A1.

NUMBERS CLOSE TO 100

You may recall the easy way to multiply numbers like 7× 8 if you do not know the answer.
That method can be extended to easily multiply bigger numbers.

Usually a sum like 88 × 98 is considered especially difficult because of the large figures, 8 and 9.

But since the numbers 88 and 98 are close to the base of 100 it is in fact very easy to find the
product.

EXAMPLE 1

88 × 98 = 8624
We set the sum out as shown below:
88 is 12 below 100, so we put –12 next to it,
98 is 2 below 100 so we put –2 next to it.
The answer 8624 is in two parts: 86 and 24.

88 – 12
98 – 2
86 / 24
cross-subtract multiply vertically: 12 × 2 = 24
that is 88–2 = 86 or 98–12 = 86
(whichever you like),

We call the 12 and 2 deficiencies as the numbers 88 and 98 are deficient from the unity of
100 by 12 and 2.

EXAMPLE

For 93 × 96 we get deficiencies of 7 and 4, so 93 - 07

96 - 04
89 / 28
The differences from 100 are 7 and 4,
93 – 4 = 89 or 96 – 7 = 89,
and 7 × 4 = 28. So 93 × 96 = 8928.
EXAMPLE

For 98 × 97: 98 – 02
97 – 03
95 / 06
Note the zero inserted here: the numbers being multiplied are near to 100, so two digits are
required on the right, as in the other examples.


5A1 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY
 In fact once we have got the deficiencies we apply the Vertically and Crosswise method:
we cross-subtract to get the left-hand part of the answer and
we multiply vertically in the right-hand column to get the right-hand part of the answer.

EXERCISE

Multiply the following:

a 94 × 94 b 97 × 89 c 87 × 99 d 87 × 98 e 87 × 95

94
94

f 95 × 95 g 79 × 96 h 98 × 96 i 92 × 99 j 99 × 99

It may happen that there is a carry figure.

EXAMPLE 4

For 89 × 89: 89 – 11
89 – 11
78 /1 21 = 7921
Here the numbers are each 11 below 100, and 11 × 11 = 121, a 3-figure number. The
hundreds digit of this is therefore carried over to the left.

EXERCISE continued
k 88 × 88 l 97 × 56 m 97 × 63 n 44× 98

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5A1 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

 A2. MENTALLY

Look again at the first example in the last Worksheet:

88 – 12
98 – 2
86 / 24

The most efficient way to do these sums is to:

take one number and subtract the other deficiency from it: 88 – 2 = 86, or 98 – 12 = 86.

Then multiply the deficiencies together: 12 × 2 = 24. That gives you 8624.
You mentally adjust the first part of the answer if there is a carry figure.

This is so easy it is really just mental arithmetic.

EXERCISE
Multiply these numbers mentally, just write down the answer:
a 87 b 79 c 98 d 94
97 98 93 95

e 96 f 88 g 89 h 93
96 96 98 96

I 93 j 97 k 96 l 95
99 97 67 75

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5A2 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY
m8 9
??
8544
find the missing numbers

o9 2
??
8924
find the missing numbers

p Find two numbers close to 100

whose product is 8736

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5A2 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

 A3. NUMBERS OVER 100

Multiplying numbers that are over 100 is even easier than multiplying numbers just under 100.
Suppose we want 103 × 104.

EXAMPLE

103 × 104 = 10712 103 + 3

104 + 4
107 / 12
This is even simpler than the previous method where the numbers were below 100, but the
method is just the same.
103 is 3 over 100, so put +3 next to it.
And 104 is 4 over 100 so put +4 next to it.
Then 103 + 4 = 107 or 104 + 3 = 107,

and 4 × 3 = 12.
So now you cross-add, and multiply vertically.

EXERCISE

Find these:
a 107 × 104 b 107 × 108 c 133 × 103 d 102 × 104
insert a zero here as you
need 2 figures on the right

e 123 × 102 f 171 × 101 g 103 × 111 h 125 × 105

there is a carry here


5A3 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY
i 103 × 103 j 111 × 111 k 162 × 102 l 113 × 105

Find the missing numbers:

m 103 n ??? o ???

??? 109 ???
10815 11554 11342

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5A3 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

 A4. PROPORTIONATELY
Proportionately just means that you can get an answer by doubling (or trebling etc.) another
answer.

You have been doing this quite a lot already.

EXAMPLE 1

Find 309 × 104.

You may notice here that 309 is 3 × 103.

This means you can find 103 × 104 (which you have an easy method for) and multiply the
answer by 3.

103 × 104 = 10712.

And 10712 × 3 = 32136.

You can use number splitting to find 10712 × 3: 1/07/12 × 3 = 3/21/36.

EXAMPLE
Find 192 × 92.

Here you see that if you halve 192 you get 96.
So find 96 × 92 and double the result.

96 × 92 = 8832, by the easy Vertical and Crosswise method,

and so 192 × 92 = 17664, by doubling 8832.

EXERCISE
a 212 × 103 b 106 × 208 c 182 × 98 d 93 × 186

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5A4 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY
 EXAMPLE 3

Find 47 × 98.

Here you should double 47 to 94 because both the numbers are then close to 100.
So you find 94 × 98 and halve the answer.

94 × 98 = 9212

And half of 9212 is 4606

Again use number splitting: to halve 9212, think of 92/12.

EXAMPLE
Find 192 × 44.

Here you can halve 192 and double 44.

This converts the sum to 96 × 88 and there is no doubling or halving to be done to the answer
because the halving and doubling cancel each other out.

So 192 × 44 = 96 × 88 = 8448

EXERCISE continued

e 93 × 46 f 56 × 104 g 306 × 118 h 51 × 104

i 206 × 54 j 44 × 99 k 48 × 184 l 228 × 212

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6E2 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 B1. BASE MULTIPLICATION

A REMINDER
You may remember the quick way to multiply numbers close to 100.
Here is a reminder in case you have forgotten.

To multiply 88 by 98 we get the deficiencies first and then the answer comes in two parts.

88 - 12 88 is 12 below 100, so we put –12 next to it,

98 - 2 98 is 2 below 100 so we put –2 next to it.
86 / 24

We call the 12 and 2 deficiencies as the numbers 88 and 98 are deficient from the unity of
100 by 12 and 2.

The answer 8624 is in two parts: 86 and 24.

The 86 is found by taking one of the deficiencies from the other number:
that is 88–2 = 86 or 98–12 = 86 (whichever you like),

and the 24 is simply the product of the deficiencies: 12 × 2 = 24.

So 88 × 98 = 8624

Now, what about numbers close to other bases like 1000 10,000 etc?

EXAMPLE

Find 568 × 998.

In this sum the numbers are close to 1000, and the deficiencies are 432 and 2.
The deficiency for 568 is found by applying the Sutra: All from 9 and the Last from 10.

568 - 432
998 - 2 The method here is just the same, but we allow 3 figures
566 / 864 on the right as the base is now 1000.

The differences of the numbers from 1000 are 432 and 2.

Then cross-subtracting: 568 - 2 = 566,
And vertically: 432 × 2 = 864.

So 568 × 998 = 566864



6E2 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 EXAMPLE

Find 58776 × 99998.

Even large numbers like this are easily and mentally multiplied by the same method.
58776 - 41224
99998 - 2
58774 / 82448

The number of spaces needed on the right is the number of 0's in the base number.

EXERCISE

Multiply the following mentally:

a 667 × 998 b 768 × 997 c 989 × 998 d 885 × 997

e 883 × 998 f 467 × 998 g 891 × 989 h 8888 × 9996

i 6999 × 9997 j 90909 × 99994 k 78989 × 99997 l 9876 × 9989

6E2 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 NUMBERS ABOVE THE BASE

Suppose now that the numbers are not below a base number, as in the previous examples, but above
the base.

EXAMPLE
103 × 104 = 10712 103 + 3
104 + 4
107 / 12

This is even easier than the previous examples, but the method is just the same.
The differences from the base are +3 and +4 because the numbers are now above the base.
103 + 4 = 107 or 104 + 3 = 107, and 4 × 3 = 12.

So now we cross-add, and multiply vertically.

EXAMPLE
1234 × 1003 = 1237702 (1234+3=1237, 234×3=702)

EXAMPLE
10021 × 10002 = 100230042 (10021+2=10023, 0021×2=0042)

With a base of 10,000 here we need 4 figures on the right.

Check that you agree with all the examples above and then do the following exercise mentally.

EXERCISE

a 133 × 103 b 107 × 108 c 171 × 101

d 102 × 104 e 123 × 102 f 14 × 12

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6E2 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS
g 18 × 13 h 1222 × 1003 i 1051 × 1007

j 15111 × 10003 k 125 × 105 l 10034 × 10036

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6E2 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 B2. PROPORTIONATELY

The Proportionately formula considerably extends the range of this multiplication method.

EXAMPLE

213 × 203 = 43239 213 + 13

203 + 3
2 × 216 / 39 = 43239

We see here that the numbers are not near any of the bases used before: 10, 100, 1000 etc..
But they are close to 200, with differences of 13 and 3 as shown above.
The usual procedure gives us 216/39 (213+3=216, 13×3=39).
Now since our base is 200 which is 100×2 we multiply only the left-hand part of the answer
by 2 to get 43239.

EXAMPLE
29 × 28 = 812

The base is 30 (3×10), 29 - 1

and the deficiencies are -1 and -2. 28 - 2
Cross-subtracting gives 27, 3 × 27 / 2 = 812
then multiplying vertically on the right we get 2,
and finally 3×27 = 81.

So these are just like the previous sums but with an extra multiplication
(of the left-hand side only) at the end.

EXAMPLE
Find 33 × 34.
In this example there is a carry figure: 33 + 3
34 + 4
3  37 / 1 2 = 111 /12 = 1122

Note that since the right-hand side does not get multiplied by 3 we multiply the left-hand
side by 3 before carrying the 1 over to the left.

6E3 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 EXERCISE

Multiply mentally:
a 41 × 42 b 204 × 207 c 321 × 303

d 203 × 208 e 902 × 909 f 48 × 47

g 188 × 196 h 199 × 198 i 189 × 194

j 207 × 211 k 312 × 307 l 5003 × 5108

m 63 × 61 n 23 × 24 o 79 × 77

p 44 × 98 q 48 × 97 r 192 × 97

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6E3 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 B3. SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR A BASE

This is especially easy and is for squaring numbers which are near a base.
You will recall that squaring means that a number is multiplied by itself (like 96 × 96).
This method is described by the sub-formula Reduce (or increase) by the Deficiency and also set
up the square.

EXAMPLE

962 = 92/16
96 is 4 below 100, so we reduce 96 by 4, which gives us the first part of the answer, 92.
The last part is just 42 =16, as the formula says.

EXAMPLE
10062 = 1012/036
Here 1006 is increased by 6 to 1012, and 62 = 36: but with a base of 1000 we need 3 figures
on the right, so we put 036.

EXERCISE
Square the following:

a 94 b 103 c 108

d 1012 e 98 f 88

g 91 h 10006 i 988

j 997 k 9999 l 9989

m 111 n 13 o 987

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6E4 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS
 EXAMPLE

3042 = 3×308/16 = 92416

This is similar but because our base is 300 the left-hand part of the answer is multiplied
by 3.

 In this last example we can write 304 2

= 9/24/16 in which the answer has been split into
three parts. Can you see how to get these parts from the figures in 304?
Do you think this will always work with squaring numbers like a0b?

EXERCISE

Square the following:

a 206 b 212 c 302

d 601 e 21 f 72

g 4012 h 511

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6E4 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

 D4. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS NEAR DIFFERENT BASES

Sometimes we need to multiply numbers that are each near a different base.
In the example below one number is close to 10,000 and the other is close to 100.

EXAMPLE
9998 × 94 = 9398/12
Here the numbers are close to different bases: 10,000 and 100,
and the deficiencies are -2 and -6.
We write, or imagine, the sum set out as shown: 9998 - 2
94 - 6
9398 / 12

Can you see how the two parts of the answer are found?
It is important to line the numbers up as shown because the 6 is not subtracted from the 8,
but from the 9 above the 4 in 94. That is, the second column from the left here.
So 9998 becomes 9398.
Then multiply the deficiencies together: 2×6 = 12.

Note that the number of figures in the right-hand part of the answer corresponds to the base of
the lower number (94 is near 100, therefore there are 2 figures on the right).

You can see why this method works by looking at the sum 9998 × 9400, which is 100 times the sum done above:

9998 - 0002
9400 - 600
9398 / 1200
 Check that you agree with this calculation.

6E5 ACADEMY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS

Now we can see that since 9998 × 9400 = 93981200,
then 9998 × 94 = 939812.
This also shows why the 6 is subtracted in the second column from the left.

EXERCISE

Find:
a 97 × 993 b 92 × 989
c 9988 × 98 d 9996 × 988

In the next example the numbers are close to different bases, but they are over the base rather than
under.

EXAMPLE

10007 × 1003 = 10037021

Lining the numbers up: 10007 + 007
1003 + 003
10037 / 021
we see that we need three figures on the right and that the surplus, 3, is added in the
4th column, giving 10037.

EXERCISE

Find:

a 103 × 1015 b 106 × 1012

c 10034 × 102 d 1122 × 104

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D5. BASE MULTIPLICATION AGAIN

7C2 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY
 You will recall the easy way to multiply numbers which are near to a base number, or a multiple of
a base number.

EXERCISE
Multiply the following mentally:
a 94 × 97 b 88 × 95 c 98 × 98

d 89 × 89 e 104 × 109 f 123 × 104

g 1021 × 1003 h 888 × 997 i 987 × 995

j 303 × 306 k 71 × 72 l 197 × 196

So far all the examples have been where the numbers are both above or both below the base, or a
multiple of the base.

EXAMPLE

Find 124 × 98.

Here one number is over and the other is under 100: 124 + 24
The differences from 100 are +24 and -2. 98 - 2
Cross-wise gives 122 (124-2 or 98+24). 122 / 48 = 12152

So 122 is the left-hand part of the answer.

Then multiplying the differences we get -48, written 48 (since a plus times a minus gives
a minus). This gives the answer as 122 48 .

To remove the negative portion of the answer we just take 48 from one of the hundreds in
the hundreds column. This simply means reducing the hundreds column by 1 and applying
All From 9 and the Last From 10 to 48.
Thus 122 becomes 121 and 48 becomes 52.
So 124 × 98 = 122 48 = 12152

7C2 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

 EXAMPLE

1003 × 987 = 990/ 039 = 989/961

Similarly, we first get 1003 – 13 = 990 or 987 + 3 = 990,

and +3 × -13 = 039 (three figures required here as the base is 1000).

Then 990 is reduced by 1 to 989, and applying the formula to 039 gives 961.

So these sums are just like the others except that we need to clear the minus part at the end.

EXAMPLE
1
121 × 91 = 112/ 89 = 110/11.

Here we have a minus one to carry over to the left so that the 112 is reduced by 2 altogether.

EXERCISE

Find:
a 104 × 91 b 94 × 109 c 103 × 98

d 92 × 112 e 91 × 111 f 106 × 89

g 91 × 103 h 91 × 107 i 91 × 105

j 991 × 1005 k 987 × 1006 l 992 × 1111

7C2 VEDIC MATHEMATICS ACADEMY