Satna, M.P.

(485001)
Session : 2024 – 25

Physics Project report on :

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transfomer
Submitted by - Submitted
to -
Devansh Pandey Mr. Abhishek
Dixit
Class : 12th Rose
Roll no. :
Content
 Certificate of guide
 Acknowledgement
 Permission Letter
 Objective
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus
 Procedure
 Uses of Transformer
 Sources of Errors
 Conclusion
 Precaution
 Bibliography
Certificate to guide
 This is to certify that Harsh Singh
Parihar,of class 12th Rose of Christ
Jyoti Hr. Sec. School, Satna has
completed her project file under my
guidance.

She has taken proper care and

shown utmost sincerity in completing
this project.

I certify that this project is up to my

expectations and as per the
guidance issued by CBSE

Project Leader Project

Mentor
Devansh Pandey Mr. Abhishek
Dixit

Acknowledgement
I undertook this project work as the
part of our 12th – physics.
I had tried my best of knowledge and
experience gain during the study in
class work experience.
I would like to extent our sincere
thanks and gratitude to our Mr.
Abhishek Dixit Sir
He helped me to understand the
importance of my project and it has
been successful only with the help of
his guidance. He helped me a lot to
understand the subject physics.

Devansh Pandey
Class 12th Rose

PERMISSION LETTER
To,
Mr. Abhishek dixit
Christ Jyoti Higher Secondary School
Satna, (M.P)

Subject: to grant permission for

preparing Physics project.

Respected Sir,

This letter is to get permission from you

for completing my project of physics
under your guidance. I would like to
please you for permission to complete
this project.

Thank you
Name: Devansh Pandey
Project mentor: Mr. Abhishek Dixit

1. OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation
between the ratio of: Input
and output voltage. Number
of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a
self-made transformer.
2. INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device
used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice-
versa. A Transformer based
on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this
principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a
coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring
coil. A transformer is an
electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C.
voltages.
As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control
circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of
grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundreds of
tones.
In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another
circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases
the voltages is called a step
up transformer. A
transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current
circuits
3. THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is
supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it.
In a good transformer, whole
of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked
with the secondary, and then
the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary
secondary coils of the
transformer and:
dф / dt = rate of change of
flux in each turnoff d the coil
at this instant,
We have
Ep = -Np dф/dt………………… (1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt……………. (2)
So by dividing 2 by 1,
We get:
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np…………….. (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous
value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the
Instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance
o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in
the primary coil is given by:
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the
primary is small, Rp Ip can
be neglected so therefore:
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence final equation can be
written as:
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f /
input e.m.f = Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant, called
turn or transformation ratio.

 IN STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER
A step-up transformer is a
type of transformer that
converts the low voltage (LV)
and high current from the
primary side of the
transformer to the high
voltage (HV) and low current
value on the secondary side
of the transformer. The
reverse of this is known as a
step down transformer.
A transformer is a piece of
static electrical equipment
which transforms electrical
energy (from primary side
windings) to the magnetic
energy (in the transformer’s
magnetic core) and again to
the electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer side).

The operating frequency and

nominal power are
approximately equal on the
primary and secondary
transformer sides because
the transformer is a very
efficient piece of equipment –
while the voltage and
current values are usually
different.

The transformer can transfer

energy in both directions,
from HV to LV side as well as
inversely. That is the reason
why it can work as a voltage
stepup or step down
transformer. Both
transformer types have the
same design and
construction.
Theoretically, we can
operate any transformer as a
step-up as well as a step-
down type. It only depends
on the energy flowing
direction.
The HV windings contain a
huge number of turns
compared with the LV
windings. An LV winding wire
has a bigger cross-section
than HV wire because of the
higher current value on the
LV side.
Usually, we place the LV
windings close to the
transformer core, and over
them, we wound the HV
windings.
The transformer turns ratio
(n) for a step up transformer
is approximately
proportional to the voltage
ratio.

n= VP
VS = NP
NS

Where VP,S are voltages,

and NP,S are the turns
numbers on the primary (LV)
and secondary (HV) sides
respectively. The primary
side of a step-up transformer
(LV side) has a smaller
number of turns than the
secondary side (HV side).
This is sometimes referred to
as the step up transformer
formula:
 Vs = NS∗VP
Np

The energy produced in

generating plant is at low
voltage and high current
values. Depending on the
generating plant type, the
GSU transformer has a
nominal primary voltage
value from 6 up to 20 kV.

The nominal voltage value of

the GSU secondary side can
be 110 kV, 220 kV, 410 kV
depending on energy
transmission system
connected to the GSU
secondary side. The current
value on the primary GSU
side is usually very high and
depending on the nominal
transformer power can reach
even 30000 A.

 IN A STEP-DOWN
TRANSFORMER :
A step-down transformer is a
type of transformer that
converts the high voltage
(HV) and low current from
the primary side of the
transformer to the low
voltage (LV) and high current
value on the secondary side
of the transformer. The
reverse of this is known as a
step up transformer.
A transformer is a type of
static electrical equipment
that transforms electrical
energy (from primary side
windings) to magnetic
energy (in transformer
magnetic core) and again to
the electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer side).
A step-down transformer has
a wide variety of applications
in electrical systems and
transmission lines.
When it comes to the
operation voltage, the step-
up transformer application
can be roughly divided into
two groups: LV (voltages up
to 1 kV) and HV application
(voltages above 1 kV).
The transformer turns ratio
(n) for a step down
transformer is approximately
proportional to the voltage
ratio:
n= VP
VS = NP
NS

Where VP,S are voltages, and

NP,S are the turns numbers on
the primary (LV) and
secondary (HV) sides
respectively. The voltage is
stepped down from the
primary voltage (input
voltage) to the secondary
voltage (output voltage).
This equation can be
rearranged for the formula
for the output voltage (i.e.
secondary voltage). This is
sometimes referred to as the
step down transformer
formula:
Vs = NS∗VP
Np

The transformers with higher

nominal power value and
50/60 Hz nominal frequency
would be too large and
heavy.
Also, the daily used battery
chargers use the step-down
transformer in its design.
4. Apparatus
Required
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Two A.C. Voltmeters
 Two A.C. Ammeters

5. PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and
cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of
 turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with
a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of
turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main
and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
 4. Similarly, measure the
output voltage and current
through s 1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to
A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other
self-made transformers by
changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
6. USES OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in
almost all a.c. operations:
 In voltage regulator for
T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner,
etc.

A step down transformer is

used for Welding purposes.
A step down transformer is
used for obtaining large
current.
A step up transformer is
used for the Production of
X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in
voltage Regulators and
stabilized power supplies.

Transformers are used in

the Transmissions of a.c.
over long distances. Small
transformers are used in
Radio Sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

7. Sources of Error
1) Values of current can be
changed due to heating
effect.
2) The eddy current can
change the readings.

8. CONCLUSION
1) The output voltage of the
transformer across the
secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input
voltage.

2) The output voltage of the

transformer Across the
secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input
voltage.
3) There is a loss of power
between input and output
coil of a transformer.

4) Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP

within experimental error.

9. Precautions
 Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.
 While taking the readings of
current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
 Take a laminated iron core and
wind a small number [say
about 2000] of turns of thick
 insulated copper wire uniformly
on it leaving two free ends P1
P2.
 Wind a large numbers of turns
[say 100] of thin insulated
copper wire on the opposite
arm of the core leaving two
free end S1 & S2.

 Connect the primary coil to a

variable a.c. supply source and
secondary to a.c. volt meter of
suitable range.
 Connect an a.c. voltmeter
across the primary to measure
the input voltage
10. Bibliography

 www.wikipedia.com

 www.scribid.com

 www.google.com
 www.pw.live

 www.bing.com

 NCERT