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MINIPROJECTVLSI1

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p83642574
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

MINI PROJECT REPORT

DESIGN OF RIPPLE CARRY ADDER

EC3552 VLSI AND CHIP DESIGN


Academic Year 2022-2026(ODD)

Reg No.: Name:


713622106014 HARIPRASATH U
713622106015 HARISH KRISHNA P
713622106018 KASINATHAN M
ABTRACT

A Ripple Carry Adder is a fundamental building block in


digital electronics, used to perform binary addition. This
circuit uses a series of full adders to add multiple bits, with
the carry-out of each adder propagating to the next stage.
This method of addition is called "ripple carry" because the
carry bit "ripples" through the stages of the adder, affecting
each subsequent bit addition. The ripple carry adder is a
simple and efficient design, widely used in various
applications like arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and other digital
circuits.
The ripple carry adder consists of multiple full adders
connected in series, where the carry-out of one full adder
becomes the carry-in of the next full adder. Each full adder
adds three bits: two input bits and a carry-in bit. It produces
two outputs: a sum bit and a carry-out bit. The sum bit
represents the result of the addition for that particular bit
position, and the carry-out bit is passed to the next full adder.
To understand how a ripple carry adder works, consider
adding two binary numbers, A and B, each with four bits. The
ripple carry adder would use four full adders, one for each bit
position. The carry-out of the first full adder (for the least
significant bit) would be the carry-in for the second full adder,
and so on. This process continues until all the bits have been
added. The final carry-out bit becomes the carry-out of the
entire adder.
The ripple carry adder is a simple and intuitive design,
but it has some limitations. One drawback is the propagation
delay, which arises from the ripple effect of the carry bits.
Since the carry bit needs to propagate through each stage of
the adder, the overall delay increases with the number of bits
being added. This can be a concern in applications where
speed is critical.

OBJECTIVE
To design and implement a Ripple Carry Adder (RCA)
capable of performing multi-bit binary addition by cascading
a series of full adders. Each full adder in the chain will process
a single bit of the operands while propagating the carry to the
next stage, ensuring accurate computation of the sum.
The design aims to achieve functional correctness,
efficient hardware implementation, and minimal circuit
complexity, making it suitable for basic arithmetic operations
in digital systems. Additionally, the design will account for the
inherent performance trade-offs of the ripple carry
architecture, including its linear propagation delay, and
analyze its impact on the overall computation speed as the
number of bits increases.
The objective is to use this design as a foundational
building block for understanding basic arithmetic circuits and
as a reference for evaluating and comparing more advanced
adder architectures, such as carry-lookahead adders or
parallel-prefix adders, in terms of speed, area, and power
efficiency.

Ripple Carry Adder Concept


Input Bits
The adder receives two binary numbers, represented
by individual bits, as input. For example, if we are adding the
numbers 5 and 3, we would represent them in binary as 0101
and 0011 respectively. Each bit from these binary numbers
will
Full Adder
Each bit pair is added using a full adder, producing a
sum bit and a carry-out. A full adder takes three inputs: two
bits to be added and a carry-in from the previous stage. It
produces two outputs: a sum bit (the result of the addition
for that specific bit position) and a carry-out bit. The carry-
out bit is then passed on to the next stage of the adder.
Carry Propagation
The carry-out from one full adder is fed as the carry-
in to the next, cascading down the chain. This is the key
characteristic of a ripple carry adder. The carry bit "ripples"
from one stage to the next, potentially affecting the sum in
subsequent stages. It's important to note that this carry
propagation can lead to a delay in the overall addition
operation, as each stage must wait for the carry from the
previous stage before producing its output.
Ripple Carry Adder Components

Full Adders
The fundamental building block of a ripple carry
adder is the full adder. It's a crucial circuit that takes three
inputs – two individual bits representing the numbers to be
added and a carry-in bit from the previous stage – and
produces two outputs: a sum bit representing the result of
the addition for that specific bit position, and a carry-out bit
that is passed on to the next full adder in the chain.
Logic Gates
Full adders are constructed using a combination of
basic logic gates, namely XOR, AND, and OR gates. These
gates perform logical operations on the input bits, effectively
implementing the addition operation at the bit level. XOR
gates produce the sum bit, while AND gates generate the
carry-out bit. The combination of these gates ensures
accurate addition of binary numbers.
Carry Chain
The carry-out signal from each full adder is directly
connected to the carry-in input of the next full adder in the
sequence. This continuous connection forms a chain that
propagates the carry signal down the ripple carry adder. The
carry chain is essential for ensuring that the addition is
performed correctly, as the carry bit can affect the sum in
subsequent stages. This propagation of the carry bit is what
gives the ripple carry adder its name.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
TRUTH TABLE
Ripple Carry Adder Operation
Input Arrival
The input bits are applied to the corresponding full
adders. The initial carry-in bit for the least significant bit (LSB)
stage is typically set to 0.
Carry Propagation
The carry-out bit from each stage is passed to the
next stage, potentially causing delays as carry bits propagate
through the adder.

Sum Calculation
Each full adder calculates the sum bit and carries
out based on the input bits and the carry-in bit. The sum bits
are then combined to form the final output.
Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
Simplicity and ease of implementation. Low cost
and readily available components. The ripple carry adder's
design is inherently straightforward, making it easy to
understand and implement. Its components are widely
available and inexpensive, making it an economical choice for
many applications.

Disadvantages
Slow operation due to carry propagation delay,
particularly with longer bit lengths. The ripple carry adder's
performance is limited by the time it takes for carry bits to
propagate through the circuit. This delay can become
significant for larger bit lengths, making it unsuitable for high-
speed applications.
Practical Applications

Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs)


Ripple carry adders are a fundamental component of
ALUs, which perform various arithmetic and logical
operations in processors.

Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)


In DSPs, ripple carry adders are used for signal
processing tasks like filtering and modulation, where speed is
crucial.
Embedded Systems
For resource-constrained embedded systems,
ripple carry adders provide a cost-effective solution for
arithmetic operations.
Program for a 4-bit Riplle Carry
Adder

module rca(
input [3:0]a,b,
input cin,
output [3:0]sum,
output c4);
wire c1,c2,c3;
full_adder fa0(a[0],b[0],cin,sum[0],c1);
full_adder fa1(a[1],b[1],c1,sum[1],c2);
full_adder fa2(a[2],b[2],c2,sum[2],c3);
full_adder fa3(a[3],b[3],c3,sum[3],c4);
endmodule
Testbench code

module rca_tb;
reg [3:0]a,b;
reg cin;
wire [3:0]sum;
wire c4;
rca uut(a,b,cin,sum,c4);
initial begincin = 0;
a = 4'b0110;b = 4'b1100;
#10a = 4'b1110;
b = 4'b1000;
#10a = 4'b0111;
b = 4'b1110;
#10a = 4'b0010;
b = 4'b1001;
#10$finish();
end
endmodule
4-bit Ripple Carry Adder
OUTPUT
REFERENCE

 https://
www.geeksforgeeks.org

 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org

 Digital Design and


Computer Architecture by
David Harris and Sarah Harris

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