Carbon and its Compounds

Grade 10
Occurence

❖ One of the most important - Food, clothes, medicines,

books, etc are carbon based
❖ Meagre Amount of C in - earth’s crust & atmosphere
❖ Earth’s crust has only 0.02% C in the form of minerals
(carbonates, hydrogencarbonates, coal & petroleum)
❖ Atmosphere has 0.03% of CO₂.
❖ From Latin - ‘Carbo’ meaning coal.
❖ EG: Grains, pulses, sugar, fruits, silk, nylon, wood, coal
LPG,CNG, Petrol, Diesel etc
Organic Compounds & Organic Chemistry

❖ Organic Compounds - Compounds containing Carbon &

Hydrogen i.e Hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
❖ Organic Chemistry - The branch of Science dealing with the
study of Hydrocarbons & their compounds.
❖ Hydrocarbons are also known as carbon compounds.
❖ There are more carbon compounds than any other chemical
element.
❖ Compounds of carbon with double bonds and triple bonds are
called unsaturated compounds.
❖ Compounds with carbon-carbon single bonds are called saturated
compounds.
Bonding in Carbon - Covalent Bond
❖ C Atomic number - 6 - electronic configuration is 2 (K), 4(L) - requires, 4
electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic configuration (stable) - So C cannot
form an ionic bond

❖ The atoms of noble gases already have complete outer shells, so they have no
tendency to lose, gain, or share electrons. This is why the noble gases are inert
and rarely react. (He- 2, Ne-10, Ar-18, Kr-36, Xe -54 & Rn - 86)

❖ Shared pair of electrons is known as bond pair.

❖ If C gains 4 e￣s forming C4￣ cation - it would be difficult
for the nucleus with 6 protons to hold on to 10 e￣s as
electron repulsions may occur.

❖ If C loses 4 e￣s forming C4⁺ cation - it requires a large

amount of energy to remove four electrons.
❖ To overcome this , carbon shares its valence
electrons with other carbon atoms or with atoms
of other elements.
❖ The bond formed by mutual sharing of electron
pairs between two atoms in a molecule is known
as Covalent Bond.
Types of Covalent Bond: (Single, Double, Triple)

❖ Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair of electrons are shared

between two atoms in a molecule.
❖ Takes place between two nonmetals or a nonmetal and a metalloid
❖ Consist of one pair of electrons, i.e., two electrons.
❖ High bond length
❖ Stable
❖ Eg: F₂, Cl₂, H₂, Br₂, I₂, NH₃, Ethane C₂H₆ etc. (-)
❖ Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of electrons are shared between two
atoms in a molecule. Takes place between two nonmetals or a nonmetal and a
metalloid
❖ Consists of two pairs of electrons, i.e., four electrons
❖ Intermediate bond length
❖ Unstable
❖ Eg: O₂, CO₂,Ethene C₂H₄ etc. (=)
❖ Triple Covalent Bond: When three pairs of electrons are shared between two
atoms in a molecule.
❖ Takes place between two nonmetals or a nonmetal and a metalloid
❖ Consists of three pairs of electrons, i.e., six electrons
❖ Low bond length
❖ Unstable
❖ More robust than a single and double bond
❖ Eg: N₂, Ethyne C₂H₂ etc. (≡)
Bond strength: Bond length:
– The bond strength of a bond is – Bond length is determined by the
determined by the amount of energy distance between nuclei of the two
required to break a bond. atoms in a bond.
– Triple bond>double bond>single bond – Triple bond<double bond<single
bond
– This is to signify that the energy
required to break three bonds is higher The distance between the nuclei of
than that for two bonds or a single bond. two atoms is least when they are
triple bonded.
Lewis Dot Structure / Electron dot structures.
Diagrams with the element’s symbol in the centre & dots around it represent the valence electrons of the element.
Electron Dot Structure: The electron dot structures provides a picture of
bonding in molecules in terms of the shared pairs of electrons and octet
rule
1. Formation of Hydrogen Molecule
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1
2. Formation of CH4 (Methane) Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1
Formation of CO2 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Oxygen = 8 [2, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6
4. Formation of H2S Molecule
Atomic number of Sulphur = 16 [2, 8, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6
Properties of Covalent Compounds

1. Exist as Solids,liquids or gases

2. Generally soluble in solvents like ether ( light volatile flammable liquid
C₄H₁₀O used chiefly as a solvent - formerly an anesthetic),benzene (petroleum
product - flammable- smell of gasoline), and insoluble in water.
3. Molecules are held by a weaker force of attraction as compared to ionic
bonds.
4. Have low melting points.
5. Poor conductors of electricity as they do not have ions / free electrons
for conduction.
Allotropes of Carbon
Allotropy: The phenomenon in which the element exists in two or more different
physical states with similar chemical properties are called Allotropy. Eg: C, S , P

Crystalline allotropes

1. Diamond: Carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms of Carbon forming

three-dimensional structures. It is the hardest substance and an insulator. It is
used for drilling rocks and cutting. It is also used for making jewellery.
2. Graphite: Each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms. It is a good
conductor of electricity and used as a lubricant.
3. Buckminster Fullerene: It is an allotrope of the carbon-containing cluster of 60
carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. It is dark solid at
room temperature.
Amorphous allotropes -

1. coal (sedimentary rock readily combustible),

2. coke (destructive distillation of coal),
3. charcoal (by heating wood),
4. lamp black (pigment from soot)
5. gas carbon (destructive distillation of coal or heating petroleum products)
Versatile nature of Carbon
The existence of such a large number of organic compounds is due to the following nature of
carbon,

● Catenation
● Tetravalent nature.

(i) Catenation: The self linking property of ‘C’ atom through covalent bonds to form long
straight, branched and rings of different sizes are called Catenation.
This property is due to

● The small size of the carbon atom.

● The great strength of the carbon-carbon bond.

Carbon can also form stable multiple bonds (double or triple) with itself and with the atoms of
other elements.
(ii) Tetravalent Nature: ‘C’ has valency of 4. It is capable of bonding with
four other atoms of carbon or some other heteroatoms with single
covalent bond as well as double or triple bond.
Isomerism
❖ Compounds that have Same molecular formula but different structural formula are
called Isomers & the phenomenon is called Isomerism eg:Butane C₄H₁₀
❖ Butane: Butane is a mixture of linear structures and branched structures.

The boiling point of butane is about 1ºC.

Butane has a gasoline-like odour

❖ Isobutane: Isobutane is essentially a branched structure.

The boiling point of Isobutane is about -11⁰C.

Isobutane is odorless.
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Homologous series
❖ Homologous series constitutes organic compounds with
the same general formula, and similar chemical
characteristics but different physical properties.
❖ The adjacent members differ in their molecular formula by
−CH₂.
❖ Alkane homologous series:
❖ General formula of this series - CnH₂n+₂.
❖ Methane (CH₄), Ethane (CH₃CH₃), Propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃),
Butane (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃).
Functional Groups

An atom or a group of atoms which, when present in a compound, gives

specific physical and chemical properties is called a functional group.
(i) Hydroxyl group (-OH): Ex:Methanol (CH₃OH), Ethanol (CH₃−CH₂−OH),
etc.
(ii) Aldehyde group (-CHO): Ex: Methanal (HCHO), Ethanal (CH₃CHO),
etc.
(iii) Ketone group (-C=O):Ex:Propanone (CH₃COCH₃), Butanone
(CH₃COCH₂CH₃), etc.
(iv) Carboxyl group (-COOH): In all organic acids. Also
called carboxylic acids.
Ex: Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH), Propanoic acid
(CH₃CH₂COOH), etc.

(v) Halogen group (F, CI, Br, I): More than one H atom is
substituted by- X (F, CI, Br or I) are known as haloalkanes.
Ex: Chloromethane (CH₃Cl), Bromomethane (CH₃Br), etc.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

1. Identify the no. of C atoms.

2. If functional group is present it is mentioned in the
name
3. If suffix begins with vowel- remove the final e and
add the functional group
4. For unsaturated Carbon chain the final ‘ene is
substituted by -ene or -yne