FLORETS

INTERNATIONAL
School

Physics
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT FILE
2024-2025

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED
BY
Mr. Ravindra Singh
Mayank Soni

CLASS : 12th

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mayank soni of

class 12th has successfully completed
the Investigatory project on
(1)Input and Output Voltage.
(2)No of turns in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made transformer .

during academic year 2024- 2025 ,

under the guidance of Ravindra
Singh.
It is further certified that this project
is an individual work of the
candidate.
Internal Examiner External
Examiner
Signature
Signature

Principal`s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr
Ravindra Singh. Who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
worderful project on
‘(1)Input and Output Voltage.
(2)No of turns in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made transformer’

and also helped me in completing

my project. By this project I came to
know about so many new things. I
am really thankful to her.

Secondally, I would like to thank my

parent’s and friend’s, who helped me
a lot in finalizing this project with in
the limited time frame
Thank you.
 Index

 Objective
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus Required
 Procedure Followed
 Uses of transformers
 Sources of error
 Conclusion
 Result
 Precautions
 Bibliography

Objective
To investigate the relation
between the ratio of –
1 – input and output voltage
2 – No of turns in the
secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made
transformer.
INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used

for converting
a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A
Transformer based on
the Principle of mutual induction
according to
this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an
e.m.f is induced
in the neighboring coil. A
transformer is an
electrical device which is used
for changing the
A.C. voltages.
As such transformers are built in
an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement
and control circuits, transformer
size may be so
small that it weight only a few
tens of grams
where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical

energy transfer
from one circuit to another
circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer
which increases the voltages is
called a step up
transformer. A transformer
which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down
transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus
both for high and
low current circuits.
 Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is
supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating
current starts
falling in it. The altering current
in the primary
produces a changing magnetic
flux, which
induces altering voltage in the
primary as well
as in the secondary. In a
good transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary
is also linked with the
secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the
secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn
of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the
instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in
the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary
coils of the transformer and:

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in

each turnoff the coil
at this instant,
we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt…………………………
(1)
And
 Es = -Ns dф/dt……………………..
(2)
So by dividing 2 by 1,
we get:
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np………………..
(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value
of back
e.m.f induced in the primary
coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary
coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
Instantaneous
values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2
coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in
the primary coil is
given by:

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep =Ip Rp

When the resistance of the

primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so
therefore:

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence final equation can be

written as:
Es/Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f /
input e.m.f = Ns/Np =K
Where K is constant, called turn
or
transformation ratio.
 IN A STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER:

The transformer can transfer

energy in both
directions, from HV to LV side as
well as inversely.
That is the reason why it can
work as a voltage step-
up or step down transformer.
Both transformer
types have the same design and
construction.

Theoretically, we can operate

any transformer as a
step-up as well as a step-down
type. It only depends
on the energy flowing direction.
The HV windings contain a huge
number of turns
compared with the LV windings.
An LV winding wire
has a bigger cross-section than
HV wire because of
the higher current value on the
LV side. Usually, we
place the LV windings close to
the transformer core,
and over them, we wound the
HV windings.
The transformer turns ratio (n)
for a step up
transformer is approximately
proportional to the
voltage ratio
n= VP = NP
VS NS
Where VP,S are voltages, and
NP,S are the turns
numbers on the primary (LV) and
secondary (HV)
sides respectively. The primary
side of a step-up
transformer (LV side) has a
smaller number of turns
than the secondary side (HV
side).
That means energy flows from
the LV to the HV
side. The voltage is stepped up

from the primary voltage (input

voltage) to the secondary
voltage
(output voltage).
This equation can be rearranged
for the formula for
the output voltage (i.e.
secondary voltage). This is
sometimes referred to as the
step up transformer
formula:
VS= NS * VP
NP

A transformer calculator can

help you easily
calculate the transformer turns
ratio and whether
the device is a step up or step
down transformer.

The most important application

of a step-up
transformer is a generator step-
up (GSU)
transformer used in all
generating plants.

Those transformers usually have

large turns ratio
values. The voltage value
produced in energy
generation is increased and
prepared for the long-
distance energy transmission.
The energy produced in
generating plant is at low
voltage and high current values.
Depending on the
generating plant type, the GSU
transformer has a
nominal primary voltage value
from 6 up to 20 kV.
The nominal voltage value of the
GSU secondary
side can be 110 kV, 220 kV, 410
kV depending on
energy transmission system
connected to the GSU
secondary side. The current
value on the primary
GSU side is usually very high and
depending on the
nominal transformer power can
reach even 30000 A.

this current value is not

practical for energy
transmission and has to
decrease because of the
transmission power losses (R ×
I2). Long-distance
energy transmission would not
be possible. Besides
the GSU transformer also makes
galvanic isolation
between the generator and
electrical network.
IN A STEP-DOWN
TRANSFORMER:

A step-down transformer is a
type of transformer
that converts the high voltage
(HV) and low current
from the primary side of the
transformer to the low
voltage (LV) and high current
value on the
secondary side of the
transformer. The reverse of
this is known as a step up
transformer.
A transformer is a type of static
electrical
equipment that transforms
electrical energy (from
primary side windings) to
magnetic energy (in
transformer magnetic core) and
again to the
electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer
side). A step-down transformer
has a wide variety of
applications in electrical
systems and transmission
lines.

When it comes to the operation

voltage, the step-up
transformer application can be
roughly divided into
two groups: LV (voltages up to 1
kV) and HV
application (voltages above 1
kV).
Just as transformers can step
down the voltage –
going from a higher primary side
voltage to a lower
secondary side voltage – they
can also step up the
voltage, going from a lower
primary side voltage to
a higher secondary side voltage.
These are known as
step-up transformers.
The transformer turns ratio (n)
for a step down
transformer is approximately
proportional to the
voltage ratio:
n= VP = NP
VS NS
Where VP,S are voltages, and
NP,S are the turns
numbers on the primary (LV) and
secondary (HV)
sides respectively. The primary
side of a step-down
transformer (HV side) has a
larger number of turns
than the secondary side (LV
side).
That means energy flows from
the HV to the LV
side. The voltage is stepped
down from the
primary voltage (input voltage)
to the secondary
voltage (output voltage).
This equation can be rearranged
for the formula for
the output voltage (i.e.
secondary voltage). This is
sometimes referred to as the
step down
transformer formula:
VS= NS * VP
NP
A transformer calculator can
help you easily
calculate the transformer turns
ratio and whether
the device is a step down or step
up transformer
The first LV application refers to
the transformers in
electronic devices. Supplying the
electronic circuits
requires a low voltage value
(e.g. 5V, even lower
values nowadays).
A step-down transformer is used
to provide this low
voltage value which is suitable
for electronics
supplying. It transforms home
voltage (230/120 V)
from primary to a low voltage on
the secondary side
which is used for electronic
supplying.

If electronic devices are

designed to have higher
nominal power, transformers
with high operating
frequency are used (kHz-s). The
transformers with
higher nominal power value and
50/60 Hz nominal
frequency would be too large
and heavy. Also, the
daily used battery chargers use
the step-down
transformer in its design.
 Apparatus required
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire of different
gauge
 Two A.C Voltmeters
 Two A.C Ammeters
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and
cover it with a
thick paper and wind a large
number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say
60). This constitutes primary
coil of the
transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a

sheet of
paper and wound relatively
smaller number
of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it.
This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a
step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main

and measure
the input voltage and current
using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output

voltage
and current through s 1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C

main and
again measure voltage and
current through
primary and secondary coil of
step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-
made
transformers by changing
number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
 USES OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost
all a.c.
operations:

In voltage regulator for T.V.,

refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner,
etc.
A step down transformer is used
for Welding purposes. A step
down transformer is used for
Obtaining large current.A step
up transformer is used for the
Production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement. Transformers are
used in voltage
Regulators and stabilized power
supplies. Transformers are used
in the Transmissions of a.c. over
long distances. Small
transformers are used in Radio
Sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric
bells etc.
 SOURCES OF
ERROR
1) Values of current can be
changed due to
heating effect.
2) The eddy current can change
the readings.

CONCLUSION
1) The output voltage of the
transformer
across the secondary coil
depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
the input
voltage.
2) The output voltage of the
transformer
Across the secondary coil
depends upon the
ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to
the input
voltage.
3) There is a loss of power
between input and output coil
of a transformer.

RESULT:
 Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within
experimental error.

PRECAUTIONS
1) Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.
2) While taking the readings of
current and
voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
3) Take a laminated iron core
and wind a small
number [say about 2000] of
turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly
on it leaving
two free ends P1 P2.
4) Wind a large numbers of turns
[say 100] of thin
insulated copper wire on the
opposite arm of
the core leaving two free end S1
& S2.
5) Connect the primary coil to a
variable a.c.
supply source and secondary to
a.c. volt meter
of suitable range.
6) Connect an a.c. voltmeter
across the primary to
measure the input voltage.

Bibliography
1. HELP FROM INTERNET
2. ncert.nic.in
3. HELP FROM TEACHERS
4. NCERT Physics textbook
class 12
5. NCERT physics lab
Manuel
Teacher’s Remark