ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I praise and thank God Almighty from the depth of
my heart which has been the source of strength in the completion of
this project work

My profound concern is to thank the Principal. Mrs Shirley Ann Thomas,

who paved the way for offering me this opportunity and avenues of
infinite possibilities of knowledge . I am grateful to our Physics teacher,
Mr P Baiju for his guidance and tremendous support during the course
of this project.

I also take this opportunity to thank our Lab Technician, Mrs Binu
Mathai for her guidance and support that helped to complete this
project successfully.

Finally. I am grateful to my parents and friends for their encouragement

and support.
INDEX

S.NO Content Pg
1. Introduction 1-10

2. Efficiency 11

3. Aim 12

4. Apparatus 13
required
5. Theory 14

6. Procedure 15-16

7. Observation 17

8. Calculation 18

9. Result 19

10. Precaution 20

11. Bibliography 21

INTRODUCTION
RECTIFIER

Alternating Current (AC) periodically reverses direction, while Direct Current

(DC) flows only in one direction. A rectifier is an electrical device that changes
Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). This action is referred to as
Rectification creates a type of DC that includes active voltages and currents.
This type of DC is then regulated into a type of constant voltage DC, albeit
these changes depend on the current's intended application. No current is
permitted to flow in the opposite direction whereas the current can flow in
one direction without interruption.

Rectifiers can be classified into two main types half-wave rectifiers and full-
wave rectifiers. Half-wave rectifiers use a single diode to convert only one half
of the AC waveform into DC, resulting in a pulsating DC output. On the other
hand, full wave rectifiers use multiple diodes or a bridge rectifier circuit to
convert both halves of the AC waveform, resulting in a smoother DC output.

Rectifiers play a crucial role in many electronic systems, as they provide the
necessary DC power for the proper functioning of various components and
circuits. They are essential in converting the AC power from the electrical
grid, which is the most common form of power transmission, into a usable
form for electronic devices

Main Components of a rectifier

1. Diodes, Semi-conductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction
and block it in the opposite direction, enabling the conversion of AC to DC.
They are key components of the rectifiers

2. Transformer. A transformer is used to step down the voltage from the

electrical grid to a suitable level for rectification. The transformer helps in
isolating the circuit from the high voltage of the grid and provides a stable AC
voltage to the rectifier

3. Filter Capacitor, it smoothens the output of the rectifier, reducing ripples or

fluctuations in the DC voltage. The capacitor stores charge during the peaks of
the pulsating DC voltage and releases it during the troughs, resulting in a
smoother DC output

4. Load. The device or circuit that receives the rectified DC output

Additional components, such as resistors for current limiting or bleeder

resistors for discharging capacitors, may be included in specific rectifier
circuits for certain purposes. In addition, some rectifiers use Heat Sink, to
prevent overheating and to ensure proper functioning, as rectifiers can
generate heat due to power dissipation.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device used to multiply or divide voltage and current in AC
circuits. This is an integral part of electricity transmission at power plants.
Transformers are of two types: 'step up' or 'step down' transformers based on
whether it increases or decreases voltage. Transformers are made for long
distance transmission.

The principle of transformers is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic

induction. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, when
there is a change in the magnetic field through a coil of wire, an electromotive
force (EMF) or voltage is induced in the coil.

According to Fraday's Law,

dϕ
E=−N
dt

Where,

E is the electromotive force (voltage) induced in a coil of wire.

N is the number of turns in the coil.

d Φ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil with respect to
time.

3
Transformers utilize this principle to transfer electrical energy from one
circuit to another by means of (Mutual inductance) electromagnetic induction.
The key components of a transformer are two or more coils of wire, known as
windings, and a core made of a ferromagnetic material. The primary winding
is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary winding is
connected to the load or the circuit that requires the transformed voltage.

When an alternating current (AC) passes through the primary winding, it

creates a changing magnetic field in the core. This changing magnetic field
induces a voltage in the secondary winding through electromagnetic
induction. The voltage induced in the secondary winding is proportional to the
turns ratio between the primary and secondary windings.

Transformers can step up or step down the voltage depending on the turns
ratio of the windings. A step-up transformer increases the voltage from the
primary to the secondary winding, while a step-down transformer decreases
the voltage.

The efficiency of a transformer is typically very high, with minimal

energy losses during the transformation process. This makes
transformers a crucial component in power transmission and
distribution systems, as they allow for efficient and safe delivery of
electrical energy over long distances.

In addition to voltage transformation, transformers also provide

electrical isolation between the input and output circuits, protecting
the connected devices and ensuring safety.
4
Overall, transformers enable efficient power transfer and voltage
transformation in various applications.

Theory

Transf
ormer

Symbol

For many purposes, it is necessary to change (or transform) an

alternating voltage from one to another of greater or smaller value.
This is done with a device called transformer using the principle of
mutual induction. A transformer consists of two sets of coils,
insulated from each other. They are wound on a soft-iron core, one
on top of the other. One of the coils called the primary coil has Np
turns. The other coil is called the secondary coil; it has Ns turns.
Often the primary coil is the input coil and the secondary coil is the
output coil of the transformer.
5
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting
current produces an alternating magnetic flux which links the
secondary and induces an emf in it. The value of this emf depends on
the number of turns in the secondary. We consider an ideal
transformer in which the primary has negligible resistance and all
the flux in the core links both primary and secondary windings. Let
& be the flux in each turn in the core at time t due to current in the
primary when a voltage vp is applied to it. Then the induced emf or
voltage es, in the secondary with Ns turns is

The alternating flux & also induces an emf, called back emf in the
primary. This is

But & p= vp. If this were not so, the primary current would be infinite
since the primary has zero resistance (as assumed). If the secondary is
an open circuit or the current taken from it is small, then to a good
approximation

s=vs

where vs is the voltage across the secondary. Therefore from the above
equation, written as

6
Therefore we have ,

This is known as the transformer equation or ratio, and it simply states

that the ratio of the secondary to primary voltages in a transformer
equals the ratio of the number of loops in their coils.

the above relation has been obtained using three assumptions: (i) the
primary resistance and current are small; (ii) the same flux links both

the primary and the secondary as very little flux escapes from the core,
and (iii) the secondary current is small. If the transformer is assumed to
be 100% efficient (no energy losses), the power input is equal to the
power output, and since p = i v ,

7
ipvp = isvs

Although some energy is always lost, this is a good approximation, since

a well- designed transformer may have an efficiency of more than 95%

Since i and v both oscillate with the same frequency as the ac source
the ratio of the amplitudes or rms values of corresponding quantities.
Therefore, transformer affects the voltage and current as given below:

and

8
Transformers are of two types:

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS

Step Down Transformer

9
If the secondary coil has less turns than the primary (Ns < Np) we have
a step-down transformer. In this case, Vs < V p and 1s > 1p That is, the
voltage (EMF) is stepped down, or reduced, and the current is increased

STEP UP TRANSFORMERS

If the secondary coil has a greater number of turns than the primary (Ns
> Np) , the voltage is stepped up (Vs > Vp) This type of arrangement is
called a step-up transformer. However, in this arrangement, there is
less current in the secondary than in the primary ( Np / N s < 1 and 1s <
1p)

10
EFFICIENCY
The ratio of output power to the input power in a transformer is known
as efficiency of transformer. The transformer efficiency is represented
by Greek letter Eta (η).

Thus, in an ideal transformer, there is no loss of power, n=1. But in

actual practice, there are many power losses. Therefore, the efficiency
of the transformer is less than 1.

11
AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
(i) output and input voltage and
(ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-designed transformer.

12
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Enamelled transformer strip

2. An adhesive (like quick fix)

3. Nuts and bolts

4. Two cardboard spindles

5. Enamelled copper wire of 24 SWG (Standard Wire Gauge) and 18

SWG,

6. AC voltmeter

7. Connecting wire

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THEORY

A transformer is an electrical device used to convert low input A.C.

voltage into high output voltage and vice-versa.

The transformer which convert low voltage into high voltage is called
step-up transformer, whereas a transformer converting high A.C.
voltage into low A.C. voltage is known as step-down transformer

Transformer is a device which is based on the principle of mutual

induction. For a transformer we have the relation:

Where,

V2, is the output voltage across secondary coil

V1 is the input voltage across primary coil

N2 is number of turns in secondary coil

N1 is number of turns in primary coil

14
PROCEDURE

1. Take about 50-60 enamelled transformer strips of identical size

(about 10 cm long and 2 cm wide) made up of soft iron. Each strip
should have a hole at least at one end.
2. Arrange four strips to make a square. Over this first square lay
another square of four strips such that the holes in the lower
square coincide with those in the upper square. At the centre of
each strips of lower square put a small drop of an adhesive which
does not harden too quickly. It is done so that the strips on one
side of the two squares later on stick to each other
3. Over the second square, lay a third one and then fourth one and
so on, till the pile is as thick as the breadth of the strip.
4. Insert a nut and bolt in the hole at each corner of the pile and
then tie all the strips together tightly and let the assembly of
strips harden up to 24 hours.
5. Now remove nut-bolts from two holes at the end of anyone side
(say AB) and pull it out with all strips of that side sticking together.
Make a cardboard spindle of length slightly less than the internal
dimension of square of iron strips. The core of spindle should be
of square cross-section and it should slide easily over the side AD
of the square.
6. Using enamelled copper wire of SWG 24, wind on this spindle, a
coil of enamelled wire having about 500 turns. This is the primary
coil of the transformer.

15
7. Make another identical spindle and wind another coil of 25 turns
in it by using a thicker nameled wire of 18 SWG. This spindle
should be slided over the side BC. This coil acts as a secondary coil
of transformer
8. Now put the coils over the arms AD and BC and reassemble the
transformer frame by tightening the nuts in the bolts put in the
holes. Now the step-down transformer is ready.
9. Using suitable connecting leads, connect the ends of primary coil
with A.C. mains and connect the ends of secondary coil with an
A.C. voltmeter of at least 15 volt range.
10. Now switch on the A.C. mains and note the output voltage
of the transformer

16
OBSERVATION

Number of turns in primary coil = N1 =

Number of turns in secondary coil = N2 =

Input voltage of A.C. mains = V1 = volt

Output voltage of A.C. step-down transformer = V2= volt

17
CALCULATION

Ratio of =

Ratio of =

18
RESULT

1. We find that the ratio and are nearly equal.

In actual practice be slightly less than that of It is on

account of the fact that the entire flux created by primary coil P does
not pass through secondary coil S.

2. The step-down transformer has been designed and its output voltage
is V

19
PRECAUTION

1. Only enamelled copper wire should be used for winding.

2. The wire used in primary coil should be thinner and that used in
secondary coil should be thicker.

3. Connect your transformer to A.C. mains for short intervals only,

otherwise the coil may be burnt due to overheating.

20
Bibliography

https://ncert.nic.in

https://phys.libretexts.org

https://www.tutorialspoint.com

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