

Put 3  t  
t
 d 
1
dt  0  /6
3 3 t 0  /2

2 dt
 I   sin 2 2t cos 6 t
0
3


2 dt
 I   (sin 2t ) 2 cos 6 t
0
3


2 dt
 I   (2 sin t cos t ) 2 cos 6 t
0
3


42 2
I   sin t cos8 t dt
30

4 1 3 9
I   B  , 
3 2 2 2

3 9

I 
2 2 2
3 6

 n  (n  1)! 
2 1 1 7531 1
I  
3 5! 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

7
I  
384

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 32

 
4)  (1  cos ) 3 d
0
 
Answer: Let I   (1  cos ) d 3
 I   (2 cos 2  / 2) 3 d
0 0

 I  8  cos 6  / 2 d
0

  0 
Put t   2 t  d  2 dt
2 t 0  /2

2
 I  8  sin 0 t cos 6 t 2dt
0

2
 I  16  sin 0 t cos 6 t dt
0

1 1 7
 I  16  B , 
2 2 2

1 7

I  8
2
4
2

 n  (n  1)! 
8 1 531 1
I  
3! 2 2 2 2 2

5
I  
2
 /4
 sin   cos  d
1/ 3
5) Express as a Gamma Function.
 / 4
 /4
 sin   cos  d
1/ 3
Answer: Let I 
 / 4

 /4  1/ 3 
 1 1 
I    2  sin   cos   d
 / 4   2 2  

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 33

  /4
1/ 6    1 / 3
I   (2)  sin  cos  cos sin  d
 / 4  4 4

 /4 1/ 3
 
 I  (2) 1/ 6
 sin     d
 / 4  4 

   / 4  /4
Put   t  d  dt
4 t 0  /2
 /2
1/ 6
 I  (2)  sin 1 / 3 t cos 0 t dt
0

1 2 1
 I  (2)1 / 6  B , 
2 3 2

2 1
3 2
 I  ( 2)  5 / 6
7
6
 
2 2 2
6) Prove that  tan  d   cot  d 
0 0
2

 
2 2
Answer: Let I   tan  d   cot  d
0 0
 
2 2
 I   tan 1/ 2
 d   cot1 / 2 d
0 0
 
2 sin 1 / 2  2 cos1 / 2 
I   d   d
0 cos
1/ 2
 0 sin
1/ 2

 
2 2
 I   sin 1 / 2  cos 1 / 2  d   sin 1 / 2  cos1 / 2  d
0 0

1 3 1 1 1 3
I  B ,  B , 
2 4 4 2 4 4

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 34

 3 1 1 3
1 4 4 4 4 1 3 
I     2 11
4 4 4 
1 1  
1
I  ( 2 ) ( 2 )
4

2 2  2
I  
4 2

2 
 tan  d  2 sec(n / 2)
n
7) Prove that
0

2
Answer: Let I   tan n  d
0

2 sin n 
I   d
0 cos 
n


2
 I   sin n  cos  n  d
0

n 1  n 1
1  n  1  n  1 1 2 2
I  B ,  I 
2  2 2  2 1

n 1  n  1
1  
1 2  2    
I   1  1 and n 1  n  
2 1  sin n 

1  1 
I  I 
2  n  1 2   n 
sin   sin   
 2  2 2 
1   n
I  I  sec
2 cos n 2 2
2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 35

 
4 5
8)  x cos x sin x dx
0

Answer: Let I   x cos 4 x sin 5 x dx
0
  a a 
 I   (  x) cos (  x) sin (  x) dx
4 5  f ( x)dx  f (a  x)dx 
   
0  0 0 

 I   (  x) sin 5 x cos 4 x dx
0
 
 I    sin x cos x dx   x sin 5 x cos 4 x dx
5 4
0 0

 I    sin 5 x cos 4 x dx  I
0
  2a a 
 2 I    sin 5 x cos 4 x dx  f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx if f (2a  x)  f ( x) 
  
0 0 0 
 /2
 2 I  2  sin 5 x cos 4 x dx
0

  5
I  B 3 , 
2  2

5
3
 2
I 
2 11
2

5
2!
 2
I 
2 975 5
222 2

8
I  
315

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 36

 
1
9)  7
dx
0 (1  x 2 ) 2


1
Answer: Let I   7
dx
0 (1  x 2 ) 2

x 0 
Put x  tan   dx  sec 2  d
t 0  /2
 /2
1
I   sec 2  d
7
0 (1  tan 2  ) 2

 /2
1
I   sec 2  d
7
0 (sec 2  ) 2

 /2
1
I   sec 2  d
7
0 (sec 2  ) 2

 /2
I   cos 5  d
0

1 1 
I  B  , 3
2 2 

1 1
3 2!
1 2 1 2
I  I 
2 7 2 531 1
2 222 2

8
I 
15

 dx 
10) Prove that  
01  x
4 2 2

dx 
Answer: Let I   2 2

01  (x ) 2 2

1 x 0 
Put x  tan 
2
 x  tan   dx  sec 2  d t 0  /2
2 tan 

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 37

  /2
1 1
I   sec 2  d
0 (1  tan  ) 2 tan 
2

1 /2 1
I   sec 2  d
2 0 (sec 2  ) tan 

1  / 2 1 / 2
I   sin  cos1 / 2  d
2 0

1 3
1 1 1 3 1 4 4
I   B ,  I 
2 2 4 4 4 1

1 
I   2 I 
4 2 2
 p 1
x dx  
11) If  1  x  sin p then prove that p 1  p  sin p for 0 < p < 1

0

x p 1
Answer: Let I   1  x  dx
0

Put x  tan 2   dx  2 tan  sec 2  d

x 0 
t 0  /2

I 
 /2

tan 2  p 1 2 tan sec2  d
0 (1  tan
2
)
 /2
tan 2 p  2  tan 
I  2  sec 2  d
0 sec 2

 /2
I  2  tan 2 p 1  d
0
 /2
I  2  sin 2 p 1 cos1 2 p  d
0

1
I  2  B  p ,1  p 
2
p 1 p 
I  Hence, p 1 p 
1 sin p
Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 38
Examples for Practice:

4  /2
1)  cos
3
2 x sin 4 x dx 4
2)  cos3 2 x sin 4 2 x dx
0 0

8 
3)  cos
6
4 x sin 8x dx4
4)  (1  cos ) 3 d
0 0
  /3
5)  sin  1  cos   d
2 4
6)   3 sin   cos  1/ 4 d
0  / 6
 /2 
sin 4 
7)  cos3  (1  sin  ) 2 d 8)  d
0 (1  cos )
2
 / 2
  
2 2 2 1
9)  tan  d 10) P.T.  sin  d   d  
0 0 0
sin 

 /2  /2 2
2  1 
11)  (cot  ) 1/ 2
d 12)  sin  sec
4 12
 d Answer:
0 0 7   4 

 
6 5
13)  x cos x sin x dx 14)  x cos 4 x sin 6 x dx
0 0

  6
1  x
15)  9
dx 16)   2
 dx
0 (1  x ) 2 2 0 (1  x ) 

 3 
 x x2
17)   2 
dx 18)  dx
0  (1  x ) 
7
0 (1  x 6 ) 2

 1
x2 x 11 1
  dx  B , 
1  x 4 
19) dx 20)
01 x
4
0 4 2 4 2

 
6 dx 1 n n
21) P.T.  sec h xdx  8 / 15 22) P.T.   B( , )
x x n
0 (e  e )
0
4 2 2

1
m n 1
23) P.T.  (1  x) (1  x) dx  2 B(m  1, n  1)
m n
1

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 39

 b
m  n 1
 x  a  b  x  dx  b  a  B m  1, n  1
m n
Type III: Examples based on:
a
b
m  n 1
 x  a  b  x  dx  b  a  B m  1, n  1
m n
1) Prove that
a
b
Answer: Let I    x  a m b  x n dx
a

Put ( x  a)  (b  a) t  x  a  (b  a) t  dx  (b  a) dt
 (b  x)  b  a  (b  a ) t   (b  x)  (b  a)  (b  a) t
 (b  x)  (b  a ) 1  t 
x a b
t 0 1
1
 I   b  a m t m b  a n (1  t ) n (b  a ) dt
0
1
m  n 1
 I  b  a  t
m
(1  t ) n dt  I  b  a m  n 1 B m  1, n  1
0
6
2) Evaluate  ( x  5)5 (6  x) 6 dx
5
6
Answer: Let I   ( x  5) 5 (6  x) 6 dx
5

Put ( x  5)  (6  5) t  t
 x5 t x 5 6
 dx  dt t 0 1
 (6  x)  6  5  t   (6  x )  1  t
1
 I   t 5 (1  t ) 6 dt
0

I  B ( 6 , 7 ) I 
6 7

 n  (n  1)! 
13

5!  6! 1
I  I 
12! 5544

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 40

 2
 1
2 
7  4
3) Prove that   x  37  x  dx   
4
3 3 
7
Answer: Let I    x  31 / 4 7  x 1 / 4 dx
3

Put ( x  3)  (7  3) t  4t
 x 3 4t
 dx  4 dt

x 3 7
t 0 1

 (7  x)  7  (3  4t )
 (7  x)  4  4t
 (7  x)  4 1  t 
1 1
 I   4 t 1 / 4 4(1  t ) 1 / 4 4 dt  I  (4) 3 / 2  t1 / 4 1  t 1 / 4 dt
0 0

5 5
I  8 B  , 
4 4
2
5 5 1 1 1 1  1
2  
4
I   
4 4 4 4 4 4
I  8 I  8
5 31 1 3 
2 22 2

Examples for Practice:

2
 1
2  
9  4
1) Prove that   x  59  x  dx   
4
5 3 
2
 1
2  
5  4
2) Prove that  4  x  15  x  dx   
1 3 

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 41

 
x m 1 1 at
Type IV: Examples based on  dx  B  n, m  and put b x 
mn
0 a  b x  an bm 1 t


x m 1 1
B n, m 
1) P.T. 
dx 
mn
0 a  b x 
n m
a b

x m 1
Answer: Let I   mn
dx
0 a  b x 

at a t a (1  t ) (1)  (t ) (1)
Put b x  x  dx  dt
1 t b ( 1  t) b (1  t ) 2
a (1  t  t ) a 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt x 0 
b (1  t ) 2 b (1  t ) 2 t 0 1
at aat at a
ab xa  
1 t 1 t 1 t
1 m 1 mn
a t   (1  t )  a 1
 I       dt
0
b ( 1  t )   a  b (1  t ) 2

1
a m 1 t m 1
(1  t ) m  n a 1
I   dt
m 1 m 1 mn b 2
0 b ( 1  t ) a (1  t )
1
m 1
( 1  t ) n 1 dt
1
m
I  t
an b 0

 Bm, n   Bn, m
1
I  B ( m, n )
n m
a b
1
I  B ( n, m)
an bm

x 5 dx 1
2) P.T.  16

10 6
B (6,10)
0 (2  3x) 2 3

x 5 dx
Answer: Let I   16
0 (2  3x)

2t 2 t 2 (1  t ) (1)  (t ) (1)
Put 3 x  x  dx  dt
1 t 3 ( 1  t) 3 (1  t ) 2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 42

 2 (1  t  t ) 2 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt
3 (1  t ) 2 3 (1  t ) 2
x 0 
2t 22t  2t 2 t 0 1
23x2  
1 t 1 t 1 t
1 16 5
2 t   (1  t )  2 1
 I       dt
0
3 ( 1  t )   2  3 (1  t ) 2

1
25 t5
(1  t )16 2 1
I   dt
5 5 16 2
0 3 ( 1  t ) 2 3 (1  t )
1
1 5
I  t ( 1  t ) 9 dt
210 36 0

 B6,10  B10,6
1
I  B (6,10)
10 6
2 3
1
I  B (10, 6 )
210 36

Evaluate the following integrals:

3)



x 4 1  x5  dx
0 1  x 15

Answer: Let I 



x 4 1  x5  dx
0 1  x 15

x 4  x9
I   dx
0 1  x 15

 x4 x 9 
I    dx
 1  x 15 1  x 15 
0 
 
x4 x9
I   dx   dx
0 1  x  0 1  x 
15 15

t t (1  t ) (1)  (t ) (1)
Put x x  dx  dt
1 t ( 1  t) (1  t ) 2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 43

 (1  t  t ) 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt x 0 
2 2
(1  t ) (1  t ) t 0 1
t 1 t  t 1
1 x 1  
1 t 1 t 1 t
4 9
 t   (1  t ) 15
1
1 1
 t   (1  t ) 15 1
 I       dt       dt
0
( 1  t )   1  (1  t ) 2
0
( 1  t )   1  (1  t ) 2

1 1
t4
(1  t )15 1 t 9 (1  t )15 1
I   dt   dt
4 2 9 2
0 ( 1  t) (1  t ) 0 ( 1  t) (1  t )
1 1

1 1
 I   t ( 1  t ) dt   t 9 ( 1  t ) 4 dt
4 9
0 0

 I  B ( 5, 10 )  B ( 10, 5 )  B5,10  B10,5

 I  2 B ( 5, 10 )

I  2
5 10

 n  (n  1)! 
15

4!  9! 1
I  2 I 
14! 5005

x 8 (1  x 6 )
4)  24
dx
0 (1  x )

x 8 (1  x 6 )
Answer: Let I   24
dx
0 (1  x )

x 8  x14
I   dx
0 1  x 24

 x8 x14 
I    dx
 1  x 24 1  x 24 
0 
 
x8 x14
I   dx   dx
0 1  x  0 1  x 
24 24

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 44

 t t (1  t ) (1)  (t ) (1)
Put x x  dx  dt
1 t ( 1  t) (1  t ) 2

(1  t  t ) 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt x 0 
2 2
(1  t ) (1  t ) t 0 1
t 1 t  t 1
1 x 1  
1 t 1 t 1 t
8 14
1
 t   (1  t )  24 1 1
 t   (1  t ) 
24
1
 I       dt       dt
0  ( 1  t )   1  (1  t ) 2
0  ( 1  t )   1  (1  t ) 2
1 1
t8
(1  t ) 24 1 t14 (1  t ) 24 1
I   dt   dt
8 2 14 2
0 ( 1  t) (1  t ) 0 ( 1  t) (1  t )
1 1

1 1
8 14
 I   t ( 1  t) dt   t14 ( 1  t )8 dt
0 0

 I  B ( 9, 15 )  B ( 15, 9 )  B 9,15  B 15,9 

 I  B ( 9, 15 )  B ( 9, 15 )
I  0

Examples for Practice:

Evaluate the following integrals:


x
dx
 5


x 1  x4 dx  7


x 1  x12 dx
0 1  x  0 1  x 
1) 2 2) 3) 28
0 4  12 x  9 x
16

 6


x 1  x10 dx 5)
 7

x  x8
dx 6)
 6


x 1  x10 dx
0 1  x  0 1  x  0 1  x 
4) 24 17 24

 3


x 1  x8 dx 8)


x8  x 5
dx 9)


x 6  x3
x 2 dx
0 1  x 
7) 3 5 3 5
0 (1  x ) 0 (1  x )
13

 m 1
 x n 1
dx  2 Bm, n  .
x
10) Prove that 
mn
0 1  x 

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 45

Type V: Examples based on:
1 m 1
x (1  x) n 1 1 x t
 dx  Bm, n  And put 
0 a  bx m  n a n ( a  b) m a  bx a  b
1 m 1
(1  x) n 1
Bm, n 
x 1
 mn
dx 
1) P.T.
0 a  bx  n
a ( a  b) m

1 m 1
x (1  x) n 1
Answer: Let I   dx
0 a  bx m  n
x t
Put   x (a  b)  t (a  bx)
a  bx a  b
a xb xb xt at  (a  b  b t ) x  a t
at
x 
(a  b  b t )

(a  b  b t ) (a)  at (b) a 2  ab  ab t  abt

 dx  dt  dx  dt
2 2
(a  b  bt ) (a  b  bt )
a(ab) x 0 1
 dx  dt
(a  b  bt ) 2 t 0 1
at a  b  bt  a t
1  x  1  1  x 
(a  b  b t ) (a  b  b t )
( a  b)  ( a  b) t (a  b) (1  t )
1  x  1  x 
(a  b  b t ) (a  b  b t )

ab t a 2  ab  abt  a bt
a  b x  a  a  b x 
(a  b  b t ) (a  b  b t )
a ( a  b) 1 (a  b  b t )
a  b x   
(a  b  b t ) ab x a ( a  b)
1 m 1 n 1 m n
 at   (a  b) (1  t )   (a  b  b t )  a(ab)
 I         dt
0
( a  b  b t )   ( a  b  b t )   a ( a  b )  (a  b  bt ) 2

1
a m 1 t m 1 (a  b) n 1 (1  t ) n 1 (a  b  bt ) m  n a(ab)
I   dt
m 1
0 (a  b  b t ) (a  b  b t ) n 1 a m  n (a  b) m  n (a  b  bt ) 2
1
m 1
(1  t ) n 1 dt
1 1
I  t I  B (m, n )
a n ( a  b) m 0 a n ( a  b) m

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 46

 1
x 3 (1  x) 4
 dx
2) Evaluate
0 2  3x  9

1
x 3 (1  x) 4
Answer: Let I   dx
0 2  3x  9

x t
Put   5 x  2t  3 x t
2  3x 2  3
5 x 3xt 2t  ( 5  3 t) x  2 t
x 0 1
2t
x  t 0 1
( 5  3 t)
(5  3 t ) (2)  2t (3) 10
 dx  dt  dx  dt
2 2
(5  3t ) (5  3t )
2t 5 (1  t )
1  x  1  1  x 
(5  3 t ) (5  3 t )
6t 10
2  3 x  2  2  3 x 
(5  3 t ) (5  3 t )
1 (5  3 t )
 
23 x 10
3 4
1
 2t   5 (1  t )   5  3t 9 10
 I         dt
0
(5  3 t )   (5  3 t )   10  (5  3t ) 2

23 5 4 1 3 23 5 4
t (1  t ) 4 dt
8 
I  I  B ( 4, 5 )
10 0 8
10

I 
1
20000
4 5

 n  (n  1)! 
9

1 3 ! 4 ! 1
I  I 
20000 8 ! 5600000
1
x  2 x 2  3x 3 1
3) Prove that  dx 
0 1  x 5 48

1 1
x  2 x 2  3x 3 x (1  2 x  3 x 2 )
Answer: Let I   dx I   dx
0 1  x  5
0 1  x  5

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 47

 1
x (1  x) 2
I   dx
0 1  x 
5

x t t x 0 1
Put  x 
1 x 2 ( 2  t) t 0 1

(2  t ) (1)  t (1) 2
 dx  dt  dx  dt
(2  t ) 2 (2  t ) 2
t 2 (1  t )
1  x  1  1  x 
(2  t ) (2  t )
t 2
1  x  1  1  x 
(2  t ) (2  t )
1 (2  t )
 
23 x 2
1 2
1
 t   2 (1  t )   2  t 5 2
 I         dt
0
( 2  t )   ( 2  t )   2  (2  t ) 2

1 11
I   t (1  t ) 2 dt
22 0
1
 I  B ( 2, 3 )
4

I 
1 2 3
4

 n  (n  1)! 
5

1 1!  2 !
I 
4 4!
1
I 
48
Examples for Practice:
1 m 1
(1  x) n 1
Bm, n 
x 1
 m n
dx 
1) P.T.
0 1  x  2 m

1 3
x  2 x 4  x5
 dx
2) Evaluate
0 1  x 7

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 48

 m n
Type VI: Examples based on B(m, n) 
mn

1) Show that n B m  1, n   m B m, n  1

Answer: Let L.H .S  n B m  1, n 

m 1 n
n  m 1 m m
m 1 n

m m n
n  n 1 n n
m 1 n

m m n 1

m 1 n

 m Bm, n  1  R.H .S
2) Show that Bm, n   Bm, n  1  B m  1, n 
Answer: Let R.H .S  Bm, n  1  B m  1, n 

m n 1 m 1 n
 
m  n 1 m  n 1

mn nm m n

mn mn

m n ( m  n)

( m  n) m  n

m n
  B (m, n)
mn

 B (m, n)  L.H .S
m
3) Show that Bm  1, n   Bm, n 
mn
Answer: Let L.H .S  B m  1, n 
m 1 n

m  n 1

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 49

 m m n

mn mn

m m n

mn mn

m
 B( m, n )  R.H .S
mn
 1
B  m, 
 
4) Show that B m, 1  2 2m 1 B m, m  OR B  m, m   
2
2 2 2m 1
Answer: Let L.H .S  B m, m 
m m

2m

1 
m m   2m
By Duplication formula of Gamma Functions: 2 2 2m 1

m 
 
2 2m 1 m 
2m 1
2

m  1 
 L.H .S      
2 2m 1 m 
1 2 
2
1
m
2 1  1
  B  m,   R.H .S
2 2m 1  2 
2 2m 1 m 
1
2
Examples for Practice:
 1 1 
1) Show that B  m, m   B  m  , m   
 2 2  m 2 4m 1

Bm, n  1 Bm  1, n  B m, n 

2) Show that  
n m mn

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 50

3. Differentiation Under Internal Sign (DUIS):
f
If f ( x,  ) is a continuous function of x, and  is a parameter and if is a continuous

function of x and  together throughout the interval a, b where a, b are constants and
independents of  and if,
b
dI b f ( x,  )
I ( )   f ( x,  ) dx then  dx
a
d a 

Prove that the following integrals:

 

e x
1) Show that  1  e  ax dx  log (1  a ) where a is parameter.
0
x

 

e x  ax
Answer: Let I (a )   x 1 e dx
0

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. a

dI    e  x
 

da 0 a  x
1  e  ax  

 dx


dI  e  x 

da 0 x a

1  e  ax dx 



dI  e  x

da 0 x

x e  ax dx  
dI   x ( a 1)
 e
da 0
dx


dI  e  x ( a 1)  dI  1 
    
da  (1  a)  da  (1  a) 
0

 1 
 dI    da
 (1  a ) 
Integrating both sides w.r.t. a
1
  dI   da
1 a
 I (a)  log (1  a)  c

To find, c we put a = 0,

e x
 I (0)  log(1  0)  c  I ( 0)   x  1  1 dx  0
0

0  c
 I (a)  log (1  a)
Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 51
 1 
x 1
2) Show that  dx  log (1   ),   0 where α is parameter.
0
log x

1 
x 1
Answer: Let I ( )   dx
0
log x

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. α


dI 1   x  1 

d 0   log x 
dx 
dI 1 1  

d 0 log x 
 
x  1 dx

dI 1 1  dI 1 
  x log x dx    x dx
d 0 log x d 0

1
dI  x 1  dI 1
   
d    1  da 1  
0

1
 dI  d
1
Integrating both sides w.r.t. α
1
  dI   d
1
 I ( )  log (1   )  c

To find, c we put α = 0,
1
11
 I (0)  log(1  0)  c I ( 0)   dx  0
0
log x

0  c
I ( )  log (1   )

3) Show that



log 1  a x 2 dx   a where a is parameter.
2
0 x

Answer: Let I (a ) 



log 1  a x 2 dx
0 x2
By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. a

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 52

 dI    log 1  a x 2
 
  dx 
dI  1 
  
log 1  a x 2 dx 
da 0 a  x2 
 da 0 x 2 a

dI  1 1 dI  1
  x 2 dx   dx
2
da 0 x 1  a x 2 da 0 1  a x 2

dI  1 dI  1
  dx   dx
da 0  1 2 da 0   1 2 
a  x  a   x 
2
a   a  
 


dI
da

a
a
 
tan 1 x a 0  
dI
da

1
a

tan 1 ()  tan 1 (0) 
dI 1  1 
   dI  da
da a 2 a 2
Integrating both sides w.r.t. α
 1 
  dI   da  I (a)  2 a c
2 a 2

 I (a)   a  c
To find, c we put a = 0,

0
 I (0)   0  c I (0)   dx  0
2
0x

0  c

 I (a)   a

(1  cos ax) e  x 1
4) Show that  dx  log(1  a 2 ) where a is parameter.
0
x 2


(1  cos ax) e  x
Answer: Let I (a )   dx
0
x

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. a

dI    (1  cos ax) e  x 
 
da 0 a  x 
dx 
dI  1 

da 0 x a

(1  cos ax) e  x dx 



dI  1

  (sin ax) xe  x dx
da 0 x
 dI   x
   e sin ax dx
da 0

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 53

 
dI  e  x  dI 1 a
   sin ax  a cos ax    0  a 
da  1  a 2 
0 da 1  a 2 1  a2

a
 dI  da
1  a2
Integrating both sides w.r.t. α
a 1 2a
  dI   da   dI   da
1  a2 2 1  a2
1
 I (a)  log (1  a 2 )  c
2
To find, c we put a = 0,

 I (0)  0  c I (0)   0 dx  0
0

0  c
1
 I (a)  log (1  a 2 )
2
 x
e  e x 1   2  1 
5) Show that  dx  log  where α is parameter.
0
x sec x 2  2 

 x
e  e x
Answer: Let I ( )   dx
0
x sec x

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. α


dI    e  x  e x 

d 0   x sec x 
dx 
dI  1

 x
d 0 x sec x 

e  e x dx 
dI  1 dI  x
  e x ( x) dx   e cos x dx
d 0 x sec x d 0


dI  e x  dI 1 
    cos x  sin x    0  (  
d  1   2 
0 da 1   2 1 2


 dI  d
1 2

Integrating both sides w.r.t. α

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 54

  1 2
  dI   d   dI   d
12 2 12
1
 I ( )  log (1   2 )  c
2
To find, c we put α = 1,

1
 I (1)  log 2  c I (1)   0dx  0
2 0

1
c   log 2
2
1 1
 I ( )  log (1   2 )  log 2
2 2

1  1   2 
 I ( )  log 
2  2 

  x 
e sin x sin x 
6) Evaluate  x
dx and hence Show that 
x
dx 
2
0 0
 x
e sin x
Answer: Let I ( )   dx
0
x

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. α


dI    e x sin x 

d 0   x 
dx 
dI  1  x

d 0 x 
e 
sin x dx 


dI  1 x 
   e x sin x dx
dI
  e sin x( x) dx 
d 0 x d 0

 e x  dI 1 1

dI

1   2
  sin x  cos x 

  0  (1 
d  0 da 1   2 1 2

1
 dI  d
1 2
Integrating both sides w.r.t. α
1
  dI   d
1 2

 I ( )  cot 1   c
Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 55
 To find, c we put α = ∞

1
 I ()  cot ()  c I ()   0dx  0
0

c  0
 x
dx  cot 1 
e sin x
I ( )  
0
x

We put α = 0


dx  cot 1 (0) 
sin x
I ( 0)   x 2
0

tan 1 ax  tan 1 bx  a
7) Evaluate  x
dx  log
2 b
0

tan 1 ax  tan 1 bx
Answer: Let I (a )   dx
0
x

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. a

dI    tan 1 ax  tan 1 bx 
 
da 0 a  x 
dx 
dI  1 

da 0 x a

tan 1 ax  tan 1 bx dx


dI  1  1 
 x dx dI  1
    dx
da 0 x  1  a 2 x 2  da 0 1  a 2 x 2

dI  1 dI  1
  dx   dx
da 0 2  1  da 0   1 2 
a   x 2  a2    x2 
a 2
  a  
 


dI

a
da a 2
 
tan 1 xa 0  
da a

 tan 1 ()  tan 1 (0)
dI 1

dI 1  1
   dI  da
da a 2 a2
Integrating both sides w.r.t. α
 1
  dI   da
2 a

 I (a)  log a  c
2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 56

 To find, c we put a = b,

 0
 I (b) 
2
log b  c I ( 0)   x dx  0
0
 
0  log b  c  c   log b
2 2
 
 I (a)  log a  log b
2 2
 a
 I (a)  log
2 b

8) Verify the rule of DUIS for  e  at cos bt dt , Where a is the parameter.
0

Answer: Let  I (a )   e  at cos bt dt
0

 e  at 
 I (a)  
 a2  b2
 a cos bt  b sin bt 

 0
1 a
 I (a)  0  (a   I (a) 
a2  b 2
a2  b2
Differentiating w.r.t. a

dI a 2  b 2  a (2a) dI b2  a 2
   
   
..........(1)
da 2 da 2 2
a2  b2 2
a b

Also  I (a )   e  at cos bt dt
0

By the rule of differentiation under integration sign we have, differentiating w.r.t. a


dI    at

da 0 a
e 
cos bt dt  
dI   at
  e ( t ) cos bt dt
da 0

 

   t e  at cos bt dt ,
dI
 using by parts rule.
da 0

    at 
dI  e  at  e 
   t ( a cos bt  b sin bt )    ( a cos bt  b sin bt )dt 
 2 2  2 2
da  a  b 0 0 a  b 
 

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 57

    at 
dI  e 
  0   ( a cos bt  b sin bt )dt 
 2 2 
0a b
da  

 e  at
dI  

   ( a cos bt  b sin bt )dt 
da  2 2 
0 a  b 
   
dI 1   at  at 
   a  e c obt sdt  b  e s ibtndt 
da a 2  b 2 
 0 0 

   
dI 1   e  at   e  at  
   a  2 ( a c obt s b s ibtn)   b 
 
( a s ibtn b c obt )s
 
da a 2  b 2   a b 2
 
2
a b 2
0 
 0 

dI 1 
 a2 b2   dI 1 
b2  a 2 

   2      2 
da a  b 
2 2
 a  b 2
a 2
 b 2 
 da a  b 
2 2
 a  b 2 


dI b2  a 2
 
 
..........(2)
da 2 2 2
a b

From equation (1) and (2) verify the rule of DUIS for  e  at cos bt dt
0

Leibnitz Rule: Integral with limits as function of the parameter

b ( )
I ( )   f ( x, ) dx where a & b are function of parameter 
a ( )

b ( )
dI  f ( x, ) db da
then   dx  f (b, )  f ( a,  )
d a ( )  d d

a2
9) Verify the rule of DUIS for  log ax dx Where a is the parameter.
a

a2
Answer: Let I (a)   log ax (1) dx Using by parts rule.
a

2 a2
1
 I (a)   x log ax aa   ax dx
a
ax

2
 I (a)  a 2 log a 3  a log a 2  ( x) aa

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 58

  I (a)  a 2 log a 3  a log a 2  a 2  a

 I (a)  3a 2 log a  2a log a  a 2  a

Differentiating w.r.t. a
dI 1 1
  3a 2 ( )  3 (2a ) log a  2a ( )  2 log a  2a  1
da a a
dI
  3a  6a log a  2  2 log a  2a  1
da
dI
  a  1  6 a log a  2 log a.............(1)
da

a2
Also I (a )   log ax dx
a
Integral with limits as function of the parameter so that use Leibnitz rule,
2
dI a 
   log ax  dx  (2a) log a 3  (1) log a 2
da a a

2
dI a 1 dI 1 a 2
   x dx  6a log a  2 log a   ( x) a  6a log a  2 log a
da a ax da a

dI 1 2 dI
  (a  a)  6a log a  2 log a   a  1  6a log a  2 log a.........(2)
da a da

a2
From equation (1) and (2) verifies the rule of DUIS for  log ax dx
a

a2
tan 1 dx Where a is the parameter.
x
10) Verify the rule of DUIS for  a
0

a2
tan 1 dx
x
Answer: Let I (a )   a
Using by parts rule.
0

a a2 2
 1 x  1 1
 I (a)   x tan    (x) dx
 a 0 0 1 x 2 a

a2

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 a2
2 1 x
 I (a )  a tan aa  2 2
dx
0 a x
2
2 1 aa 2x
 I (a)  a tan a  dx
2 0 a2  x2

  a 2
2 1 a
 I (a)  a tan a  log (a 2  x 2 ) 0
2

 I (a)  a 2 tan 1 a  log( a 2  a 4 )  log( a 2 ) 

a
2

2 1 a  a 2  a 4 
 I (a)  a tan a  log
2  a 2 

 I (a)  a 2 tan 1 a  log 1  a 2

a
2
 
Differentiating w.r.t. a


dI
da
 1 
 a2 1 a  2a  1
  (2a ) tan a  
1  a  2
  log 1  a 2
2 1  a  2
 

dI  a 2 

 
da  1  a 
 a2  1
 (2a) tan 1 a  
 2
  log 1  a 2

 
1  a  2


dI
da
1
2
 
 (2a) tan 1 a  log 1  a 2 .................(1)

a2
1 x
Also I (a )   tan
a
dx
0
Integral with limits as function of the parameter so that use Leibnitz rule,
2
dI a   1 x  1
    tan  dx  (2a) tan a  0
da 0 a  a

2
dI a  x 
 dx  (2a) tan 1 a
1
    
da 0 x2  a2 
1
a2

Faculty of Mathematics, KIT’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Page 60

 2
dI a x
   dx  (2a) tan 1 a
da 0 a 2  x 2

2
1a
dx  (2a) tan 1 a
dI 2x
  
da 2
2 0 a x 2

 
a 2
  2a tan 1 a  log (a 2  x 2 ) 0
dI 1
da 2


dI
da
1
2

 2a tan 1 a  log( a 2  a 4 )  log( a 2 ) 
dI 1 1  a 2  a 4 
  2a tan a  log( )
da 2  a2 



dI
da
1
2

 2a tan 1 a  log 1  a 2 .................(2) 
a2
tan 1 dx
x
From equation (1) and (2) verifies the rule of DUIS for  a
0
Examples for Practice:

(1  cos ax) a
1) Prove that  dx 
0 x2 2

  ax
dx  tan 1 Where a is parameter.
e sin mx m
2) Prove that  x a
0

log 1   cos x 
3) Prove that  dx   sin 1 
0
cos x

  2
x 2 
4) Prove that  e cosx dx  e 4
0
2


x 2  a2
5) Prove that  e cos 2ax dx  e
0
2


tan 1 ax 
6) Prove that 
0 x 1 x2
 dx 
2
log (1  a ) where a  0

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  2
  x2  a 
  
x2    2a
7) Prove that  e  dx  e
0
2

 x 
e  1 e  ax 
8) Evaluate  a  dx
x  x x 
0  

 dx   (

2 log 1  a sin 2 x
9) Prove that  a  1  1) a  1
0 sin 2 x

log(1  sin  cos  )
10) Prove that  dx  
0
cos x

1 a
x  xb a 1
11) Prove that  dx  log
0
log x b 1

  ax
e  e  bx
12) Prove that  x
dx  log( b / a ), ( a , b  0)
0
  ax
 e  bx
sin mx dx  tan 1 ( b )  tan 1 ( a )
e
13) Prove that  x m m
0

 a 2
2  /b b
14) Prove that  e bx cos 2ax dx  e
0
2

 /2
a 1
15) Prove that  log(1  a sin x)dx   log[ 2  2 1  a 2 ], [0  a  1]
 / 2

dx 
16) Prove that  a  cos x  2
a0
0 a 1
 
dx a dx 2
Hence deduce that 1)  2
 2)  
0 (a  cos x) (a 2  1)3 / 2 0 ( 2  cos x )
2 3 3


 ax
17) Verify the rule of DUIS for e sin bx dx , Where a is the parameter.
0

a2
1
18) Verify the rule of DUIS for  x  a dx Where a is the parameter.
0
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 1a 1a
1 1 a
19) If I (a )   cos ax dx, then show that I (a)  
2
 x 2 sin ax 2dx  cos  cos a 2
2 a 2
a a a
t2 2 1 2 t5 3
20) If I (t )   etx dx, then show that I (t )  [5t e  3tet  I (t )]
t
2t
t2 2
(Hint: Integrate by parts  x( xetx )dx
t
a a
log(1  ax) log(1  x)
21) Evaluate  2
dx and hence find the value of  2
dx .
0 x 1 0 x 1
dI 1 2 a tan 1 a
Hint:  log(1  a ) 
da 2(1  a 2 ) (1  a 2 )
1 1 2 a tan 1 a
I (a)  
2 (1  a 2 )
log( 1  a ) da   2
da
(1  a )
a tan 1 a
 log(1  a 2 ) tan 1 a   (tan 1 a)da  
1 1 2a
da
2 2 (1  a 2 ) 2
(1  a )
a2
sin ax dI (a )
22) If I (a)   x
dx, then find
da
a

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